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Cooperation between BSs in a multi\u2010cell scenarios is analyzed in order to avoid the well\u2010known pilot contamination effect on massive MIMO systems, while the effects of asynchronism between users and BSs in training phase using different pilot sequences, for example, Walsh\u2013Hadamard, Gold, and Kasami sequence sets on the system performance are examined. As low\u2010complexity processing is deployed, the synchronism offset in training phase may introduce errors on the channel estimation process, adding its effect to the pilot contamination, resulting in an aggressive detection scenario. Numerical results using the BER as a performance figure of merit measure in downlink have corroborated our finding. It was also developed an analytical error formula for channel estimation subject to synchronization offset levels in terms of fractional unit of symbol time duration, which was validated through channel mean squared error and BER performance simulation results. Through these both performance figures and under practical scenarios, the use of pseudo\u2010random sequence sets may be preferable instead of orthogonal ones, mainly because of their out\u2010of\u2010phase cross\u2010correlation levels. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,22]],"date-time":"2015-06-22T09:27:25Z","timestamp":1434965245000},"page":"2330-2348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cooperative multi\u2010cellular large MIMO over asynchronous channel training"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ricardo Tadashi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering (DEEL) State University of Londrina  Londrina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taufik","family":"Abr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering (DEEL) State University of Londrina  Londrina Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.730453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WolnianskyP FoschiniG GoldenG ValenzuelaR.V\u2010BLAST: an architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich\u2010scattering wireless channel.International Symposium on Signals Systems and Electronics 1998. 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