{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:03:39Z","timestamp":1780765419857,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Ray tracing is a computationally intensive rendering technique traditionally used in offline high-quality rendering. Powerful hardware accelerators have been recently developed that put real-time ray tracing even in the reach of mobile devices. However, rendering animated scenes remains difficult, as updating the acceleration trees for each frame is a memory-intensive process. This article proposes MergeTree, the first hardware architecture for\n            <jats:italic>Hierarchical Linear Bounding Volume Hierarchy<\/jats:italic>\n            (HLBVH) construction, designed to minimize memory traffic. For evaluation, the hardware constructor is synthesized on a 28nm process technology. Compared to a state-of-the-art binned surface area heuristic sweep (SAH) builder, the present work speeds up construction by a factor of 5, reduces build energy by a factor of 3.2, and memory traffic by a factor of 3. A software HLBVH builder on a graphics processing unit (GPU) requires 3.3 times more memory traffic. To take tree quality into account, a rendering accelerator is modeled alongside the builder. Given the use of a toplevel build to improve tree quality, the proposed builder reduces system energy per frame by an average 41% with primary rays and 13% with diffuse rays. In large ( &gt; 500K triangles) scenes, the difference is more pronounced, 62% and 35%, respectively.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3132702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T12:52:50Z","timestamp":1507812770000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["MergeTree"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1082-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Viitanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University of Technology, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matias","family":"Koskela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University of Technology, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University of Technology, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Kultala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University of Technology, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarmo","family":"Takala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University of Technology, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12259"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/48529.48535"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of High Performance Graphics. 113--122","author":"Aila Timo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Timo Aila and Tero Karras . 2010 . Architecture considerations for tracing incoherent rays . In Proceedings of High Performance Graphics. 113--122 . Timo Aila and Tero Karras. 2010. Architecture considerations for tracing incoherent rays. In Proceedings of High Performance Graphics. 113--122."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1572769.1572792"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.917719"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Visual Computing Conference (CGVC\u201914)","author":"Apetrei Ciprian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciprian Apetrei . 2014 . Fast and simple agglomerative LBVH construction . In Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Visual Computing Conference (CGVC\u201914) . Ciprian Apetrei. 2014. Fast and simple agglomerative LBVH construction. 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