{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:53:37Z","timestamp":1775073217626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant increase has been observed in the use of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) over the last few decades. However, there exist several associated challenges with UWSNs, mainly due to the nodes\u2019 mobility, increased propagation delay, limited bandwidth, packet duplication, void holes, and Doppler\/multi-path effects. To address these challenges, we propose a protocol named \u201cAn Efficient Routing Protocol based on Master\u2013Slave Architecture for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (ERPMSA-UWSN)\u201d that significantly contributes to optimizing energy consumption and data packet\u2019s long-term survival. We adopt an innovative approach based on the master\u2013slave architecture, which results in limiting the forwarders of the data packet by restricting the transmission through master nodes only. In this protocol, we suppress nodes from data packet reception except the master nodes. We perform extensive simulation and demonstrate that our proposed protocol is delay-tolerant and energy-efficient. We achieve an improvement of 13% on energy tax and 4.8% on Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), over the state-of-the-art protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T02:12:57Z","timestamp":1619316777000},"page":"3000","update-policy":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Investigating Master\u2013Slave Architecture for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sadeeq","family":"Jan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3144-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eiad","family":"Yafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0574-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza Waheed","family":"Khatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohail","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Wadud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felemban, E., Shaikh, F.K., Qureshi, U.M., Sheikh, A.A., and Qaisar, S.B. 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