{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T08:55:13Z","timestamp":1778403313670,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013061","name":"Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20200503002SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200503002SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20190303081SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190303081SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proximal sensing offers a novel means for determination of the heavy metal concentration in soil, facilitating low cost and rapid analysis over large areas. In this respect, spectral data and model variables play an important role. Thus far, no attempts have been made to estimate soil heavy metal content using continuum-removal (CR), different preprocessing and statistical methods, and different modeling variables. Considering the adsorption and retention of heavy metals in spectrally active constituents in soil, this study proposes a method for determining low heavy metal concentrations in soil using spectral bands associated with soil organic matter (SOM) and visible\u2013near-infrared (Vis\u2013NIR). To rapidly determine the concentration of heavy metals using hyperspectral data, partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component regression (PCR), and support vector machine regression (SVMR) statistical methods and 16 preprocessing combinations were developed and explored to determine an optimal combination. The results showed that the multiplicative scatter correction and standard normal variate preprocessing methods evaluated with the second derivative spectral transformation method could accurately determine soil Cr and Ni concentrations. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of Vis\u2013NIR model combinations with PLSR, PCR, and SVMR were 0.34, 3.42, and 2.15 for Cr, and 0.07, 1.78, and 1.14 for Ni, respectively. Soil Cr and Ni showed strong spectral responses to the Vis\u2013NIR spectral band. The R2 value of the Vis\u2013NIR-based PLSR model was higher than 0.99, and the RMSE value was 0.07\u20130.34, suggesting higher stability and accuracy. The results were more accurate for Ni than Cr, and PLSR showed the best performance, followed by SVMR and PCR. This perspective has critical implications for guiding quantitative biogeochemical analysis using proximal sensing data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"3220","update-policy":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Rapid Determination of Low Heavy Metal Concentrations in Grassland Soils around Mining Using Vis\u2013NIR Spectroscopy: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Aru","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism and Geographical Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng 137000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongbin","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhai","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Long, J., Liu, L., Li, J., Liao, H., Zhang, M., Zhao, C., and Wu, Q. 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