Razlika između verzija stranice "Civilizacija"
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[[Datoteka:Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg|mini|desno|200px|Grad Mohenjo-daro, je bio izgrađen oko godine 2600. p.n.e., u okviru civilizacije u dolini Inda]] |
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Pojam '''civilizacija''' su uveli [[Francuska|francuski]] [[prosvjetiteljstvo|prosvjetitelji]] u 18. vijeku., kao antitezu neprosvijećenog doba [[feudalizam|feudalizma]]. U prvobitnom značenju pojam se vezuje uz [[nauka|nauku]] i napredak. Korijen [[riječ]]i obuhvaća [[Grad (čvor)|grad]] (lat. civis) ili gradnju. Blisko [[pojam|pojmu]] civilizacija je i [[kultura]] (lat. obrađivanje zemljišta). Početkom 19. [[vijek]]a postaje sinonim za najviši [[Stepen (čvor)|stepen]] razvoja materijalne i duhovne kulture, a u 20. vijeku pod uticajem [[Sociološke discipline|sociološko-antropoloških]] istraživanja počinje se govoriti o posebnim civilizacijama ([[historija|predistorijska]], [[Pleme (čvor)|plemenska]], [[antika|antička]], [[Helenizam|helenska]], [[Meksiko|stara meksička civilizacija]] i dr.). |
Pojam '''civilizacija''' su uveli [[Francuska|francuski]] [[prosvjetiteljstvo|prosvjetitelji]] u 18. vijeku., kao antitezu neprosvijećenog doba [[feudalizam|feudalizma]]. U prvobitnom značenju pojam se vezuje uz [[nauka|nauku]] i napredak. Korijen [[riječ]]i obuhvaća [[Grad (čvor)|grad]] (lat. civis) ili gradnju. Blisko [[pojam|pojmu]] civilizacija je i [[kultura]] (lat. obrađivanje zemljišta). Početkom 19. [[vijek]]a postaje sinonim za najviši [[Stepen (čvor)|stepen]] razvoja materijalne i duhovne kulture, a u 20. vijeku pod uticajem [[Sociološke discipline|sociološko-antropoloških]] istraživanja počinje se govoriti o posebnim civilizacijama ([[historija|predistorijska]], [[Pleme (čvor)|plemenska]], [[antika|antička]], [[Helenizam|helenska]], [[Meksiko|stara meksička civilizacija]] i dr.). |
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Civilizacija je nešto umjetno, nešto što je stvorio [[čovjek]], ona je posljedica izrade sve složenijih oruđa da bi se odgovorilo sve većem ljudskom saznanju o potrebi života u zajednici. |
Civilizacija je nešto umjetno, nešto što je stvorio [[čovjek]], ona je posljedica izrade sve složenijih oruđa da bi se odgovorilo sve većem ljudskom saznanju o potrebi života u zajednici. |
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== Literatura == |
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* {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |origyear= 2000 |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |year= 2000 }} |
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* [http://www.clashofcivilisations.com/ Clash of Civilizations and information on other civilizations], Discussion and news surrounding the clash and concepts such as dialog, equality, acceptance etc. between civilizations. |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/interactive/civilisations/ BBC on civilization] |
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* Wiktionary: [[wikt:civilization|civilization]], [[wikt:civilize|civilize]] |
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* {{cite book | last = Brinton | first = Crane (et al.) | authorlink = Crane Brinton | year = 1984 | title = A History of Civilization: Prehistory to 1715 | edition = 6th | publisher = [[Prentice Hall]] | location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J. | isbn = 0-13-389866-0}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Casson | first = Lionel | year = 1994 | title = Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times | publisher = British Museum Press | location = London | isbn = 0-7141-1735-8}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Chisholm | first = Jane | coauthors = and Anne Millard | year = 1991 | title = Early Civilization | others = illus. Ian Jackson | publisher = Usborne | location = London | isbn = 1-58086-022-2}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Collcutt | first = Martin | coauthors = [[Marius Jansen]], and Isao Kumakura | year = 1988 | title = Cultural Atlas of Japan | publisher = Facts on File | location = New York | isbn = 0-8160-1927-4}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Drews | first = Robert | year = 1993 | title = The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton | isbn = 0-691-04811-8}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Edey | first = Maitland A. | year = 1974 | title = The Sea Traders | publisher = [[Time-Life Books]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-7054-0060-3}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Fairservis | first = Walter A., Jr. | year = 1975 | title = The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory | publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-684-12775-X}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Fernández-Armesto | first = Felipe | authorlink = Felipe Fernández-Armesto | year = 2000 | title = Civilizations | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | location = London | isbn = 0-333-90171-1}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Ferrill | first = Arther | year = 1985 | title = The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great | publisher = [[Thames and Hudson]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-500-25093-6}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Fitzgerald | first = C. P. | year = 1969 | title = The Horizon History of China | publisher = American Heritage | location = New York | isbn = 0-8281-0005-5}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Fuller | first = J. F. C. | authorlink = J.F.C. Fuller | year = 1954–57 | title = A Military History of the Western World | others = 3 vols. | publisher = [[Funk & Wagnalls]] | location = New York}} |
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*# ''From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto.'' ISBN 0-306-80304-6 (1987 reprint). |
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*# ''From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo.'' ISBN 0-306-80305-4 (1987 reprint). |
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*# ''From the American Civil War to the End of World War II.'' ISBN 0-306-80306-2 (1987 reprint). |
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* {{cite book | last = Gowlett | first = John | year = 1984 | title = Ascent to Civilization | publisher = Collins | location = London | isbn = 0-00-217090-6}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Hawkes | first = Jacquetta | authorlink = Jacquetta Hawkes | year = 1968 | title = Dawn of the Gods | publisher = [[Chatto & Windus]] | location = London | isbn = 0-7011-1332-4}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Hawkes | first = Jacquetta | coauthors = with David Trump | year = 1976 | title = The Atlas of Early Man | publisher = [[Dorling Kindersley]] | location = London | isbn = 0-312-09746-8 (1993 reprint)}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Hicks | first = Jim | year = 1974 | title = The Empire Builders | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = New York}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Hicks | first = Jim | year = 1975 | title = The Persians | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = New York}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Johnson | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Johnson (writer) | year = 1987 | title = A History of the Jews | publisher = [[Weidenfeld and Nicolson]] | location = London | isbn = 0-297-79091-9}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Jensen | first = Derrick | authorlink = Derrick Jensen | year = 2006 | title = [[Endgame (Derrick Jensen books)|Endgame]] | publisher = [[Seven Stories Press]] | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58322-730-5}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Keppie | first = Lawrence | year = 1984 | title = The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire | publisher = Barnes & Noble | location = Totowa, N.J. | isbn = 0-389-20447-1}} |
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* [[Korotayev]], Andrey, ''World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective''. Lewiston, NY: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 2004. ISBN 0-7734-6310-0 |
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* [[Nikolay Kradin|Kradin, Nikolay]]. Archaeological Criteria of Civilization. ''[[Social Evolution & History]]'', Vol. 5, No 1 (2006): 89–108. ISSN 1681-4363. |
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* {{cite book | last = Lansing | first = Elizabeth | year = 1971 | title = The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | isbn = 0-07-036357-9}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Lee | first = Ki-Baik | year = 1984 | title = A New History of Korea | others = trans. Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-674-61575-1}} |
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* {{cite book | last = McGaughey | first = William | year = 2000 | title = Five Epochs of Civilization | publisher = Thistlerose Publications | isbn = 0-9605630-3-2 |location=Minneapolis}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Nahm | first = Andrew C. | year = 1983 | title = A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History | publisher = Hollym International | location = Elizabeth, N.J. | isbn = 0-930878-23-X}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Oliphant | first = Margaret | year = 1992 | title = The Atlas of the Ancient World: Charting the Great Civilizations of the Past | publisher = Ebury | location = London | isbn = 0-09-177040-8}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Rogerson | first = John | year = 1985 | title = Atlas of the Bible | publisher = [[Infobase Publishing]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-8160-1206-7}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Sandall | first = Roger | authorlink = Roger Sandall | year = 2001 | title = The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays | publisher = Westview | location = Boulder, Colo. | isbn = 0-8133-3863-8}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Sansom | first = George | year = 1958 | title = A History of Japan: To 1334 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford | isbn = 0-8047-0523-2 (1996 reprint)}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Southworth | first = John Van Duyn | year = 1968 | title = The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D. | publisher = [[Twayne]] | location = New York}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Thomas | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Thomas (historian) | year = 1981 | title = An Unfinished History of the World | edition = rev. | publisher = Pan | location = London | isbn = 0-330-26458-3}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Yap | first = Yong | coauthors = and Arthur Cotterell | year = 1975 | title = The Early Civilization of China| publisher = Putnam | location = New York | isbn = 0-399-11595-1}} |
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* A. Nuri Yurdusev, International Relations and the Philosophy of History: A Civilizational Approach (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). |
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* {{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | coauthors = Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | year = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | isbn = 0-395-87274-X }} |
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== Također pogledati == |
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* [[Drakeova jednačina]] |
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== Vanjski linkovi == |
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* http://paradoxofintensity.wordpress.com/about/ |
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{{Commonscat|Civilizations}} |
{{Commonscat|Civilizations}} |
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Verzija na dan 8 oktobar 2012 u 00:44
Pojam civilizacija su uveli francuski prosvjetitelji u 18. vijeku., kao antitezu neprosvijećenog doba feudalizma. U prvobitnom značenju pojam se vezuje uz nauku i napredak. Korijen riječi obuhvaća grad (lat. civis) ili gradnju. Blisko pojmu civilizacija je i kultura (lat. obrađivanje zemljišta). Početkom 19. vijeka postaje sinonim za najviši stepen razvoja materijalne i duhovne kulture, a u 20. vijeku pod uticajem sociološko-antropoloških istraživanja počinje se govoriti o posebnim civilizacijama (predistorijska, plemenska, antička, helenska, stara meksička civilizacija i dr.).
U najširem smislu većina naučnika smatra da se počeci civilizacije podudaraju s osnivanjem prvih država u jugozapadnoj Aziji i sjev. Africi, tj. s pojavom pisma i pismenosti. Civilizacija je takav oblik ljudske kulture u kojem mnogo ljudi živi u urbanim središtima, svladali su umijeće metalurgije, razvili su pismo i metodu pisanja.
Pojam civilizacija izražava jednu višu fazu društva i u društveno-evolutivnom razvoju, fazu koja nastaje poslije divljaštva i varvarstva, kada nastaju pismenost, zanati, trgovina, klase, država itd. U užem smislu pojama civilizacije se suprotstavlja pojmu duhovne kulture i njime se obilježava samo materijalna kultura. Najuže značenje pojma civilizacija nalazimo u slučajevima neopravdanog izjednačavanja pojma civilizacije i tehnike. Pojam civilizacija se upotrebljava kao skup svih društvenih tekovina, materijalnih i duhovnih, koje su zajedničke jednom društvu. Civilizacija označava razne faze i nivoe ukupnog materijalnog, duhovnog i društvenog razvoja ljudske zajednice.
Civilizacija je nešto umjetno, nešto što je stvorio čovjek, ona je posljedica izrade sve složenijih oruđa da bi se odgovorilo sve većem ljudskom saznanju o potrebi života u zajednici.
Literatura
- Ankerl, Guy (2000) [2000]. Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.
|volume=
sadrži dodatni tekst (pomoć)CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link) - Clash of Civilizations and information on other civilizations, Discussion and news surrounding the clash and concepts such as dialog, equality, acceptance etc. between civilizations.
- BBC on civilization
- Wiktionary: civilization, civilize
- Brinton, Crane ; et al. (1984). A History of Civilization: Prehistory to 1715 (6th izd.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-389866-0. Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u:
|first=
(pomoć)CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link) - Casson, Lionel (1994). Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1735-8.
- Chisholm, Jane (1991). Early Civilization. illus. Ian Jackson. London: Usborne. ISBN 1-58086-022-2. Nepoznati parametar
|coauthors=
zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene:|author=
) (pomoć) - Collcutt, Martin (1988). Cultural Atlas of Japan. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-1927-4. Nepoznati parametar
|coauthors=
zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene:|author=
) (pomoć) - Drews, Robert (1993). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04811-8.
- Edey, Maitland A. (1974). The Sea Traders. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-7054-0060-3.
- Fairservis, Walter A., Jr. (1975). The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-12775-X.
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2000). Civilizations. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-90171-1. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- Ferrill, Arther (1985). The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-25093-6.
- Fitzgerald, C. P. (1969). The Horizon History of China. New York: American Heritage. ISBN 0-8281-0005-5.
- Fuller, J. F. C. (1954–57). A Military History of the Western World. 3 vols. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto. ISBN 0-306-80304-6 (1987 reprint).
- From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo. ISBN 0-306-80305-4 (1987 reprint).
- From the American Civil War to the End of World War II. ISBN 0-306-80306-2 (1987 reprint).
- Gowlett, John (1984). Ascent to Civilization. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-217090-6.
- Hawkes, Jacquetta (1968). Dawn of the Gods. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-1332-4. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- Hawkes, Jacquetta (1976). The Atlas of Early Man. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-312-09746-8 (1993 reprint) Provjerite vrijednost parametra
|isbn=
: invalid character (pomoć). Nepoznati parametar|coauthors=
zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene:|author=
) (pomoć) - Hicks, Jim (1974). The Empire Builders. New York: Time-Life Books.
- Hicks, Jim (1975). The Persians. New York: Time-Life Books.
- Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79091-9. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- Jensen, Derrick (2006). Endgame. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-730-5. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-20447-1.
- Korotayev, Andrey, World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7734-6310-0
- Kradin, Nikolay. Archaeological Criteria of Civilization. Social Evolution & History, Vol. 5, No 1 (2006): 89–108. ISSN 1681-4363.
- Lansing, Elizabeth (1971). The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-036357-9.
- Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. trans. Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-61575-1.
- McGaughey, William (2000). Five Epochs of Civilization. Minneapolis: Thistlerose Publications. ISBN 0-9605630-3-2.
- Nahm, Andrew C. (1983). A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym International. ISBN 0-930878-23-X.
- Oliphant, Margaret (1992). The Atlas of the Ancient World: Charting the Great Civilizations of the Past. London: Ebury. ISBN 0-09-177040-8.
- Rogerson, John (1985). Atlas of the Bible. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0-8160-1206-7.
- Sandall, Roger (2001). The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. ISBN 0-8133-3863-8. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan: To 1334. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0523-2 (1996 reprint) Provjerite vrijednost parametra
|isbn=
: invalid character (pomoć). - Southworth, John Van Duyn (1968). The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D. New York: Twayne.
- Thomas, Hugh (1981). An Unfinished History of the World (rev. izd.). London: Pan. ISBN 0-330-26458-3. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
- Yap, Yong (1975). The Early Civilization of China. New York: Putnam. ISBN 0-399-11595-1. Nepoznati parametar
|coauthors=
zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene:|author=
) (pomoć) - A. Nuri Yurdusev, International Relations and the Philosophy of History: A Civilizational Approach (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
- Beck, Roger B. (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X. Nepoznati parametar
|coauthors=
zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene:|author=
) (pomoć)CS1 održavanje: dodatna interpunkcija (link)