Fulani: Waligimsim din be labiteei balibu ni.

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Mali sabi din yoli niŋ kamani :17:39, 10 Silimin gɔli August 2024

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Fulaani bee Fulaannima^{[lower-alpha 1]} nyɛla zuliya shɛli din be Sahara, Sahel n-ti pahi West Africa, bɛ nyɛla ban gili legion.^[1] Bɛ nyɛla ban be tiŋgbani shɛŋa din be West Africa mini tudu yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur n-ti pahi "region" shɛŋa din miri Red Sea din be Sudan. Fulaanima ŋɔ kalinli nyɛla niriba ni bɛ mi. Niriba pam nyɛla ban buɣisiri bɛ kalinli ŋɔ milliyɔŋ pishi ni anu ^[2]^[3] mini milliyɔŋ pihinahi sunsuuni dunia zaa.^[4]Bɛ balli maa n-nyɛ Fulaansili, ka bɛ niriba maa lee nyɛ Fulaannima (zaɣ' bɔbigu) fulaani (zaɣ' yini). Vihigu wuhiya kamani, Fulaannima n-nyɛ zuliya shɛba ban zooi gbansabila tingbana ni. Bɛ tuma zoola binkɔbiri yulibu bee gulibu nti pahi pukparilim.

Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli ni paai miliyɔŋ diba apɔin hali ni pia^[5]–nyɛla binkɔbi guliba, ka bɛ zuliya ŋɔ m-mali zama din galisi di yi ka na binkɔbiri gulibu polo andunia.^[6]^[7] Fulaannima ŋɔ zuliya din galisi nyɛla din gbaai niriba bi paai naai,^[7] nti pahi pukparibiinsi, karimbaŋdiba, nuuni tuun' baŋdiba, daabihi, ni ninvuɣ' kara.^[8]^[9] Bɛ ni nya zuliya la, din laɣimba nyɛla fulaannsili balli, bɛ taarihi^[10]^[11]^[12] ni bɛ kaya ni taada. Fulaannima ŋɔ zooya ka bɛ nyɛla musulinima ka bɛ bela n-kuli nyɛ dolodolo niriba^[13] ni Animists.^[14]^[15]

West Africa toondaanima pam nyɛla ban yina fulaannima ni, bɛ puuni shɛba n-nyɛ; Nigeria tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' kuro, Muhammadu Buhari; Cameroon tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Ahmadou Ahidjo ; Senegal tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' kuro, Macky Sall; Gambia tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Adama Barrow; Guinea-Bissau tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Umaro Sissoco Embaló; Sierra Leone tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; Mali tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Boubou Cisse nti pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa paɣa zaŋ n-ti Ghana, Samira Bawumia. Bɛ lahi nyɛla ban be zaashe' kara ni tiŋduya tuma duzuɣuri ni, ka mani gbaŋ ŋmari paa zaŋ n-ti United Nations jinaduu, Amina J. Mohammed; zuɣulana ŋun pahiri pisopɔin ni anahi zaŋ n-ti United Nations General Assembly, Tijjani Muhammad-Bande; nti pahi gbaŋŋmara zaŋ n-ti OPEC, Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.

Regions with significant populations

Nigeria = 15,300,000 (6.6%)^[16]

Senegal = 5,055,782 (27.5%)^[17]

Guinea = 4,544,000 (33.4%)^[18]

Cameroon = 3,000,000 (13.4%)^[19]^[20]

Mali = 2,840,850 (13.3%)^[21]

Tɛmplet:Country data Burkina Faso = 1,800,000 (8.4%)^[22]

Tɛmplet:Country data Niger = 1,650,000 (6.5%)^[23]

Benin = 1,182,900 (8.6%)^[24]

Mauritania = 900,000 (18.3%)^[25]

Tɛmplet:Country data Guinea-Bissau = 623,646 (30%)^[26]

Tɛmplet:Country data Gambia = 449,280 (18.2%)^[27]

Tɛmplet:Country data Chad = 334,000 (1.8%)^[28]

Sierra Leone = 310,000 (5%)^[29]

Tɛmplet:Country data CAR = 250,000 (4.5%)^[30]

Tɛmplet:Country data Sudan = 204,000 (0.4%)^[31]

Tɛmplet:Country data Togo = 110,000 (1.2%)^[32]

Tɛmplet:Country data South Sudan = 4,000 (0.02%)^[33]

Algeria = 4,000 (0.01%)^{[citation needed]}

Ghana = 4,240 (0.01%)^[34]

Ivory Coast = 3,800 (0.02%)^[30]

Liberia = Fula • French • Portuguese • English • Arabic • Hausa = Islam^[35]

Names

Ethnonyms

Yu' bɔbigu beni (ni yuya ŋɔ nambu) bali shɛŋa dabam ni zaŋ n-ti Fulɓe ŋɔ. Fulani ŋɔ ŋun nyɛla silimiinsi ni paŋ shɛli gbɛngbɛri sani.^[36] Fula, Manding languages, nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli silimiinsili ni, ka saha shɛŋa beni bɛ namdi li mi Fulah bee Fullah. Fula mini Fulaani nyɛla din bolibu yoli silimiinsili ni, nti pahi gbansabila tiŋ shɛŋa. Faransinima gba ni paŋ bachi shɛli Wolof Pël, din nambu nyɛ: Peul, Peulh mini Peuhl la. Saha ŋɔ Fulfulde / Pulaar bachi Fulɓe, nyɛla bachinamdi bɔbigu (gaŋa, Pullo) nyɛla bɛ ni niɣim bachi shɛli silimiinsili ni lee Fulbe,^[37] niriba pam booni li. Portugal nima gba balli ni, bachinima ŋɔ Fula bee Futafula ka bɛ mali kuri bukaata bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni. Bachi ŋɔ Fallata, Fallatah, bee Fellata nyɛla din yina laribu polo, ka di tooi nyɛ daliŋ zaŋ ti fulaannima ka bɛ mali baŋdiba luɣishɛŋa kamani Chad mini Sudan.

Toucouleur nima ban be "central Senegal River" yaɣili tɔɣisiri la Fulfulde / Pulaar ka booni bɛ maŋa Haalpulaaren, bee ban tɔɣisiri Pulaar. Waliginsim ŋɔ nyɛla Faransi bala baŋdiba ni daa ʒina 19th century ka di nyɛla bɛ waligila "sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, ni anti-European Toucouleurs" yaɣ' yini ka lahi pu binkɔbi guliba, "pastoralist, docile ni cooperative Peulhs" gba yaɣ' yini, amaa di buyi waligibu pala yɛlimaŋli.^[38]

Dɔɣim yuya

Fulaannima yuya din be Guinea, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau ni Southern Senegal n-nyɛ: Diallo (Faransi yaɣa), Jallow bee Jalloh (Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia), Djalo (Cap Verde ni Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah bee Ba, Baldé, ni Diouldé.^[39] Fulaannima yuya (Toucouleur) din lahi be Guinea mini northern Senegal n-nyɛ: Tall, Sall, Diengue, Sy, Anne, Ly, Wann, Dia ni din pahi pahi..

Fulbe ban be Nigeria, Niger ni Cameroon tooi malila bɛ banima yuya, Fulaannima bihi yuya beni kamani Bello kadi nyɛla din ni tooi yina Fulfulde bachi din nyɛ Ballo ka di gbunni nyɛ “sɔŋda”),^[40] Tukur (din yina Takrur), Gidado, Barkindo, Jallo, Ahidjo and Dikko.

Mali tiŋgbani ni, Fulaannima ban yuya niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Ba, Dicko, Bocoum, Tall, Kah, ni din pahi. Lala Fulaan' yuya ŋɔ nyɛla din be Mali yaɣa kamani Mopti, Macina, Nioro, Kidal, Tomboctou, Gao, Sikasso, ni din kam pahi.^[41]^[42]

Wasulu (Wassoulou) yaɣa din be Mali, Fulaannima yuya din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Sidibé ni Sangaré. Lala yuya ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din be Fulaannima ban be Burkina Faso yuya ni,^[43] nti pahi yuya kamani Barry, Dicko ni Sankara (din yina Sangaré sani). Fulaannima pam ban yina Wasulu yaɣa pam bi tooi tɔɣisiri bɛ maŋmaŋa zilinkom zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋla niŋgbuna ni Mandé (ban daa na nyɛ Bambara). Di mini bɛ pam bI lahi tɔɣisiri fulaansili maa zaa yoli, bɛ na gbibi bɛ kaya ni taada ni nyɛ shɛŋa.^[44]

Ninvuɣ' shɛba ban mali yuli puuni yino Wasulu Fulaannima ni, Oumou Sangaré, nyɛla yiliyiina ŋun yina Mali ka o yu'paa nyɛ “Songbird of Wasulu”^[45] . Sangaré’s yila pam dalim la paɣa zuɣu zabbu ni Mali kaya. O nyɛla ŋun go gbansabila tinsi pam kamani, Cameroon, ni o mini Fulaannima pam ti yili yila ka kpaŋsi Wasulu Fulaannima kaya ni taada.

Bocoum, Dia (in English as "Jah"), Kah, ni Kane nyɛla bɛ zuliya yuya. Diawambe/Jawambe (gaŋa: Dianwando/Jawando ni Diokoramé/Jokoromeh, Bambara) zaŋ ti Mali. Jawambe nyɛla Fulaannima bali shɛba ban yina Mali ka bɛ tuma nyɛ daabiligu.^[46] Jawando Fula Fulaannima ban yiini yila ka bɛ yuya du shɛba n-nyɛ Afel Bocoum mini Inna Modja.

Mopti tiŋgbani ni, gbaai yihi Fulaannima banima yuya klamani, a ni lahi nyɛ banima yuya kamani Cissé mini Touré. Amaa lala yuya ŋɔ tooi zooi la Manding bala ni, Ban be Mopti piila Fulannima ŋɔ kaya ni taɣada, ka pa zaŋ bɛ maŋ pahi Fulannima zuliya ni. Ŋmahinli din yi polo n-nyɛAmadou Toumani Touré, Mali. tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro

Geographic distribution

Fulaannima nyɛla ban wuligi gili Sahel din be Atlantic coast zaŋ chaŋ Red Sea ball'leei West Africa. Din pahira, bɛ pirigi li nyɛla ban yɛri balli shɛŋa din be tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni bɛ ni be ka di zuɣu che ka Fulaannima nyɛ "bilingual" bee "trilingual". Lala balla maa shɛŋa nyɛ French, Hausa, Bambara, Wolof, Soninke n-ti pahi Arabic.

Fulaannima ŋɔ pirigi li zaɣa nyɛla din be Fouta Djallon Guinea mini nudirigu zuɣu zaŋ chaŋ Sierra Leone; Futa Tooro savannah grasslands zaŋ n-ti Senegal mini Mauritania nudirigu zuɣu; Macina inland Niger mɔɣili din miri Central Mali; n-ti pahi yaɣ'shɛŋa din miri Mopti mini Nioro Du Sahel din be Kayes yaɣili; Borgu biɛhigu shee zaŋ n-ti Benin, Togo n-ti pahi Nigeria; nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti Burkina Faso din be Sahel region's zaŋ n-ti Seno, Wadalan mini Soum nyɛla ban be Sokoto Caliphate n-ti pahi Niger nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili mini northern Nigeria nuzaa zuɣu (kamani Adamawa, Tahoua, Katsina, Sokoto, Kebbi, Zinder, Bauchi, Diffa, Yobe, Gombe.

Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli Fombina/Hombina ka di gbunni nyɛ Adamawa Fulfulde dama din nyɛ yaɣ'shɛli din galisi ka zani n-ti Fulɓe hegemonic dominance din be West Africa. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, Fulfulde nyɛla lingua franca, din nyɛ yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Chari-Baguirmi Region din be Chad mini Central African Republic, Ouaddaï highlands zaŋ n-ti Eastern Chad nyɛla bɔbili din be Kordofan, Darfur mini Blue Nile, Sennar, Kassala yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Sudan.^[48] Fulaanima ni daa chani bee yi Mecca labirina, Saudi Arabia daa kpalim Sudan wulimpuhili ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din gari milɔŋ dibaa ayi ka bɛ booni ba Fellata.^[49]^[50]^[51]

Dini daa niŋ ka bɛ tuuli ya'nima daa be tiŋgbani tarisi yaɣa dibaa ata din nyɛ, Mali, Senegal, ni Mauritania la, bɛ pa nyɛla ban gili West ni Central Africa yaɣa zaa. Fulaannima pam pa be ayi kuli kpe Sahara south polo, ni teeku noli tihi ni din be tuduu polo. Bɛ buɣisiya ni Fulaannima kalinli gari 25 miliyɔŋ.^[3]

Fulaannima balibu pam beni ni bɛ ni mɛri shɛm, din ni n-nyɛ: Fulaannima ban gɔra bee Mbororo, Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu shee, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni ʒiya "tiŋa" Fulani. Fulaannima ban be mɔri ni taɣirila bɛe niɣi gindi sahakam. Di bahi bahindi, bɛ dii bi ʒiini yuura (bɛ bi gariti chira ayi zaŋ chaŋ chira anahi). Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu sheei ni tooi nyɛ Fulɓe ban tooi mali bɛ ni ʒiini luɣ'shɛŋa ka yiɣisir yuuni yuuni bee Fulɓe zuliya ban bi gɔri ginda, ka mali niɣi, bɛ bi chani katinsi ka cheri bɛ biɛhisi shee, bɛ bela sunsuuni.^[53]

Fulaannima ban ʒini bela tinkpansi, fɔna ni, ni tiŋ'kara ni ka yihi bɛ tahama zaa ka che gɔ'ngili, ka be fɔna ni biɛhigu. Lala ʒinibu ŋɔ, zaɣa, ni sja gɔmnanti nyɛla din ʒi Fulaannima luɣ'yini ʒia na , ka di galisi gari taba dɔli tinkpansi mini fɔna. Zuŋɔ, Fulaannima tinsi shɛŋ n-nyɛ: Labé, Pita, Mamou, ni Dalaba din be Guinea; Kaedi, Matam ni Podor, Kolda din be Senegal ni Mauritania; Bandiagara, Mopti, Dori, Gorom-Gorom, ni Djibo din be Mali ni Burkina Faso, zaŋ chaŋ Niger; ni Birnin Kebbi, Katsina, Gombe, Yola, Digil, Jalingo, Bauchi, Misau, Jama'are, Mayo Belwa, Mubi, Maroua, Ngaoundere, Azare ,Dukku, Kumo, Girei, Damaturu, Bertoua, ni Garoua din be Cameroon mini Nigeria. Lala tinsi ŋɔ pam ni, Fulaannima n-tooi zooi di ninvuɣ'kara bee yahi nima.

Fulaannima tinsi tooi purimi ka booni di yuya doli luɣ'shɛŋa di ni be. Amaa tiŋgbani kam ni, bɛ lahi mali bɛ ni puriba shɛm yaha. Din doli ŋɔ na nyɛ Fulɓe pubu nima din beni.

Main Fulani sub-groups, national and subnational locations, cluster group and dialectal variety
Fulbe Adamawa 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤢	Nigeria: Adamawa State, Taraba State, Borno State, Yobe State Cameroon: Adamaoua Region, Northern Region, Far North Region, Centre Region Tɛmplet:Country data Chad: Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region, Logone Oriental, Logone Occidental Etc. Tɛmplet:Country data Central African Republic: Nana-Mambéré, Ouham-Pendé, Mambéré-Kadéï Tɛmplet:Country data Sudan	Fulfulde Adamawa (Fombinaare)	Eastern
Fulbe Bagirmi 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤢𞤺𞤭𞤪𞤥𞤭	Tɛmplet:Country data Central African Republic Tɛmplet:Country data Chad: Chari Bagirmi Region, Mandoul Region, Moyen Chari	Fulfulde Adamawa (Fombinaare)
Fulbe Sokoto 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤅𞤮𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤮	Nigeria: Sokoto State, Kebbi State, Katsina State, Kano State, Zamfara State, Jigawa State, Niger State, Kwara State Tɛmplet:Country data Niger: Tahoua Region, Maradi Region, Dosso Region, Zinder Region	Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare)
Fulbe Gombe 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤘𞤮𞤲'𞤦𞤫	Nigeria: Gombe State, Bauchi State, Yobe State, Borno State, Plateau State	Fulfulde Woylaare-Fombinaare transitional
Fulbe Mbororo 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤐'𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤮𞤪𞤮	Nigeria: All across the northern, central and some southern states of the country as transient herders Cameroon: All over the country in 9 of the country's 10 regions/provinces as transient herders Tɛmplet:Country data Chad: All across southern and central Chad as herders Tɛmplet:Country data Central African Republic: Ubiquitous across the countryside Tɛmplet:Country data Niger: All across the country south of the Sahara as herders and nomads. Note that the Woɗaaɓe are themselves an even smaller subgroup of the Mbororo'en. Thus: All Woɗaaɓe are Bororos, but not every Bororo is a Boɗaaɗo (Woɗaaɓe person) Tɛmplet:Country data Sudan	Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare) & Adamawa (Fombinaare)
Fulbe Borgu 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤺𞤵	Nigeria: Niger State, Kebbi State, Kwara State Benin: Borgou, Atakora, Alibori, Donga Tɛmplet:Country data Togo: Savanes Region, Kara Region, Centrale Region	Fulfulde Borgu & Jelgoore	Central
Fulbe Jelgooji 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤔𞤫𞤤𞤺𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤭	Mali Tɛmplet:Country data Niger: Tillabéri Region, Dosso Region Tɛmplet:Country data Burkina Faso: Sahel Region, Est Region, Centre-Nord Region, All across the country, most especially in the countryside	Fulfulde Jelgoore & (Massinakoore)
Fulbe Massina 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞥆𞤭𞤲𞤢	Mali: Mopti Region, Gao Region, Segou Region, All over the country Ivory Coast: Mostly concentrated in the Northern regions Ghana: in the northern and central regions	Fulfulde Massinakoore
Fulbe Nioro 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤻𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮	Mali: Kayes Region, Koulikoro Region Senegal: Tambacounda Region Mauritania: Assaba Region	Pulaar – Fulfulde Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitional	Western
Fulbe Futa Jallon 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅	Guinea: Labé Region, Mamou Region, Boké Region, Kindia Region, Faranah Region, Conakry, All across the country as traders and merchants Tɛmplet:Country data Guinea Bissau: Gabu Region, Tombali Region, Bafatá Region Sierra Leone: North-West, Northern Province, Western Area, All across the country's major urban centres as a trading population Mali: Extreme southwest of country in the Kéniéba Cercle	Pular Fuuta Jallon
Fulbe Futa Tooro 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮	Senegal: Matam Region, Saint-Louis Region, Louga Region, Tambacounda Region, Kaffrine Region, All over the country Mauritania: Trarza Region, Gorgol Region, Guidimaka Region, Brakna Region, Nouakchott	Pulaar Fuuta Tooro
Fulbe Fuladu 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤣𞤵	Senegal: Kolda Region, Sédhiou Region, South of Tambacounda Region Tɛmplet:Country data Guinea Bissau: Gabu Region, Bafatá Region, Oio Region Tɛmplet:Country data Gambia All across the country	Pulaar – Pular Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional

Taarihi

Fulaannima taarihi din bi neei dɔni amaa ka lahibaya pam leei beni zaŋ kpa bɛ polo. Bɛ ni nyɛ binkɔb' guliba la zuɣu, bɛ nyɛla ban kpɛri kaya pam puuni, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka di niŋ tɔm pam ni niriba tooi baŋ bɛ biɛhigu ni zuliyanima din pahi. Lahibaya wuhiya ni bɛ saha pili la Europeani nima ni daa gbahiri daba saha shɛli la.^[54]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Fulaannima nolini taarihi wuhiya ni bɛ pili la North Africa. Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa yila nadaa nima ban daa be West Africa mini North African niriba zaa kamani Berbers bee Egypt nima ni.^[11]^[55]^[1]^[56]

Fulaannima tuuli ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Bible. Maurice Delafosse, lahibaya lahi wuhiya ni di ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Put, Ham. Josephus bidibiga sabbu din jɛndi Phutites, Nadaa nima biɛhigu shee din yuli pa booni Libya la.^[54]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Early Kingdoms

Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla Fulaannima tuuli daa yila "Sahara desert" na, sahashɛli tiŋgbani ni daa mahi gari ʒaamani ŋɔ, ka di daa pili kuubu 7th century BC piligu polo.^[54]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} Bɛ daa yimi labi Senegal river din be east, ka Berber nima daa tabi sɔŋ.^[57]^[58] Tiŋgbani din nyɛ Tekrur din pa booni Futa Toro daa nyɛla Fulaannima ni daa kpa shɛli (di yi pa shɛli Berber) nima ban gba daa niŋ yaakoro ka nyɛ tiŋ' bihi "Negro pukpariba" bani n-daa nyɛ " Serer nima ban niŋ talahi",^[59]^[54]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} Ban daa zooi ni pam n-daa nyɛ Wagadu ka ban daa pahi nyɛ Lamtuna, Mali Empire ni Jolof Empire, 16th century piligu ban daa su lala yaɣili ŋɔ n daa nyɛ Koli Tenguella, ban daa kpa Empire of Great Fulo.^[60]^[61]

Fulaannima Migration taarihi

A yi lihi kurumbuni ha, Fulaannima daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ naɣ' guliba. Bɛ daa tooi ŋmaari bɛ tingbani n-tiri bɛ mini salo shɛba ban daa baɣi taba. Salo kamani; Soninke nim ban daa timnuu pam chaŋ ancient Ghana yuli dubu ni. Lala kpam maŋ ŋɔ daa yila Ancient Ghana tingbani nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu zaa.

A yi lihi fulaannima taarihi ni, di wuhiya ni pukparilim toontibo gaa dubu n-daa nyɛ daliri shɛli din daa tahi Fulaannima tabi walibu na bɛ sunsuuni. Bɛ lala walibu ŋɔ nyaanga, bɛ daa pula ʒiibuyi. Lala pubu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima ban be mɔɣa sahakam ni bɛ ni bɛ daaʒiya zaa mɔɣu maani. Lala Fulaannima ŋɔ ka bɛ booni ni Jarigonjenima la, bɛ pubu bee piribu din daa pahi maa n-nyɛ Fulaan shɛba ban daa zaɣisi lala bɛ mɔɣini benibu sahakam kali bee biɛhigu maa, ka daa be yiŋ nyɛ bɛ naɣikpariba. Fulaannima biɛhigu shee daa kuli ka chichirichi bee luɣu yini. Bɛ daa kuli be la mɔɣini ni bɛ niriba zaa n-guli bɛ niɣi.

Vihigu zaa zaŋ chaŋ Fulaannima chaŋgili bee tiŋ yi n-looi tiŋ daa kuli pilila tiŋduli yuli booni Sudan nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu ka bɛ lala chandi ŋɔ daa niŋ bayana. Kurimbuni ha, tuuli tuuli vihisi din daa niŋ zaŋ kpa Fulaannima kaya ni taada daa kuli chaŋmi ti dumba bɛ noli ni baŋsim kaya ni taada zuɣu, ka di wuhi ni Fulaannima ŋɔ daa yila tiŋ yuli daa booni Fuuta-Tooro n-zaŋ bɛ zuɣu ʒi tingbani nudirigu polo yuuni eleventh mali ti gbaai yuuni fourteenth centuries saha. Lala saha ŋɔ zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 15th century saha, Fulaannima daa pa kuli zɔrimi sheeri zuliya shɛba beni ka bɛ yuli booni Hausa tingban ni, ka daa bi zani ni ka lahi pili zo n-chaŋ Bornu gba tingbani ni. Bɛ Baghirmi tingbani ni ʒii nanibu daa niŋla yuuni 16th century saha. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 18th century saha. Falaannima yiya bee bɛ biɛhisi shee daa kuli komi gili Benue tiŋ ŋɔ mɔɣi gburima ʒii zaa.

Bɛ daa kuli deela Benue mɔɣili maa nudirigu polo zaŋ kpa Garoua mini Rey Bouba polo, ni Benue mɔɣili maa wulinluhuli zaŋ kpa Faro mɔɣili polo n-zaŋ hali ti gbaai Mambilla Plateau yaɣili zaa . Bɛ biɛhisi shee bee bɛ yiya maa zaa yaa daa bela luɣa kammani; Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua nti pahi Bundang.

Zɔŋɔ ti ni ʒiya ŋɔ, Fulaannima nolini baŋsim taarihi ŋan jɛndi bɛ kaya ni taada, ŋa jɛndi bɛ tingbana chɛmi piri ʒii buta zuɣu, ŋa nima n-nyɛ; Fuuta Kingi, meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the Tagant Plateau, the Assaba Region, the Hodh, Futa Toro and the area around Nioro du Sahel; Fuuta Keyri, 'New Fuuta', includes Futa Djallon, Massina, Sokoto, and the Adamawa Region; Fuuta Jula bani n-nyɛ ban daa gɔri kɔhigu n-chani tingban' shaŋa ni.

Musulinsi Adiini mini Fula Jihaadi

Tɛmplet:Multi image

Fulaannima ŋɔ, ban Sahara yaɣa, daa nyɛla ban be tuuli ha "Sub-Saharan" niriba ban daa deei Musulinsi Adiini ni. David Levison yɛliya, ni Fulaannima Musulinsi deebu daa chɛmi ka di ŋmanila "bɛ kaya ni taada ni Adiini nyɛla din che ka bɛ jilima yi di ko, ka bɛ mini zuliyanima din pahi mali tarisi ni taba kpebu." Bɛ mini Gbansabila tinsi bala din pahi mini Sahel nti pahi West Africa.^[62]

Tɔbu tuhiriba nyɛla ban daa zaŋ yuri mini bidibbi nɛma n-yi nuzaa zuɣu na n-ti ti Fulaannima ŋɔ. Berber mini Arab clerics, Fulaannima siyaasa tali nyɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi musulinsi adiini din be West Africa din nyɛ suhudoo mini gadama soli. These jihads nyɛla ban daa miri kpa bali shɛŋa n-ti pahi Fulaannima ban daa na bi deei musulinsi adiini.^[60]^[63] Lala tɔbu ŋɔ daa che ka Fulaannima kalinli daa pahiya Sahel yaɣili maa zaŋ n-ti West Africa, "Medieval" mini pɔi maŋsulinsi deebu ka daa tum pa adiini kɔŋko yaɣili, amaa siyaasa tali mini bɔmma ni nyamma .^[64]^[65] Bin din gbaai 18th century zaŋ chaŋ daa nyɛla Fulaannima jihads ni daa kuli pahiri saha kam lala yaɣili maa zaa.^[60]^[66]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Bundu

Yuuni 1690, Torodbe nira Malick Sy^[67] daa kana Bundu, zaamani ŋɔ din pa nyɛ Eastern Senegal la, o daa yila o yiŋa din baɣi Podor na. Sy daa ʒinila tiŋgbani maa ni ni o ya tiŋ'bihi Futa Toro ni Musulinima ban yina west Djolof Empire ni tiŋ'waɣila kamani Nioro du Sahel.^[68]

Sy zaamani maa ni, Bundu daa niŋla yaakoro nira zaŋ ti Musulinima mini Musulisi Adiini baŋdi' shɛba tiŋ'nanima ni daa ku.^[69] Sy nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku so yuuni 1699 Gajaaga linjimanima n-daa niŋ o bandi.^[70]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} Di zaa yoli, Bundu' na nyɛla ban yɛn niŋ wahala, ni nahingu tooni ha, Fula jihads.^[70]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Imamate of Futa Toro

Jihad din daa niŋ Futa Toro bini din gbaai yuuni 1769 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1776 ka Sulayman Bal daa nyɛ di kpɛma daa nyɛla tɔbu shɛli din daa tuhi yihi Denianke Dynasty ŋun daa be nam ni.^[71]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} Sulayman daa kpila yuuni 1776 ka Abdul Kader ('Abd al-Qadir) daa zani o zaani, karimba mini looya ŋun daa bɔ baŋsim tiŋa yuli booni Cayor.^[72]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Abdul Kadern daa niŋ tuuli Almamy zaŋ ti Almamyate ban nyɛ Futa Toro.^[71]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} O daa kpaŋsila jiŋa mɛbu, ka daa zaŋ yaa zaligu doli o tiŋ'kɔɣa.^[72]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} Torodbe daa mɔŋla daba dabu kulibɔŋ. Yuuni 1785 bɛ mini Faransinima daa gbaai alikawuli ni bɛ che daabiligu ni Musulinima daba dabu ka lahi che farigu yo n-ti tiŋgbani maa. Abdul Kader daa nyaŋ Trarza nima mini Brakna zaŋ chaŋ tuduu polo, amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋ o ka gbaagi o, o ni daa liri Wolof tiŋgbani din be Cayor mini Waalo kamani yuuni 1797. O bahibu nyaaŋa tɔbu maa daa barigiya. Abdul Kader kpibu saha n-daa nyɛ yuuni 1806 Torodbe zuliya n-daa galisi tiŋa maa ni.^[71]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Imamate of Futa Jallon

Timbo toondaantali zaŋ chaŋ Fuuta Jallon sani daa pilimi ni Fulɓe. Musulinsi ni yɛn tuhi Pagan Pulli (فُلِی or 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭, Fulɓe nima ban pa Musulinima), ni Jallonke (Mande nima ban daa be Fuuta-Jallon), 18th century pirigili ha. Tuuli toondana daa zaŋla Almaami kuli ti be Timbo, din baɣi saha tiŋ' shɛli bɛ ni booni Mamou la.^[66]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} ka lala tiŋa ŋɔ daa niŋ di kpamba biɛhigu shee, ka tiŋa maa tiŋ' zuɣu daa be Fugumba. "Council of Elders " zaŋ ti Futa Jallon tiŋgbani daa bela Fugumba, ka bɔ vuhim zaŋ ti Almami yaa.^{[citation needed]}

Ban daa nyɛ kpeenpala daa bela Guinea, amaa ka daa gɔri chani Guinea Bissau, Senegal, ni Sierra Leone. Lala toondaanima ŋɔ daa bela tiŋgbani yaɣa dibaa awɔi: Timbo, Fugumbaa, Ɓuuriya, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, ni Timbi. Fulɓe Musulinima nasara dibu nyaaŋa, zuliyanima ban daa zaɣisi jihad maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛba tiŋgbani maa yaa. Pulli Fulɓe daa kɔŋ bɛ yu gɔbu, ka daa pili en-masse ʒinibu. Jalonke daa leei la daba (maccuɓe).^[66]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Tooni ha, nangbankpeeni din daa be dunoya ayi maa sunsuuni Seediayanke, (Soriya mini Alphaya),^[73] tuma duzuɣiri taɣibu lala dunoya ayi ŋɔ sunsuuni zaligu daa zaliya. Ka di daa che ka zaba kuli beni sahakam dama bɛ so daa bi bɔri ni bɛ saɣi ti li, ka di zuɣu daa gbarigi siyaasa tali lala yaɣili maa.^[66]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

The Empire of Massina

Maasina Emirate nyɛla Fulbe jihad ni daa pili shɛ, Seku Amadu ni daa gari shɛli tooni yuuni 1818, ka di nyɛla o tuhirila Bamana Empire, siyaasa yaɣili din gbubi tiŋgbani ŋɔ Segou saha. Lala jihad daa nyɛla Usman Dan Fodio ni daa tahi shɛli na mini jihad din daa niŋ Sokoto.^[66]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} Lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ daa mali yaa lala yaɣili ŋɔ, di siyaasa mini daabilgu na kuli nyɛla din mali yaa Inland Delta. Di mini di yaa maa zaa yoli, varisigu daa na kuli nyɛla din kperi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Aamadu Aamadu ni daa be nam ni, Sheeku Aamadu yaaŋa, tiŋa maa puuni zaba naa nyɛla din ti che ka Toucouleur nyaŋ ba yuuni 1862.^[66]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

The Toucouleur Empire

Ŋun pili Toucouleur Empire, El Hadj Umar Tall, daa nyɛla ŋun labi niɣim Musulinsi adiini Fuuta Tooro. O daa pilila Futa Jallon, ŋuni n-daa gari linjima shɛba ban daa ŋme n-deei Massina, Segou, ni Kaarta, amaa o daa kpila tɔbu ni yuuni 1864. Lala saha tiŋa ŋɔ daa pula yaɣa dibaa ata, ka o bihi nyɛ di zaa nanima. Lala tinsi ŋɔ zaa daa malila di tiŋ' zuɣuri Nioro, Segou ni Bandiagara. Yuun' pihita sunsuuni, Faransi nima daa ŋme n-deei tiŋgbani maa zaa.^[66]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

The Sokoto Caliphate and its various emirates

Sokoto Musulinsu toondaanima saha n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima yaa saha Gbansabila tinsi ni. Lala saha ŋɔ n-daa galisi, ka lahi mali gbaai viɛnyɛla, zaŋ ti Fulaannima Jihad tinsi. Kuli zaŋ hali ka 19th century ti naai, Sokoto n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛli din galisi pam Gbansabila tinsi ni zaŋ na hali ni yuuni 1903, ka Europe ni ban mali yaa gbahiri daba daa ti yina ti nyaŋ ba. Sokoto musulinsi toondaanima daa galisiya, amaa ban daa galisi pam n-daa nyɛ Adamawa. Amaa Kano Emirate salo n-daa zooi. Shɛŋa n-nyɛ, amaa ka deei tariga m-bala: Gombe Emirate's, Gwandu Emirate, Bauchi Emirate, Katsina Emirate, Zazzau Emirate, Hadejia Emirate, ni Muri Emirate.^[74]

Timeline of Fulani history

Tɛmplet:Unreferenced section

SAHA	DIN NING
4th century	Ghana Empire maa daa pilila, luhi sheli zuŋo din nye southeastern Mauritania tiŋgbaŋni mini western Mali, ka di nye tuuli Sudano-Sahelian empire din yeligi.
5th century	Ghana Empire maa liɛbigila empire shɛli din mali yaa pam gbaŋsabila tiŋgbaŋ yahili sheli be ni boli West Africa la
5th century	Fulaannima daa migratimi southwards mini Eastwards n-yina gbaŋsabila tiŋsi yuli booni Morocco mini MauritaniaTɛmplet:Dubious
9th century	Takrur daa kpala kuliboŋ yuli booni Senegal River tiŋli ha (gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni Senegal zuŋo la) di ni daa niŋ ka fulaannima pam daa zo n yina east mini north n kana ti ʒini lala Senegal River valley maa tiŋgbaŋni.
11th century	Kingdoms of Tekruur mini the Gao Empire daa yɛligimi ka niŋ yaa gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni West Africa la, ka di nyɛla bɛ salma daabiligu la zuɣu.
1042	Almoravids, Berber Musulimnima ban daa yina southern Morocco mini Mauritania, daa tuɣila Takrur nim tɔbu, bɛ ni daa di nasara Sanhaja nim zuɣu yuuni 1039 la.
1050s	Islam gains a strong foothold in West Africa
1050–1146	Almoravids take over Morocco, Algeria, and part of al-Andalus; they invade Ghana in 1076 and establish power there.
1062	Almoravids found capital at Marrakesh
1100	The Empire of Ghana starts to decline in influence and importance
1147	The Almohad Caliphate, ruled by Berber Muslims opposed to the Almoravids, seize Marrakesh and go on to conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, and Tripoli
1150	An unprecedented resurgence of the Ghana Empire sees it reach its height, controlling vast areas of western Africa as well as Saharan trade routes in gold and salt
1200	Empire and themselves set out on a road of conquest, they take its capital Koumbi Saleh in 1203
1235	Great warrior leader Sundiata Keita of the Mandinka people founds the Mali Empire in present-day Mali, West Africa; it expands under his rule
1240–1250	Mali absorbs Ghana, Tekruur
1324	10th Emperor of Mali, Musa I of Mali regarded as the richest individual in recorded history, goes on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. his procession reported to include 18,000 workers who each carried 4 pounds (1.8 kg) gold bars, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 and 300 pounds (23 and 136 kg) of gold dust each
1325	The Empire of Mali reaches its height of power, covering much of Northern West Africa.
1352	Ibn Battuta, Berber scholar, travels across Africa and writes an account of all he sees
1462	Sonni Ali becomes ruler of the Songhai people and goes on to build the Songhai Empire
1490	The Mali empire is overshadowed by the Songhai Empire
16th century	Songhai Empire enters a period of massive expansion and power under Askia Mohammad I. Askia Mohammad strengthened his country and made it the largest contiguous territory ever in West African history. At its peak, the Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the west neighbouring Bornu Empire of the Kanuri
1515	The Songhai Empire reaches its zenith and pinnacle of power
1590	Songhai Empire is defeated by invading Moroccans from further North
1650	Another wave of Fulbe migrations sees them penetrate even further in the Southern Senegal and Fouta Jallon highlands of middle Guinea
1670	Fulani people gain control of Bhundu in Senegal with Malick Sy, and the Sissibhe
1673	First unsuccessful Fulani jihad in the Fuuta Tooro
1808	Bornu successfully repel Fulani forces
1893	The French conquer the Fouta-Toro
1903	The British conquer the Sokoto Caliphate^[75]

Society

Fulaannima ban daa nyɛ Laribu niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna mini Hausa niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna nyɛla ban kpaɣi taba kaya ni taada. Din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya nasara yuuni 1804 Fulaani War zaŋ n-ti Usman dan Fodio niriba pam daa be luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa na booni Fulɓe nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti pahi Sokoto Caliphate. Fulɓe zaŋ n-ti Hausaland neema yɛbu ka nyɛ ban lahi yɛri Hausa balli (lihimi Hausa–Fulani). Pirinla bɛ daa nyɛla balli shɛba ban daa galisi lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, Fulɓe ban daa be Hausaland sambani kamani Kanem-Bornu, Adamawa n-ti pahi Gombe nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi bɛ Fulaani kaya ni taada ka nyɛ ban kuli yɛri Fulfulde din nyɛ bɛ tuuli balli. Fulɓe ban daa bɛ kpalim lala saha maa mini bɛ nyaaŋa nyɛla ban biɛhisi be di koŋko ka che Hausa mini balli shɛŋa din be lala yaɣili maa. Lala Hausa–Fulaannima ŋɔ biɛhigu nyɛla din yi diko ka che ban be West Africa.^[76]^[74]

Mali, Burkina Faso n-ti pahi Senegal nyɛ ban gbibi Fulɓe kaya ni taada amaa ka pa Fula balli ka bɛ booni ba yimɓe pulaaku (𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵, "niriba zaŋ n-ti Fula kaya ni taada"). Gbaai yihi, Fulani kaya ni taada n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ bilichinnima bee pa Fulaan' bilichinnima.^[77] Hali dab' tali nyɛla bɛ ni bi saɣi n-ti shɛli amaa biɛhigu din be Fulɓbe mini Rimayɓe sunsuuni nyɛla din na kuli be ni. ^[78]^[79]^[80]

Slavery and caste system

Tuuli Fulaannima ban daa tuui kpe America talahi Atlantic slave trade saha nyɛla ban daa yina West mini Central Africa yaɣa pam. Fulaan' daba ŋɔ pirigili pam nyɛla ban daa yina Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria n-ti pahi Cameroon. Daba pam ban daa yina Senegal daa nyɛla Fula mini Mandinga Fulaannima.^[81]^[82] Yu' shɛŋa din niŋ bayana be Registry of Liberated Africans n-nyɛ Fulaani bɛ pilli.^[83]^[84] Niriba pam nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni European daba gba daa nyɛla Fulaannima.^[85]

Fula biɛhigushee nyɛla caste divisions zaŋ n-ti West African tiŋgbani yaɣa.^[86]^[87] Vihigu zaŋ n-ti bɛ pilli nyɛla binshɛli din niŋ tom pam,^[86] amaa niriba pam daa baŋ bɛ yala 15th-century.^[1]^[88]

Ban nyɛ Fulaani maŋ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba Fulɓe, ka bɛ shɛba nyɛ Pullo (ka bɛ lahi booni ba Rimɓe (zaɣ'yini)) n-ti pahi Dimo ka di gbunni nyɛ "bilichini". Bɛ lahi mali la "artisan caste",^[87] ka mali maaniba, duɣimɛriba, griots,^[89] "genealogists", da'maaniba n-ti pahi neen'maaniba. Bɛ nyɛla Fulaannima amaa ka ban leei nyɛ bilichinima: Maccuɗo, Rimmayɓe, Dimaajo, n-ti pahi Ɓaleeɓe, Fulaani nima ŋɔ taba zaŋ n-ti Tuareg Ikelan nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba Bouzou (Buzu) bee Bella balla din nyɛ Hausa mini Songhay puuni gabaadaya.^[90]^[91]^[92] Fulaannima ŋɔ kpamba gba daa kuli be mi kamani gbansabila zuliya nima kpamba ni be shɛm.^[8]^[60]^[93] Fulaanima ŋɔ pam nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba daba tali ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi n-ti traditional African religions.^[94]

Bɛ nyɛla ban be Nigeria, Eastern Niger bee Cameroon. Lahabali din yina buɣisiri shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ 19th century naabu ni, Fulɓe-ruled Adamawa Emirate kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla daba, din ka bɛ daa booni ba jeyaɓe (singular jeyado).^[95] "Castes-based social stratification" zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla din daa yɛligi gili Sahel, kamani Burkina Faso,^[96] Niger,^[97] Senegal,^[98] Guinea,^[87] Mali,^[97]^[99] Nigeria,^[56] Sudan,^[100] ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi.^[101]

Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm (1Tɛmplet:1/4 x 1Tɛmplet:1/4 x Tɛmplet:3/4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6 cm (11⁄16 x 43⁄16 x 43⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)

Culture

Biɛhigu

Fulaannima nyɛla ban too zoogi ka bɛ guli binkɔbiri. Bɛ nyɛla ban guli niɣi, buhi ni pɛri luɣu shɛŋa bɛ ni kuli be, ka too zoogi ka bɛ mini pukaribi bi laɣindi taba bɛ biɛhigu shee. Duniya yaanga zuɣu bani ni galisi n nyaŋ bala zaa ka bɛ yi laɣim bɛ ni be boba ni yaɣa maa dini gari United States of America. Bɛ binkɔbi gulibo ni bɛ biɛhigu chɛmi ka niri ŋun pa fulaani yi yɛn kpiɣi fulaan paɣa di niŋ di tom n zaŋ too.^[102]

Fulaannima maa dolila biɛhi shɛli dini booni pulaaku, ka din be din puuni nye suɣulo, maŋ gbubbu, viɛnyɛla zaŋ kpa niribi polo, jilima zaŋti niriba ( nti pahi bi dimba), niribi gbubbu viɛnyɛla ni kpaŋmaŋ zaŋchaŋ bi tuma polo.

Fulaan paɣaba maa di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ ka tuma tumda, bɛ nyɛla ban wuɣuri zupula, ka ŋmɛri binviɛla pari churi zuɣu, ka lahi wuɣiri binyɛri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali pɔbiri ŋmana bin shɛli bini mi mbeedu ni piɛri. Fulaan dabba ŋo bi tooi zoogi ka bɛ niŋdi lori, kuriti kpebu kamani zuliya sheba ban baɣiba dabba ni niŋdi shɛm.

Ayi kuli gbaagi gbansabila tingbana din be wulinpuhili yaɣili, luɣ' shɛŋa fulaannima ŋɔ ni galisi, zabba zaʋ chaŋ bimini pukpariba nyɛla din kuli kalinli kuli duri saha kam bɛ ni too zoogi ka bɛ mali bɛ binkɔbiri chani ka bɛ ti ŋubiri mɔri lala yaɣa ŋo. Lala nim ŋo zooya pam Jos Plateau, the Western High Plateau, ni Central/Middle Belt regions ,Nigeria,^[103] Northern Burkina Faso, ni Southern Chad. Naɣikaprilim n nye tuun' kpeeni Cameeroon yaɣa anahi ni, bɛ yaɣa pii la puuni, to amaa yaɣa ata gba ni naɣikparitali ŋɔ nyɛla din dii bi zoogi nimaani, Nigeria nuzaa ni di central yaɣa nti pahi Sahel ni Sudan yaɣili.^[104]

Fulaannima malila dihitabili ni mɔɣu yi yɛligi binkɔbiri gba nyɛla ban yɛn nabi, ka binkɔbiri gulibu bi lahi niŋ tɔm, ka bɛ chaŋ gili baligi, ka bɛ mini pukpariba niŋ nyaɣisim, ban be mɔri ni, ni ban be tiŋkpansi. Lala tɛha ŋɔ zaa nyaaŋa, binkɔbiri mɔri kani n-ti Fulaannima ban be Nigeria, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka bɛ binkɔbiri kuli ŋubir luɣ'yini yuuni kam. Binkɔbiri ŋubbu shɛeei Nigeria nyɛla din bi saɣiti Fulaannima ban be din ni mini bɛ binkɔbiri. Tiŋgbana kamani Nigeria, Cameroon, ni Burkina Faso nyɛla ban nimdi nyabu ʒi Fulaannima zuɣu, ka di zuɣu che ka nimdi ni binkɔbiri daa du zuɣu. Saha ŋɔ ni, Nigeria nima yimina ti zali zalisi din yɛn gbubi Fulaannima binkɔbiri mɔri ŋubbu mini Fulaannima gɔbu. Di bɔŋɔ bi yi shɛli pahila Southern mini Central Nigeria zali zaaniba ni daa bi saɣiti, ka Northern zalizaaniba mi saɣiti.^[105]Fulaannima mini Nigeria nima tooi mali zaba pam.^[106]^[103]^[107]^[108]^[109]^[110] Global Terrorism Index vihigu wuhiya, Fulaannima zaba nyɛla din gili gbansabila tiŋsi kamani Mali,^[111]^[112]^[113] Central African Republic,^[107] Democratic Republic of Congo,^[114] ni Cameroon.^[115] Lala zaba ŋɔ nyɛla din yuui pam.^[107]

Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm (1Tɛmplet:1/4 x 1Tɛmplet:1/4 x Tɛmplet:3/4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6 cm (11⁄16 x 43⁄16 x 43⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)

Anthropometry

Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba waɣilim; average waɣilim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 1.69 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.07 metre. Fulaan'pahaba average waɣilim mii nyɛla 1.59 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.06 metre.

Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba timsim: average timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 57.5 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.8 kilograms. average timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 50.6 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.0 kilograms.

Language

Bali shɛli fulaannima ni yɛli n nyɛ "Pulaar" 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, din lahi nyɛ balli zaŋti Toucouleurs. Senegalnima ni Mauritanianima ban yɛri lala balli ŋo nyɛla bini booni shɛba Halpulaar (𞤖𞤢𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪) bee Haalpulaar'en (𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪𞥇𞤫𞤲), din gbinni nyɛ'' niribi ban yɛri Pulaar balli " ("hal" n nyɛ root of the Pulaar verb haalugol 𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 din gbinni nyɛ "toɣisibu bee yɛlibu"). Yaɣa shɛŋa kamani northern Cameroon, Fulfulde nyɛla lingua franca.

Sabbu buta zuɣu kabi mali n sabiri lala balli ŋo: Laribu dini shɛli dini boli Ajami, Latin yaɣili din nyɛ pubu buyobu , ni native phonetic-faithful system called Adlam bini daa yihi shɛli na yuuni1989; din pahiriti ata maa nyɛ niribi pam ni zoogi ka bi mi shɛli, ka niribi ban be tiŋduya zuɣu bohindili ka di lahi mali tabibi baŋsim ni computa yɛlishɛŋa dini mali ni di soŋ si di sabbu ni baŋbu .^[116]

Moral code

Fulaannima zaa malila bɛ ni be bɛrishɛli ka bɛ boli li pulaaku (Fulfulde: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵) bee laawol Fulɓe (𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮𞤤 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫) ka di gbunni nyɛ "Fulaani soya" ka bɛ zaŋli wuhiri Fulbe nima zaa, ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ biɛhigu nyɛ yim luɣili kam.Ka di wuhiri Fulaani ni nyɛ so, bee "Fulaan'tali", pulaaku shɛŊ n-nyɛ:

Munyal: suglo, maŋ suhu mahibu, bɛtisuŋ, nimmohi
Gacce / Semteende: viɛnyɛla biɛhigu, jilima zaŋti niriba
Hakkille: haŋkali zinli, tɛhi waɣila, ninsalisi hachi, saamba gbubbu
Sagata / Tiinaade: tab kpaŋsibu, nimmohi

Situra

Neen yɛra bali beni zaŋ ti Fulaannima pubu balibu; nachintɛi dolila tiŋgbani yaɣili. Fulbe Wodaabe situra tooi zooi la neen waɣila, ka dihi nachiinsi. Futa Jallon yaɣa din be Guinea, di tooi zooya ka dobba pindi waluɣisi din dihi nachiinsi. Nigeria tiŋgbani ni, Cameroon ni Niger, pindila waluɣusi din mali yaɣa dibaa ata, ka bɛ booni li noppiire. Paɣaba mini dobba zaa yɛrila nee piɛla bee zaɣ'sabila, ka di kɔɣili nuɣiso, zee bee vakahili ka di nachiinsi doli tiŋgbani yaɣili be paɣaba yaɣili bee dobba.

Paɣaba tooi dihiri bɛ zabiri nachiinsi ni laɣ'kpahira mini yari. Fulaan paɣaba tooi piriti henna bɛ nuhi ni, bɛ bɔɣiri ni bɛ naba ni. Bɛ tooi lɔrila bɛ zabiri gila dibaa anu nu. Bɛ tooi mali binnyɛlisira niŋdi bɛ zabiri ŋima ŋɔ ni. Di shɛŋa tooi nɛla laɣ'kura ka bɛ tooi zaani li. Paɣaba tooi zooya ka bɛ piriti bansi pam bɛ nuhi ni. A ni tooi lahi nya ka paɣaba ye (modjaare) bɛ shɛhi ni, zuɣuri ni bee bɛ biyya ni.^[117]

Kamani dobba maa, paɣaba maa malila dalima bɛ nina ni, noya ni, ka di nyɛla bɛ bilim ni ka bɛ daa ti ba li. Fulaannima ban be Fulbe tinsi ni kamani Mali, Senegal ni Mauritania malila "indigo inks" niŋdi bɛ noya, ka di sabigiri bɛ nangbana mini bɛ tapaɣisi.

Fulaan dobba tooi sorila jinjam waɣila ka di siɣiri bɛ naba ni, ka di nyɛ gumdi malibu, ka bɔbiri neen waɣila bɛ nina ni, ni zupil chohi, ka zaŋdi da'waɣila pari bɛ bɔɣiri ka mali bɛ nuhi pari di zuɣu. Dobba maa tooi malila dalima bɛ tapaɣisi zuɣu bee bɛ gberi zuɣu. Bilim ni ka bɛ tiriba lala dalima ŋɔ. Fulaannima taɣada gurim ni pulaaku. Paɣa niŋdila bɛ zabiri zaɣ'waɣila. Ka dihiri bɛ maŋa nachiinsi ni nyingokɔriti, tikpara, nyɛhi tikpara ni yari niŋniŋ gbaya ni.^[118]

Binkɔbiri gulibu

Fulaanimma nyɛla sokam ni mi ka shɛba be mɔri ni, amaa bɛ shɛba lahi nyɛla daabihi yaɣ'shɛŋa. Fulaannima pam nyɛla ban zooi kaa bɛ chani bɛ na zuɣu, ka di tooi zooi pam ka a nya ka bɛ taɣiri bɛ niɣi gindi gbansabila tinsi ni, m-taɣiri bɛ niɣi gindi bɔri kom mini mɔri. Bɛ daa nyɛla, ka na kuli nyɛ, nivuɣ'shɛba ban niŋdi yaakoro West Africa, amaa Tuareg nima, ban gba ka bɛ ni dii ʒi luɣ'shɛli North African, bela Fula tuduu yaɣili, ka shashɛŋa bɛ be Fulaan yinsi kamani Mali, Niger ni Burkina Faso. Fulaannima chaŋgili ŋɔ nyɛla di be West Africa yaɣa zaa, bini din gbaai north bopiɛligu polo, zaŋ savannah south yɔɣu polo.

Bini din gbaai 16th zaŋ chaŋ 20th centuries polo Fulaannima ʒinila Jos Plateau, Western High Plateau din be Bamenda, ni Adamawa Plateau din be Nigeria ni Cameroons. Lala tiŋsi ŋɔ n-ny luɣ'shɛŋa din du West Africa, ka bɛ kulibɔŋ duli ni too paai 8,700 feet. Di nyɛla din mali alaafe n-ti niɣi gulibu, ka di zuɣu che ka Fulbe ʒiini ni. Amaa Fulaannima pam pa bela fɔna ni mini tinkpansi ni, fulaannima pam na kuli nyɛla ban chani ginda, be ban gɔri ka lahi mali bɛ ni ʒi shɛli.

Bɛ kaanila buni doli naɣikpaa galisim. Saha waɣila Fulaannima zuliya balibu nyɛla ban zabiri niɣiri mini tiɣbani shɛli bɛ ni che ka bɛ niɣi ŋubiri mɔri fukumsi zuɣu. Niɣi chɛla binkɔbi gahinda n-tio fulaannima. Niriba pam yɛliya ni nira ku tooi tɔɣisi fulaansili di yi niŋ ka o ka nahu. Fulaannima malila kali din tiri habbanaya – n zaŋ nahu paŋ nira hali ka o ti zooi. din nyaaŋ ka bɛ lasi nahi maa ti ti nahu lana. Lala habbanaya nyɛla binkɔbigu ŋun mali liɣiri. Lala pini ŋɔ deeibu nyaaŋa, laɣindi ka nyu din gahim beni zaŋ ti li. Ŋun deegi o maa maanila shili ka boli o niriba ka bɛ ti ti habbanaya maa yuli. Lala habbanaya ka ni ni kpalim hali di yi kuli be kawula.

Fulaannima ban chani gindi niɣi balibu, amaa zebu n-nyɛ niɣi balishɛli din yoli West African pirim la bɛ ni tooi be tulim ni zooi luɣ'shɛŋa la zuɣu. Kom ni be luɣ'shɛli Fouta Djallon mini Casamance, "dwarf N'Dama" n-niŋ bayana ni, ka di nyɛla lala niɣi ŋɔ bi zɔri trypanosomiasis mini dɔriti din yirina maasim ni. Zebu bali shɛŋa n-nyɛ White Fulaani cattle, ka bɛ booniba Fulaan zilini zuɣu Aku, Akuji, Bororoji, White Kano, Yakanaji bee Bunaji, ka di nyɛ bɛ ni mali naɣ'shɛba niŋdi nimdi Fulaannima mini Hausa nima sani hali ni Sahel zone of Africa.^[119]

"Red Fulani cattle", bɛ ni booni shɛba Jafun French: Djafoun Nigeria mini Cameroon tiŋgbani ni, ni bɛ lahi booni li Fellata, Chad tiŋgbani ni, ni yu'sɛŋa kamani M'Bororo, Red Bororo, bee Bodaadi, balishŋa din lahi pahi n-nyɛ Sokoto Gudali mini Adamawa Gudali bee di zaɣ'jia bolibu Gudali, ka di gbunni nyɛ "ban mali yila ka mali gbali jihi" Hausa zinli bɔlibu ni. Dihitabili beni ni zebu ban be West Africa yimina west polo tuuli zebu din daa be East Africa zaŋ chaŋ Sudan. Zebu balishɛŋa nyɛla ban be tiŋgbani kuma yaɣa. Bɛ ningbungban ŋmanila zebu din be east Africa. Zebu daa ka West Africa zaŋna hali ni yuuni 1800.^[119] Bɛ kpebuna bi yi shɛli pahila bɛ ni mali yiko din ni tooi be tulim ni ŋɔ

Fulaannima piligu dii bi kagi dɔni ka mali nangbankpeeni; Lahabali wuhiya ni Fulaannima niɣi nyɛla zebu ban mali yili waɣila ka daa tuui kpena Africa ka yina Asia teeku east polo; Dihitabili beni ni bɛ kpebuna West Africa nyɛla Laribaawanima ni daa ʒi shɛba na 7th century, lala saha ka zebu ban mali yili jihi gba kpena East Africa. Lala lahabali ŋɔ nyɛla naɣ'zuɣuŋmani ni mini naɣ'gɔbili ni di shɛli shɛli.^[119]

Lahabali shɛli gba lahi wuhiya ni lala niɣi ŋɔ yimina Horn of Africa, saha ŋɔ din pa nyɛ Ethiopia mini Somalia, ka lahi yɛli ni zebu ban mali yili ŋmahi (ka daa kpena "first millennium BC") mini Hamitic Longhorn bee B. taurus brachyceros shorthorn (din yoli kana) yimina ban mali yila yuma din gbaai 2000–1500 BCE. Ka ban doli na ʒi zebu ban mali yili ŋmahi na ka bɛ gabi "sanga cattle" zaŋ kpe southern Africa.^[119]

Sahashɛŋa salinima mini binkɔbiri ni chani gindi Gbansabila tinsi ni, lala sanga ni tooi gabi yili ŋmahinima ŋɔ ni, ka naɣ'gɔba laɣim nam sanga naɣ'gɔba. Ban kpalim ni tooi nyɛ Musulinsi adiini yɛligibu ni ʒi shɛli na, ban pa nyɛ "lyre-horned" niɣi zaŋ ti West mini Central Africa, n-ti pahi Fulaannima niɣi. Ban daa nyɛ White Fulani daa bela north Nigeria, southeast Niger ni northeast Cameroon, ka Fulaannima mini Hausa nima suba. Ka bɛ yɛligi chaŋ southern Chad mini western Sudan.^[119]

Yuuni kam, Mali tiŋgbani ni tiŋa din nyɛ Diafarabé, Fulaannima ban nyɛ dobba durila Niger River ni bɛ niɣi, yuuni kam. Lala yuuni kam chuɣu ŋɔ bɛ booni li la Fulaansili ni Dewgal. Tum lala tinkpaŋa ŋɔ ni zani yuuni 1818, di ni n-nyɛ Fulaannima chuɣu din kpa talahi. Di niŋdila Asibiri dali Anashaar goli November ni bee December; Di piirimi doli kulibɔŋ maa ni kpe kom shɛm Niger. Saa saha, kom maa cheerimi ka tinsi din baɣili kperi kom, di yi niŋ ka Niger kom du, ka Diafarabe niŋ ko'sunsuuni tiŋgbani. Lala saha binkɔbiri maa bela kom ni ka shɛli kamni north bee south, amaa di yi niŋ ka West African Monsoon ti kuui, kom maa vuurimi ka niɣi maa ni tooi labi bɛ biɛhigu sheei.^[120]^[121]^[122]

Bɛ baadu ŋɔ gari mɔri shee bɔbu; di lahi nyɛla kompateesa bɛ sunsuuni din wuhiri bidibilim. Bɛ taɣirila niɣi maa niŋ kom maa ni, ka naɣikpari kam, ka so bi soŋ so, ka bɛ tahiri niŋ maa ni ye'kpeeni ka bɛ duɣiri dura, ka gbubi naɣilahi yila. binkɔbi bihi bi duɣira, amaa bɛ kpuɣiriba mi dura. Niɣi maa zaa yi labina, sariya diriba dirila sariya, ka wuhi ŋun binkɔbiri "chani yom". Bɛ tirila lala nira ŋɔ "pini din nyɛ ŋun yuuni binkɔbiri viɛnyɛla dini", ka tiŋa maa ti o pini.^[120]^[121]^[122] Ŋun bi kpaŋ o maŋ deerila vi pini kamani simli.

Taba kpaɣiribu ni beni niɣi gulibu ŋɔ ni nyaaŋa, di lahi nyɛla bɛrisuŋ; fulaannima maa labiri ti kari bɛ dansi yuuni kam puli ni. Lala saha nyɛla di ka nyu saha. Fulaan paɣaba dihirila bɛ yinsi nachiinsi ni sona ka peenti tiŋgbani maa ni zaɣ'piɛlli ni yaɣ'sabinli, ka mali bɛ zabiri viɛnyɛla, ka mali shili ti bɛ yidaanima mini bɛ ni yuri shɛba zaa. Jilin shɛli lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni mali zuɣu, UNESCO kali li mi m-pahi duniya kaya ni taɣada laɣinsi ni.^[120]^[121]^[122]

Binkumda

Fulaannima mali binkumda pam bɛ kali ni ka ŋmeri binkumda pam ti tabili dala, hoddu (binshɛli din ŋmani banjo), ni riti bee riiti (kalamboo din mali mi yini), n-ti pahi nolini binkumda. Senegale Fulaannima yiliyiini so niriba pam ni mi, Baaba Maal yiinimi ka Pulaar bee o kukoya ni. Zaghareet bee kpalinga nyɛla nolini binkumdi shɛŋa din pahi.

Fulaannima binkumda malila konkɔba kamani bɛ zuliya maa. Bɛ pam waa mini bɛ binkumda leei nyɛla yim.Yila mini waa dolila bɛ kali mini zaamatu laɣimbu balibu. Binkumda ŋmerila laɣingu kam ni: niɣiri taɣibu ni, tuma tumbu shɛhi, bindirigu duɣibu shee, bee bee jama shee. Binkumda kpa talahi ti tinkpansi, ni bindira kpuɣibu saha, chi yɛlibu ni yili nyaɣisa ni binkumda din lura.

Fulaannima malila bɛ ni pɛbiri kalamboo mini violin nianioru shɛm. Fulaan naɣikpari pola tooi zooya ka bɛ vulindi viliŋga ka taɣiri bɛ niɣi mini buhi. Fulaani binkumdi maŋa nyɛla jitaaya din mali mi yini zaŋ ti Fulaannima (nianioru), kalimboo, kalimboo din mali mihi ayi zaŋ chaŋ mihi anu (lute hoddu bee molo), ni buuba mini bawdi binkumda. Amaa bɛ lahi mali binkumda nima kamani West African harp, kora, ni balafon. Dɛma ni yiɣijam n-nyɛ di zaa nyabili. Binkumda ŋmebu zanimi n-ti binyɛi shɛŋa. Griots bee Awlube wuhirila niriba maa taarihi, biɛhisi sheei bee tinsi maa tuuntumsa.

Bindirigu

Kossam ni too nyɛ yuli n-ti bihi'palli mini miraɗam ni "yoghurt" shɛli bɛ ni booni pendidan Fulfulde balli ni. ka nyɛ binnyurigu bee binshɛɣu kam bɛ ni zaŋli mali, kamani "yoghurt" waagashe. Kettugol mini lébol nyɛla din yina bih'kpam ni, ka bɛ mali li duɣiri ka lahi mali li m-maani zabiri. Di tooi zooya ka Fulaan paɣaba ʒiri bihim gindi ŋman ni bɛ zuɣuri ni. Bindira din lahi pahi n-nyɛ koko timsili (nyiiri), bɛ ni mali za, kaʒɛɣu bee kariwana ka mali ʒeri diri li (takai, haako), ʒe shɛli bɛ ni duɣi ni kamantoonsi, alibaasa, binnyɔma, naanzuwa, ni ʒegbana din pahi. ^[123] Yaha, fulaannima diri shinkaafa ka di nyɛla bɛ bindiri kpani bali shɛli n-nyɛ ŋa. Bɛ dirili mi ni ʒe vari kamani tuya ni naazu'maɣa. Bɛ lahi diri nyuya ni kawana. Fulaannima gba diri bindira kamani bɔraade mini banchi^[124]

Fulaannima ni lahi diri bindiri shɛli pam n-nyɛ "yoghurt" ka dirli ni kawaanchimda shɛli bɛ ni boli latchiiri bee dakkere, ka di zaa bee ŋmani yini ni bee ka bɛ wali li, ni koko kom shɛli bɛ ni boli gāri ka yila chi ni, bee kariwan mini bihim ni. Wodaabe dirila chi, ni bihim ni nimdi. Bɛ nyurila chi koko asiba, wuntaŋ ni, ni yuŋ ka tooi diri li ni kamantoonsi, naanzuwa, koba, nimdi, alibaasa, ni ʒe'vari din pahi. Zaamatu di gahim laɣimbu ni bɛ diri nima kamani bua nimdi. Bindiri gbati din ŋmani Tuareg eghajira, bua nimdi ka bɛ mali tɔri li, bihim, dobino ni chi.^{[citation needed]}

Ceramics

Fulaannima dii bɛ zooyi ka bɛ maani lɔri mini ŋmana din nye nachiinsi dibu dina, silimiinsi ni booni bin shɛŋa ceramics la, ayi zaŋba ŋmahindi zuliya sheŋa ban ʒin miriba. ka bɛ daliri nyami ni lala niŋsim ŋo nyela din, "birigiri bi zaligu ka diɣiriba vi". Tɔ amaa, fulaan'paɣaba tooi maani nuuni baŋsim nɛma kamani neen wuɣira ni pɛri. Fulaan dabba ban be zooyi ka be mali be nuɣi kpɛhiri ŋa puuni.^[125]

Biɛhisi sheei

Sokam ni mi shɛm, Fulaannima ban gɔra bela yili chara ni kamani Bukkaru bee suudu hudo, ŋmahinli "mɔri yiya". Wuuni saha, kaɣa ka bɛ mali tiri li, ka zaŋ kpahisi lo dari, shɛɣu yi ti sheei. Lala ya'shɛŋa din ni tooi kpuɣi ŋɔ malibu bi tɔ, ni di wurimbu, ka naan yi che sokam ni mi ya'shɛŋa din pahi. Saha yi ti paai ni bɛ taɣi shɛli polo, bɛ tooi wurindi yiya maa niŋdi bunsi ni, yuri beelaakuma, ka bɛ mali li chana, amaa saha ŋɔ ni, Fulaannima pam pa bela yaɣiri duri nibee bulooku yiya ni.^{[citation needed]}

Duu maa yi zali naai, bɛ pirigirili mi gbihibu shee mini, ŋmana ni churi zalibu shee, ka zali li doli shɛlikam ni di tuma ni tumdi shɛm. Bɛ ni zaŋ chubihi mali diri shɛŋa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛŋa yiini dunoya zuɣusaa, kamali shɛŋa mi zaani bɛ bindira.^{[citation needed]}

Adiini

Fulaannima daa nyɛla din pahi tuuli balli shɛŋa din be Sub-Saharan Africa ka daa deei musulinsi adiini ka daa nyɛ ban daa na kuli gbubi bɛ kaya ni taada amaa binyɛra zaŋ n-ti traditional African faiths nyɛla din niŋ yim ni musulinsi religious syncretism.^[126] Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli din gari bɛ pirigili nyɛla musulimi nima ka bela kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1-2% nyɛ Fula Christians. Fulaannima dolodolo nima pam nyɛla ban yi musulinsi adiini puuni labi dolodolo ni. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu nyɛla din che ka Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛ ban gbubi yɛltɔɣa koŋkoba pirinla bɛ zaa ka dihitabili yini.^[127]

Fulani people 's houses

Dagbandɔhili ni, Fulaan nim ban bi ʒiini luɣuyini ni la nyɛla ban yinsi bee biɛhisi shee nyɛ du muna din yuli booni Bukkaru or suudu hudo, din gbuni nyɛ mɔri duu "grass house". Di yi ti niŋ wuuni, bɛ ni ti mɔ shɛŋa duri ka di ʒiya n mŋani galli maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali kaɣa n sari jeeni ka zaŋ sɔŋ ʒɛhi n yarigi gilli n lɔli ti kaɣa maa saha shɛli saa ni mira. Lala bɛ duri ŋɔ bee zalibu bi to lala n nyɛ ka di kpuɣi bee di wurimbu bi lahi to. Bɛ ʒii saha yi ti nai ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ taɣi luɣu shɛli polo, bɛ kuli yan larigila tan shɛŋa mini kaɣi shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ n zali duriŋɔ, n kpabi di zaa n niŋ buŋ luɣini bee wari lɔɣuni bee laakum zuɣu n dii gbai sɔli. Amaa ʒeman shɛli tini ʒiya ŋɔ, Fulaan nim pam pa be la yaɣiri yiya bee mini bulooku yiya ni.^{[(117) 1]}

Bɛ yi pa kuli me bɛ ʒɛmana duri ŋɔ, bɛ yan piripirili mi bu sham ŋɔ, n zaŋ shɛli lɛbi bɛ du gbera ka zaŋ shɛŋa mi niŋ bɛ ŋmana bɛhisi shee.

^[128]

Paɣa kpuɣibu

Fulaannima kali puuni, paɣa kpuhibu niŋdila zuliya ni di be yiri zuliyaa maa puuni. Paɣa kpuhibu niŋdi la niriba ban yi zuliya yini puuni na. Pirinsi mini ŋahinsi sunsuuni ka paɣa kpuhibu tooi niŋda. Hali gba, pɔin ka be dɔɣi bia, be pun yen ŋmala o nyuhu n-ti doo. Bɛ nama nama yeltɔha mini bɛ politiisi pubu malila nuu timbu be Paɣa kpuhibu puuni. Paɣa kpuhibunyela so' sheli be ni mali guri be buni ni nam dundoli. Fulaannima daŋdila paɣa kpuhibu ka di nyɛla dɔɣim n-lɔrili. Fulaan nachimba tooi kpuhiri paɣaba be yuun pishi saha puuni, ka fulaan paɣa mii tooi kuni dabba be Paɣasarilim ni piini saha shɛli. Fulaan dabba mali soli ni be kpuhi paɣa bobigu, din deeyi niŋ ka be mali yiko n ni tooi gbibi paɣa bi maa ka ŋaribu kani zaŋ kpa be binbora polo doo yili maa ni. ^[129]

Fulaannima Paɣa kpuhibu pula pubu buta. ŋan n-nye: Kabbal, Koowgal, miniSharo

Sharo

Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyɛmi, be yen zaŋla do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa n-ti fɛbo fɛbbu din sahi fɛbbu polo nieŋni ka zama zaa nya. ka di nyɛbili nyɛmi, bɛ borimi ni bɛ nye doo maa dabilim ni anzansi n-ti pahi yaa ni nye shɛm. Fɛbbu ŋɔ puuni, doo maa ka soli ni o kuhi, domi o yi kuhi, paɣa maa yiŋnima ni tooi zaɣisi paɣa maa zaŋ ti o, ka nya o ka o nyela do'chɔɣufu. Tɔ amaa, ka fulaan zuliya kam n-niŋdi Sharo ŋɔ be Paɣa kpuhibu kali puuni. Pɔin ka Sharo ŋɔ pili, doo maa niriba ni beli o n chaŋ Fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yen niŋ luhi sheli n-ti kpaŋsiri o ni o niŋ anzansi ni suhukpeeni n-di nasara Paɣa maa nyabu polo.^[129] ^[130]

Sharo dablim fɛbbu ŋɔ tooi zooya pam ka di niŋdi luɣi shɛŋa niriba pam ni mi kamani, daani, bɔlli paakini, diɛma pɔliti ni, ni din kam ŋmani ŋa. fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yɛn pili, do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa yɛn gbubila binshaɣa o nu ayi puuni. O bɛ yɛn yie gɔɣali m pa o nyaaŋa. Ka ŋun yɛn fɛbo maa yi pa pili o tuma. ^[130]

koowgal

Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyela saha sheli Paɣa kpuhibu pini ni tiri ka di nye daantaligi kpeeni fulaannima kaya ni ta'ada puuni. Saha ŋɔ, paɣa maa yiŋnima yen tila doo ŋɔ yiŋnima nihi ka doo ŋɔ yiŋnima gba tahi Paɣa kpuhibu pini maa n-ti ti Paɣa maa yiŋnima. Nihi maa yi ti n-naayi, di zala talahi doo maa zuhu ni o sɔŋ o ba bee daŋ' kpeen so ŋun daa zani doo maa daŋ zaani ka pina maa ti, ka be lihi nihi maa zuhu. Fulaannima booni la niŋsim ŋɔ Paɣa jembu be kali puuni. Koowgal nyela din che ka Paɣa kpuhibu maa paanda ka lahi nye daantali'kpeeni fulaannim biehigu puuni.^[129]

Kabba

Kabbal nyela musulinsi adiini Paɣa kpuhibu sɔli tumtuunsa fullaannima Paɣa kpuhibu puuni ka di ni tooi niŋ doo maa mini Paɣa maa kalinsi ni. Paɣa kpuhibu maa yelli kam ni naai, be beeni la Paɣa maa n-kulisi o yidaan yiŋa, ka doo maa yiŋ paɣaba mii deegi o ka niŋɔ saani.^[129]

Paɣaba ban be doo maa ʒinɛli ni yɛn kana mi n-ti puhi paɣa maa, ka niŋɔ amaraaba. ka bɛ puhugu maa pahi fulaannim Paɣa kpuhibu kali tuuni n-ti paɣaba. Bɛ ni kulisi paɣa so na maa jilima biɛɣagu puuni durimi, ka paɣira n dɔli o dɔɣim, a taadi o yi dɔɣiri dabba.^[131]

Genetics

Fulaannima siɣili nyɛla din gabi West mini East African ka nyɛ din jɛndi Niger-Congo mini Nilo-Saharan amaa ka nyɛ din lahi tabi West Eurasian din yina North Africa.^[132] Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛla ban wuligi gili Sahel/Savannah.^[133]

Paternal lineages (Y-DNA)

Bayili tuŋ zaŋ n-ti Fula/Fulɓe/Fulani nyɛla din be koŋkoba ka nyɛ din doli bɛ biɛhigu shee . Lahabali din yina Cruciani et al. (2002) wuhiya ni kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiwɔi zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla ban yina Burkina Faso ka nyɛ ban mali "haplotype 24" ka di lu zahim ni E-M2 (E1b1a) din niŋ bayana West Africa. Ban kpalim nyɛla "haplotype' 42/haplogroup E-M132. Lala yaɣa ŋɔ zaa nyɛla ban galisi Niger–Congo-speaking kalinli bahibamdi ban be Senegal. Di ŋmali, kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ni ata zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima ban be Cameroon nuzaa nyɛ "haplogroup E-M132" ka ban kpalim maa nyɛ African clades (12% haplogroup A mini 6% haplogroup E1b1a). Fulaannima ŋɔ ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla West Eurasian haplogroups T (18%) mini R1 (12%) ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din yiɣisi kɔbigi puuni kamani vaabu ~30% zaŋ n-ti haplogroup variation.^[134] Mulcare et al. (2004) daa lihi nya di ŋmali zaŋ n-ti haplogroup R1 subclades ka di be Fulaannima ban yina Cameroon (18%).^[135]

Vihigu shɛli Hassan et al. (2008) ni daa niŋ zaŋ chaŋ Fulaani shɛba ban be Sudan daa lihi nya zoosim din be West-Eurasian haplogroup R1 (53.8%). Din daa kpalim maa daa nyɛla E-M215 subclades ka di daa zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 34.62% E-M78 mini vaabu 27.2% E-V22.^[136] Bučková et al. (2013) daa niŋ o vihigu zaŋ chaŋ Fulaannima ka daa lihi nya R1b ni be Fulani Zinder ka di zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu ~31%. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla vihigu shɛli din daa niŋ yomyom zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima ban yina Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali n-ti pahi Chad ka di daa yi di ko ka che West African paternal haplogroups.^[137]

Maternal lineages (mtDNA)

Di yi kana bɛ "heterogeneous paternal lineages", Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛla ban mayili tuŋ ŋmani Niger-Congo niriba di ni. Kɔbigi puuni vaabu 8.1% zaŋ n-ti ban nyɛ mtDNA clades daa nyɛla ban yina West Eurasian bee Afro-Asiatic yaɣili (J1b, U5, H, and V).^[138]

Vihigu din daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima anahi (n = 186) ban daa yina Sahelian tiŋgbana dibaa ata ni (Chad, Cameroon n-ti pahi Burkina Faso) daa wuhiya ni nomadic Fulaannima koŋko nyɛ ban biɛhigu daa ŋmani Fulaannima ban be( Guinea-Bissau mini Nigeria) ka nyɛ ban yina Tcheboua din be Cameroon nuzaa zuɣu.^[139]^[140]

Autosomal DNA (overall)

According to Tishkoff et al. (2009), Fulaannima dɔɣiriba ban nyɛ Chadic mini Central Sudanic balli yɛriba nyɛla din ŋmani Hausa niriba. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, vihigu niŋdiba nyɛla nyɛla ban yɛlli ni Fulaanima nyɛla ban bɔhim Niger-Congo balli bɛ taarihi puuni ka nyɛ ban kpaɣiri balli shɛŋa din be ni paɣaba.Din pahira, Fulaannima ban be West Eurasian ka nyɛ ban gabi gba nyɛla bɛ ni lihi nya shɛba ka bɛ daa piligi Iberian Peninsula mini Northern Africa.^[141] Dobon et al. (2015) daa lihi nya ka Sudanese Fulaannima daa nyɛ ban yɛri Niger-Kordofanian mini Nilo-Saharan (Sudanic) ka nyɛ West-Eurasian siɣili.^[142]

Triska, Petr et al. (2015) daa wuhiya ni Fulaannima ban daa gabi taba ka be Sahel Belt nyɛla ban daa yina West African mini East African n-ti pahi Mozabite/North African. Lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa lu zahim ni vihigu shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti North African mini Central Africa Fulaannima pilli li.^[143]^[144]

Vihigu din daa niŋ yuuni 2019, ŋun daa niŋ lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛ Fan et al. Di daa wuhiya ni Fulaannima ban yina Cameroon ka nyɛ ban yɛri Afro-Asiatic yɛriba ban yina East Africa nyɛla ban daa taɣi balli labi Niger-Congo.^[145]

Yuuni 2020, vihigu nyɛla din daa niŋ jandi Fulaannima zaŋ n-ti Cameroon wulinluhili nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ayi ka, East African nyɛ vaabu pishi ata, n-ti pahi vaabu pihita yini ka daa pa gbansabila siɣili.^[146]

Yuuni 2023,Fulaannima ban daa be Sahelian nyɛla bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛba vihigu ka vihigu niŋdiba ŋɔ daa yɛlli ni non-Sub-Saharan siɣili zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla din ku tooi baŋs. Fulaannima ŋɔ pilli ni tooi nyɛ Saharan naɣu guliba Green Sahara saha.^[147]

Vihigu shɛli nyɛla din daa lahi niŋ yuuni 2023 ka lala vihigu ŋɔ daa wuhi ni Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla Amhara ka vaabu pihinu nyɛ Tikari.^[148]

Fulaannima ban yuli du

1. Mohammadu Bihari; O nyɛla Nigeria nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro.

2. Ahmadou Ahidjo; O nyɛla Cameroon nima tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana.

3. Macky Sall; O nyɛla Senegal nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro.

4. Adama Barrow; O nyɛla Gambia nima tiŋgbani zuɣulana.

5. Umaro Sissoco Embalo; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulana zaŋ ti Guinea-Bissau.

6. Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa zaŋ ti Sierra Leone.

7. Boubou Cisse; O nyɛla Prime Minister n-ti Mali nima.

8. Samira Bawumia; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa paɣa zaŋ ti Ghana nima.

Lihi pahi

Noosi

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Kundivihira

General references

Almanach de Bruxelles (now a paying site)
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Adamawa Fulfulde". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006.
Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). Fulani. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger

External links

Tɛmplet:Scholia

fulfulde social learning network fulfulde Nigeria Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
missionafrica.org.uk
Portal of Fulɓe history and culture
Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde
Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde
Online magazine in Fulfulde
Online fulfulde Dictionary Archived 2017-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
Fulfulde online news site Archived 2021-01-27 at the Wayback Machine l
Portal of Fulɓe Fuuta Jaloo history and culture
Geerewol, by Sandrine Loncke (Website about Woɗaaɓe ritual celebrations, with annotated music recordings and short videos featuring dance and ritual sequences. Supplement to the book of the same author)
Online musical archives dedicated to Fulɓe Jelgooɓe (Burkina Faso) and Fulɓe Woɗaaɓe (Niger) musics and singings (Telemeta, CREM-CNRS)

Lahabali ŋɔ kuli nyɛla zaɣa ŋmaa. A ni tooi sɔŋsi Wikipedia ka ti sabi li ka di yaligi.

↑ Tɛmplet:Lang-ff, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Tɛmplet:Lang-ha; Kanuri: Fillata; Tɛmplet:Lang-pt; Tɛmplet:Lang-wo; Tɛmplet:Lang-bm; Tɛmplet:Lang-kcg

A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "(117)", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="(117)"/> tuka maa bon nya

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[1] Tɛmplet:Lang-ff, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Tɛmplet:Lang-ha; Kanuri: Fillata; Tɛmplet:Lang-pt; Tɛmplet:Lang-wo; Tɛmplet:Lang-bm; Tɛmplet:Lang-kcg

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@@ Kuligu 69: / Kuligu 69: @@
 Mali tiŋgbani ni, Fulaannima ban yuya niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Ba, Dicko, Bocoum, Tall, Kah, ni din pahi. Lala Fulaan' yuya ŋɔ nyɛla din be Mali yaɣa kamani [[Mopti]], [[Macina, Mali|Macina]], [[Nioro Cercle|Nioro]], [[Kidal Region|Kidal]], [[Timbuktu|Tomboctou]], [[Gao]], [[Sikasso Region|Sikasso]], ni din kam pahi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hampaté Bah|first1=Ahmadou|date=1996|title=Des Foulbé du Mali et de leur Culture|url=https://www.vestiges-journal.info/Abbia/Abbia_14-15_1966/Abbiav14-15n3.pdf|journal=Abbia: Revue culturelle Camerounaise|pages=23–54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Les communautés peules au Mali|url=https://africansecuritynetwork.org/assn/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/les-communaut%C3%A9s-peules-au-Mali-2.pdf|website=African Security Network|publisher=Analyse sociétale africaine/African societal Analysis (ASA)}}</ref>
-[[Wassoulou|Wasulu (Wassoulou)]] yaɣa din be [[Mali]], Fulaannina yuya din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Sidibé ni Sangaré. Lala yuya ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din be Fulaannima ban be Burkina Faso yuya ni,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diallo |first1=Youssouf |title=Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |date=1994 |volume=34 |issue=133/135 |pages=359–384 |doi=10.3406/cea.1994.2056 |jstor=4392526 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392526 |issn=0008-0055}}</ref> n-ti pahi yuya kamani Barry, Dicko ni Sankara (din yina Sangaré sani). Fulaannima pam ban yina Wasulu yaɣa pam bi tooi tɔɣisiri bɛ maŋmaŋa zilikom zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋla ningbuna ni [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]] (ban daa na nyɛ [[Bambara people|Bambara]]). Di mini bɛ pam bɛ lahi tɔɣisiri fulaansili maa zaa yoli, bɛ na gbubi bɛ kaya ni taɣa shɛŋa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durán |first1=Lucy |title=Birds of Wasulu: Freedom of Expression and Expressions of Freedom in the Popular Music of Southern Mali |journal=British Journal of Ethnomusicology |date=1995 |volume=4 |pages=101–134 |doi=10.1080/09681229508567240 |jstor=3060685 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060685 |issn=0968-1221}}</ref>
+[[Wassoulou|Wasulu (Wassoulou)]] yaɣa din be [[Mali]], Fulaannima yuya din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Sidibé ni Sangaré. Lala yuya ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din be Fulaannima ban be [[Burkina Faso]] yuya ni,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diallo |first1=Youssouf |title=Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |date=1994 |volume=34 |issue=133/135 |pages=359–384 |doi=10.3406/cea.1994.2056 |jstor=4392526 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392526 |issn=0008-0055}}</ref> nti pahi yuya kamani Barry, Dicko ni Sankara (din yina Sangaré sani). Fulaannima pam ban yina Wasulu yaɣa pam bi tooi tɔɣisiri bɛ maŋmaŋa zilinkom zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋla niŋgbuna ni [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]] (ban daa na nyɛ [[Bambara people|Bambara]]). Di mini bɛ pam bI lahi tɔɣisiri fulaansili maa zaa yoli, bɛ na gbibi bɛ kaya ni taada ni nyɛ shɛŋa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durán |first1=Lucy |title=Birds of Wasulu: Freedom of Expression and Expressions of Freedom in the Popular Music of Southern Mali |journal=British Journal of Ethnomusicology |date=1995 |volume=4 |pages=101–134 |doi=10.1080/09681229508567240 |jstor=3060685 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060685 |issn=0968-1221}}</ref>
-Ninvuŋi shaɛba ban mali yuli puuni yino Wasulu Fulaannima ni, [[Oumou Sangaré]], nyɛla yiliyiina ŋun yina Mali ka o yu'paa nyɛ “Songbird of Wasulu”<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desmond |first1=Vincent |title=Interview: Oumou Sangaré Proves Why She's the Songbird of Wassoulou |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/oumou-sangare-acoustic-interview/ |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> . Sangaré’s yila pam dalim la paɣa zuɣu zabbu ni Mali kaya. O nyɛla ŋun go gbansabila tinsi pam kamani, Cameroon, ni o mini Fulaannima pam ti yili yilaka kpaŋsi Wasulu Fulaannima kaya ni taɣada.
+Ninvuɣ' shɛba ban mali yuli puuni yino Wasulu Fulaannima ni, [[Oumou Sangaré]], nyɛla yiliyiina ŋun yina Mali ka o yu'paa nyɛ “Songbird of Wasulu”<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desmond |first1=Vincent |title=Interview: Oumou Sangaré Proves Why She's the Songbird of Wassoulou |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/oumou-sangare-acoustic-interview/ |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> . Sangaré’s yila pam dalim la paɣa zuɣu zabbu ni Mali kaya. O nyɛla ŋun go gbansabila tinsi pam kamani, Cameroon, ni o mini Fulaannima pam ti yili yila ka kpaŋsi Wasulu Fulaannima kaya ni taada.
-Bocoum, Dia (in English as "Jah"), Kah, ni Kane nyɛla bɛ zulya yuya. Diawambe/Jawambe (gaŋa: Dianwando/Jawando ni Diokoramé/Jokoromeh, Bambara) zaŋ ti Mali. Jawambe nyɛla Fulaannima balishɛba ban yina Mali ka bɛ tuma nyɛ daabiligu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pageard |first1=Robert |title=Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé |journal=Journal des Africanistes |date=1959 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=239–260 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1959.1907 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1959_num_29_2_1907}}</ref>  Jawando Fula Fulaannima ban yiini yila ka bɛ yuya du shɛba n-nyɛ [[Afel Bocoum]] mini [[Inna Modja]].
+Bocoum, Dia (in English as "Jah"), Kah, ni Kane nyɛla bɛ zuliya yuya. Diawambe/Jawambe (gaŋa: Dianwando/Jawando ni Diokoramé/Jokoromeh, Bambara) zaŋ ti Mali. Jawambe nyɛla Fulaannima bali shɛba ban yina Mali ka bɛ tuma nyɛ daabiligu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pageard |first1=Robert |title=Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé |journal=Journal des Africanistes |date=1959 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=239–260 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1959.1907 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1959_num_29_2_1907}}</ref>  Jawando Fula Fulaannima ban yiini yila ka bɛ yuya du shɛba n-nyɛ [[Afel Bocoum]] mini [[Inna Modja]].
 Mopti tiŋgbani ni, gbaai yihi Fulaannima banima yuya klamani, a ni lahi nyɛ banima yuya kamani Cissé mini Touré. Amaa lala yuya ŋɔ tooi zooi la [[Mandé peoples|Manding]] bala ni, Ban be Mopti piila Fulannima ŋɔ kaya ni taɣada, ka pa zaŋ bɛ maŋ pahi Fulannima zuliya ni. Ŋmahinli din yi polo n-nyɛ[[Amadou Toumani Touré]],  Mali. tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro
@@ Kuligu 83: / Kuligu 83: @@
 Fulaannima ŋɔ pirigi li zaɣa nyɛla din be [[Fouta Djallon]] Guinea mini nudirigu zuɣu zaŋ chaŋ Sierra Leone; [[Futa Tooro]] savannah grasslands zaŋ n-ti Senegal mini Mauritania nudirigu zuɣu;  [[Inner Niger Delta|Macina]] inland Niger mɔɣili din miri Central Mali; n-ti pahi yaɣ'shɛŋa din miri [[Mopti]] mini Nioro Du Sahel din be  [[Kayes]] yaɣili;  [[Borgu]] biɛhigu shee zaŋ n-ti Benin, Togo n-ti pahi Nigeria; nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti Burkina Faso din be [[Sahel Region|Sahel region]]'s  zaŋ n-ti [[Séno Province|Seno]], [[Oudalan Province|Wadalan]] mini [[Soum Province|Soum]] nyɛla ban be  [[Sokoto Caliphate]] n-ti pahi Niger nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili mini northern Nigeria nuzaa zuɣu  (kamani [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]], [[Tahoua]], [[Katsina]], [[Sokoto]], [[Kebbi]], [[Zinder]], [[Bauchi]], [[Diffa]], [[Yobe]], [[Gombe State|Gombe]].
-Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli ''Fombina/Hombina ka di gbunni nyɛ'' ''Adamawa Fulfulde dama din nyɛ yaɣ'shɛli din galisi ka zani n-ti''  Fulɓe hegemonic dominance din be [[West Africa]]. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, [[Fulfulde]] nyɛla lingua franca, din nyɛ yaɣa zaŋ n-ti [[Chari-Baguirmi Region]] din be Chad mini Central African Republic, [[Ouaddaï highlands]] zaŋ n-ti Eastern Chad nyɛla bɔbili din be [[Kordofan]], [[Darfur]] mini [[Blue Nile]], [[Sennar]], [[Kassala]] yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Sudan.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fX6pCg3iDHcC&q=fulani+blue+nile&pg=PA140 | title = Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands | isbn = 9781845459635 | editor1-last = Schlee | editor1-first = Gunther | editor2-last = Watson|editor2-first=Elizabeth | date = 2013-10-15| publisher = Berghahn Books }}</ref> Fulaanima ni daa chani bee yi [[Mecca]] labirina, Saudi Arabia daa kpalim Sudan wulimpuhili ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din gari milɔŋ dibaa ayi ka bɛ booni ba ''Fellata''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Al-Amin Abu-Manga |author2=Nuhu Auwalu Wakili |title= Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic |year=1986 |publisher=D. Reimer |page=7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ |isbn=9783496008859 |quote=The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher= CIA |access-date= 2013-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://concernedafricascholars.org/bulletin/issue86/sikainga |title= Association of Concerned Africa Scholars » Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan |publisher=Association of Concerned Africa Scholars |access-date=2013-12-28}}</ref>[[File:1997_275-27_Wodaabe_fashion.jpg|left|thumb|''Bodaado'' (singular of ''[[Wodaabe]]'') Fula man with the typical [[Fulani hat]] above a turban]][[File:A distribution map of Fula people in Africa.jpg|275x275px|thumb|A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.<ref name="Juang2008p492">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Juang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=492}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Mali: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ Guinea: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger: People & Society], CIA Factbook (2015)</ref>]] Dini daa niŋ ka bɛ tuuli ya'nima daa be tiŋgbani tarisi yaɣa dibaa ata din nyɛ, Mali, Senegal, ni Mauritania la, Bɛ pa nyɛla ban gili West ni Central Africa yaɣa zaa. Fulaannima Fulaannima pam pa be ayi kuli kpei Sahara south polo, ni teeku noli tihi ni din be tuduu polo. Bɛ buɣisiya ni Fulaannima kalinli gari 25 miliyɔŋ.<ref name="Danver2015p31"/>
+Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli ''Fombina/Hombina ka di gbunni nyɛ'' ''Adamawa Fulfulde dama din nyɛ yaɣ'shɛli din galisi ka zani n-ti''  Fulɓe hegemonic dominance din be [[West Africa]]. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, [[Fulfulde]] nyɛla lingua franca, din nyɛ yaɣa zaŋ n-ti [[Chari-Baguirmi Region]] din be Chad mini Central African Republic, [[Ouaddaï highlands]] zaŋ n-ti Eastern Chad nyɛla bɔbili din be [[Kordofan]], [[Darfur]] mini [[Blue Nile]], [[Sennar]], [[Kassala]] yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Sudan.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fX6pCg3iDHcC&q=fulani+blue+nile&pg=PA140 | title = Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands | isbn = 9781845459635 | editor1-last = Schlee | editor1-first = Gunther | editor2-last = Watson|editor2-first=Elizabeth | date = 2013-10-15| publisher = Berghahn Books }}</ref> Fulaanima ni daa chani bee yi [[Mecca]] labirina, Saudi Arabia daa kpalim Sudan wulimpuhili ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din gari milɔŋ dibaa ayi ka bɛ booni ba ''Fellata''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Al-Amin Abu-Manga |author2=Nuhu Auwalu Wakili |title= Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic |year=1986 |publisher=D. Reimer |page=7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ |isbn=9783496008859 |quote=The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher= CIA |access-date= 2013-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://concernedafricascholars.org/bulletin/issue86/sikainga |title= Association of Concerned Africa Scholars » Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan |publisher=Association of Concerned Africa Scholars |access-date=2013-12-28}}</ref>[[File:1997_275-27_Wodaabe_fashion.jpg|left|thumb|''Bodaado'' (singular of ''[[Wodaabe]]'') Fula man with the typical [[Fulani hat]] above a turban]][[File:A distribution map of Fula people in Africa.jpg|275x275px|thumb|A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.<ref name="Juang2008p492">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Juang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=492}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Mali: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ Guinea: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger: People & Society], CIA Factbook (2015)</ref>]] Dini daa niŋ ka bɛ tuuli ya'nima daa be tiŋgbani tarisi yaɣa dibaa ata din nyɛ, Mali, Senegal, ni Mauritania la, bɛ pa nyɛla ban gili West ni Central Africa yaɣa zaa.  Fulaannima pam pa be ayi kuli kpe Sahara south polo, ni teeku noli tihi ni din be tuduu polo. Bɛ buɣisiya ni Fulaannima kalinli gari 25 miliyɔŋ.<ref name="Danver2015p31"/>
-Fulaannima balibu pam beni ni bɛ ni mɛri shɛm, din ni n-nyɛ: Fulaannima ban gɔra bee ''Mbororo'', Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu shee, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni ʒiya "tiŋa" Fulani. Fulaannima ban be mɔri ni taɣirila bɛe niɣi gindi sahakam. Di bahi bahindi, bɛ dii bi ʒiini yuura (bɛ bi gariti chira ayi zaŋ chaŋ chira anahi). Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu sheei ni tooi nyɛ Fulɓe ban tooi mali bɛ ni ʒiini luɣ'shɛŋa ka yiɣisir yuuni yuuni bee Fulɓe zuliya ban bi gɔri ginda,ka mali niɣi, bɛ bi chani katinsi ka cheri bɛ biɛhisi shee, bɛ bela sunsuuni.<ref name="Chad Ethnic Groups">{{Cite web|title=Chad Ethnic Groups|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/chad-ethnic-groups.html|website=Study.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>
+Fulaannima balibu pam beni ni bɛ ni mɛri shɛm, din ni n-nyɛ: Fulaannima ban gɔra bee ''Mbororo'', Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu shee, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni ʒiya "tiŋa" Fulani. Fulaannima ban be mɔri ni taɣirila bɛe niɣi gindi sahakam. Di bahi bahindi, bɛ dii bi ʒiini yuura (bɛ bi gariti chira ayi zaŋ chaŋ chira anahi). Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu sheei ni tooi nyɛ Fulɓe ban tooi mali bɛ ni ʒiini luɣ'shɛŋa ka yiɣisir yuuni yuuni bee Fulɓe zuliya ban bi gɔri ginda, ka mali niɣi, bɛ bi chani katinsi ka cheri bɛ biɛhisi shee, bɛ bela sunsuuni.<ref name="Chad Ethnic Groups">{{Cite web|title=Chad Ethnic Groups|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/chad-ethnic-groups.html|website=Study.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>
 Fulaannima ban ʒini bela tinkpansi, fɔna ni, ni tiŋ'kara ni ka yihi bɛ tahama zaa ka che gɔ'ngili, ka be fɔna ni biɛhigu. Lala ʒinibu ŋɔ, zaɣa, ni sja gɔmnanti nyɛla din ʒi Fulaannima luɣ'yini ʒia na , ka di galisi gari taba dɔli tinkpansi mini fɔna. Zuŋɔ, Fulaannima tinsi shɛŋ n-nyɛ: [[Labé]], [[Pita, Guinea|Pita]], [[Mamou]], ni [[Dalaba]] din be Guinea; [[Kaedi]], [[Matam, Senegal|Matam]] ni [[Podor]], Kolda din be Senegal ni Mauritania; [[Bandiagara]], [[Mopti]], [[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]], [[Gorom-Gorom]], ni [[Djibo]] din be Mali ni Burkina Faso, zaŋ chaŋ Niger; ni [[Birnin Kebbi]], [[Katsina]], [[Gombe, Nigeria|Gombe]], [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], [[Digil]], [[Jalingo]], Bauchi, Misau,
@@ Kuligu 199: / Kuligu 199: @@
 Fulaannima taarihi din bi neei dɔni  amaa ka lahibaya pam leei beni zaŋ kpa bɛ polo. Bɛ ni nyɛ binkɔb' guliba la zuɣu, bɛ nyɛla ban kpɛri kaya pam puuni, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka di niŋ tɔm pam ni niriba tooi baŋ bɛ biɛhigu ni zuliyanima din pahi. Lahibaya wuhiya ni bɛ saha pili la Europeani nima ni daa gbahiri daba saha shɛli la.<ref name = Kane/>{{rp|25}}
-Fulaannima nolini taarihi wuhiya ni bɛ pili la North Africa. Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa yila nadaa nima ban daa be West Africamini [[North Africa]]n niriba kamani Berbers bee Egypt nima ni.<ref name="Ndukwe1996p92"/><ref name="Skutsch2013p474">{{cite book|author=Carl Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA474|year=2005 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|page=474}}, Quote: "Fulani oral traditions suggest an origin in Egypt or the Middle East, a common theme in West African Muslim traditions.</ref><ref name="Juang2008p492"/><ref name="Webster238"/>
+Fulaannima nolini taarihi wuhiya ni bɛ pili la North Africa. Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa yila nadaa nima ban daa be West Africa mini [[North Africa]]n niriba zaa kamani Berbers bee Egypt nima ni.<ref name="Ndukwe1996p92"/><ref name="Skutsch2013p474">{{cite book|author=Carl Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA474|year=2005 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|page=474}}, Quote: "Fulani oral traditions suggest an origin in Egypt or the Middle East, a common theme in West African Muslim traditions.</ref><ref name="Juang2008p492"/><ref name="Webster238"/>
 Fulaannima tuuli ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Bible. [[Maurice Delafosse]], lahibaya lahi wuhiya ni di ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi [[Put (biblical figure)|Put]],  [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]. [[Josephus]] bidibiga sabbu din jɛndi Phutites, Nadaa nima biɛhigu shee din yuli pa booni [[Libya]] la.<ref name = Kane>{{cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Oumar |title=La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul |date=2004 |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-84586-521-1 |url=https://www.cairn.info/la-premiere-hegemonie-peule--9782845865211-page-114.htm |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|87}}
@@ Kuligu 212: / Kuligu 212: @@
 A yi lihi kurumbuni ha, Fulaannima daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ naɣ' guliba. Bɛ daa tooi ŋmaari bɛ tingbani n-tiri bɛ mini salo shɛba ban daa baɣi taba. Salo kamani; Soninke nim ban daa timnuu pam chaŋ  ancient Ghana yuli dubu ni. Lala kpam maŋ ŋɔ daa yila  Ancient Ghana tingbani nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu zaa.
-A yi lihi fulaannim taarihi ni, di  wuhiya ni pukparilim toon tibo gaadubu n-daa nyɛ daliri shɛli din daa tahi Fulaannima tabi walibu na bɛ sunsuuni. Bɛ lala walibu ŋɔ nyaanga, bɛ daa pula ʒiibuyi.  Lala pubu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima ban be mɔɣa sahakam ni bɛ ni bɛ daaʒiya zaa mɔɣu maani, lala Fulaannim ŋɔ ka bɛ booni ni Jarigonje la, bɛ pubu bee piribu din daa pahi maa n-nyɛ Fulaan shɛba ban daa zaɣisi lala bɛ mɔɣini beni bu sahakam kali bee biɛhigu maa,  ka daa be yiŋ nyɛ  be naɣikpariba. Fulaannim biɛhisi shɛhi daa kuli ka chichirichi bee luɣu yini, bɛ daa kuli be la mɔɣini ni bɛ niriba zaa n-guli bɛ niɣi.
+A yi lihi fulaannima taarihi ni, di  wuhiya ni pukparilim toontibo gaa dubu n-daa nyɛ daliri shɛli din daa tahi Fulaannima tabi walibu na bɛ sunsuuni. Bɛ lala walibu ŋɔ nyaanga, bɛ daa pula ʒiibuyi.  Lala pubu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima ban be mɔɣa sahakam ni bɛ ni bɛ daaʒiya zaa mɔɣu maani. Lala Fulaannima ŋɔ ka bɛ booni ni Jarigonjenima la, bɛ pubu bee piribu din daa pahi maa n-nyɛ Fulaan shɛba ban daa zaɣisi lala bɛ mɔɣini benibu sahakam kali bee biɛhigu maa,  ka daa be yiŋ nyɛ bɛ naɣikpariba. Fulaannima biɛhigu shee daa kuli ka chichirichi bee luɣu yini. Bɛ daa kuli be la mɔɣini ni bɛ niriba zaa n-guli bɛ niɣi.
-Vihigu zaa zanchaŋ Fulaannim chaŋgili bee tiŋ yi n lootiŋ daa kuli pilila tinduli yuli booni Sudan nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu ka bɛ lala chandiŋɔ daa niŋ bayana. Kurimbuni ha, tuuli tuuli vihisi din daa niŋ zankpa Fulaannim Kaya  ni Taada  daa kuli chaŋmi ti dumba bɛ noli ni baŋsim kaya ni taada zuɣu, ka di wuhi ni Fulaan nim ŋɔ daa yila tiŋyuli daa booni Fuuta-Tooro n zaŋ bɛ zuɣu ʒi tingbani nudirigu polo yuuni  eleventh mali ti gbai yuuni  fourteenth centuries saha. Lala saha ŋɔ zanchaŋ yuuni 15th century saha, Fulaan nim daa pa kali zɔrimi sheeri zuliya beiɛni ka bɛ yuli booni Hausa  tingban ni, ka daa bi zan ni ka lan pili zonchaŋ  Bornu gba tingbani.  Bɛ  Baghirmi tingban ni ʒii nanibu daa niŋla yuuni  16th century saha. Zanchaŋ yuuni 18th century saha, Falaan nim yiya bee bɛ biɛhisi shee daa kuli komi gili  Benue tiŋ ŋɔ mɔɣi gburima ʒii zaa.
+Vihigu zaa zaŋ chaŋ Fulaannima chaŋgili bee tiŋ yi n-looi tiŋ daa kuli pilila tiŋduli yuli booni Sudan nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu ka bɛ lala chandi ŋɔ daa niŋ bayana. Kurimbuni ha, tuuli tuuli vihisi din daa niŋ zaŋ kpa Fulaannima kaya  ni taada  daa kuli chaŋmi ti dumba bɛ noli ni baŋsim kaya ni taada zuɣu, ka di wuhi ni Fulaannima ŋɔ daa yila tiŋ yuli daa booni Fuuta-Tooro n-zaŋ bɛ zuɣu ʒi tingbani nudirigu polo yuuni  eleventh mali ti gbaai yuuni  fourteenth centuries saha. Lala saha ŋɔ zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 15th century saha, Fulaannima daa pa kuli zɔrimi sheeri zuliya shɛba beni ka bɛ yuli booni Hausa tingban ni, ka daa bi zani ni ka lahi pili zo n-chaŋ  Bornu gba tingbani ni.  Bɛ  Baghirmi tingbani ni ʒii nanibu daa niŋla yuuni  16th century saha. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 18th century saha. Falaannima yiya bee bɛ biɛhisi shee daa kuli komi gili  Benue tiŋ ŋɔ mɔɣi gburima ʒii zaa.
-Bɛ daa kuli deela  Benue mɔɣili maa nu dirigu polo zaŋkpa Garoua mini Rey Bouba polo, ni Benue  mɔɣili maa wulinluhuli zaŋkpa  Faro mɔɣili polo zaŋhali n ti gbai  Mambilla Plateau yaɣili zaa . Bɛ biɛhisi shee bee bɛ yi maa zaa yaa daa bela luɣa kammani;   Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua n ti pahi Bundang.
+Bɛ daa kuli deela  Benue mɔɣili maa nudirigu polo zaŋ kpa Garoua mini Rey Bouba polo, ni Benue  mɔɣili maa wulinluhuli zaŋ kpa  Faro mɔɣili polo n-zaŋ hali ti gbaai  Mambilla Plateau yaɣili zaa . Bɛ biɛhisi shee bee bɛ yiya maa zaa yaa daa bela luɣa kammani;   Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua nti pahi Bundang.
-Zɔŋɔ tin ʒiyaŋɔ,  Fulaannim nim nolini baŋsim taarihi ŋan jandi bɛ kaya ni taada ŋa jendi bɛ tingbana chemi piri ʒii buta zuɣu, ŋa nim n nyɛ; Fuuta Kingi, meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the Tagant Plateau, the Assaba Region, the Hodh, Futa Toro and the area around Nioro du Sahel; Fuuta Keyri, 'New Fuuta', includes Futa Djallon, Massina, Sokoto, and the Adamawa Region; Fuuta Jula bani nyɛ bandaa gɔri kɔhigu n chani tingban shaŋa ni.
+Zɔŋɔ ti ni ʒiya ŋɔ,  Fulaannima nolini baŋsim taarihi ŋan jɛndi bɛ kaya ni taada, ŋa jɛndi bɛ tingbana chɛmi piri ʒii buta zuɣu, ŋa nima n-nyɛ; Fuuta Kingi, meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the Tagant Plateau, the Assaba Region, the Hodh, Futa Toro and the area around Nioro du Sahel; Fuuta Keyri, 'New Fuuta', includes Futa Djallon, Massina, Sokoto, and the Adamawa Region; Fuuta Jula bani n-nyɛ ban daa gɔri kɔhigu n-chani tingban' shaŋa ni.
 ===Musulinsi Adiini mini Fula Jihaadi===
@@ Kuligu 230: / Kuligu 230: @@
 }}
 {{main article|Fula jihads}}
-Fulaannima ŋɔ, ban Sahara yaɣa, daa nyɛla ban be tuuli ha "sub-Saharan" niriba ban daa deei Musulinsi Adiini ni. David Levison yɛliya, ni Fulaannima Musulinsi deebu daa chɛmi ka di ŋmanila "bɛ kaya ni taɣa ni Adiini nyɛla din ch5e ka bɛ jilima yi di ko,  ka bɛ mini zuliyanima din pahi mali tarisi ni taba kpebu" bɛ mini Gbansabila tinsi bala din pahi mini Sahel n-ti pahi West Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Levinson|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani }}, Quote: "Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker."</ref>
+Fulaannima ŋɔ, ban Sahara yaɣa, daa nyɛla ban be tuuli ha "Sub-Saharan" niriba ban daa deei Musulinsi Adiini ni. David Levison yɛliya, ni Fulaannima Musulinsi deebu daa chɛmi ka di ŋmanila "bɛ kaya ni taada ni Adiini nyɛla din che ka bɛ jilima yi di ko,  ka bɛ mini zuliyanima din pahi mali tarisi ni taba kpebu." Bɛ mini Gbansabila tinsi bala din pahi mini Sahel nti pahi West Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Levinson|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani }}, Quote: "Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker."</ref>
-Tɔbu tɔhiriba nyɛla ban daa zaŋ yuri mini bidibbi neema yi nuzaa zuɣu na n-ti ti Fulaannima, Berber mini Arab clerics, Fulaannima siyaasa tali nyɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi musulinsi adiini din be West Africa din nyɛ suhudoo mini gadama soli. [[Fula jihads|These jihads]] nyɛla ban daa miri kpa balli shɛŋa n-ti pahi Fulaannima ban daa na bɛ deei musulinsi adiini.<ref name=stantonfulawar>{{cite book|author=Andrea L. Stanton|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC |year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7|pages=147–148}}</ref><ref name="Manger2013p92">{{cite book|author=Knut Vikor| editor=Leif Manger|title=Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WGOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92| year=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81857-8|pages=92–93}}</ref> Lala tɔbu ŋɔ daa che ka Fulaannima kalinli daa pahiya Sahel yaɣili zaŋ n-ti West Africa, "medieval" mini pɔi maŋsulinsi deebu ka daa tum pa adiini koŋko yaɣili amaa siyaasa tali mini bomma ni nyamma .<ref name=johnsonmasina/><ref name="Beek1988fulani"/> Bin din gbaai 18th century zaŋ chaŋ daa nyɛla Fulaannima jihads ni daa kuli pahiri saha kam.<ref name=stantonfulawar/><ref name="Bruijn" />{{rp|53}}
+Tɔbu tuhiriba nyɛla ban daa zaŋ yuri mini bidibbi nɛma n-yi nuzaa zuɣu na n-ti ti Fulaannima ŋɔ. Berber mini Arab clerics, Fulaannima siyaasa tali nyɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi musulinsi adiini din be West Africa din nyɛ suhudoo mini gadama soli. [[Fula jihads|These jihads]] nyɛla ban daa miri kpa bali shɛŋa n-ti pahi Fulaannima ban daa na bi deei musulinsi adiini.<ref name=stantonfulawar>{{cite book|author=Andrea L. Stanton|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC |year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7|pages=147–148}}</ref><ref name="Manger2013p92">{{cite book|author=Knut Vikor| editor=Leif Manger|title=Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WGOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92| year=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81857-8|pages=92–93}}</ref> Lala tɔbu ŋɔ daa che ka Fulaannima kalinli daa pahiya Sahel yaɣili maa zaŋ n-ti West Africa, "Medieval" mini pɔi maŋsulinsi deebu ka daa tum pa adiini kɔŋko yaɣili, amaa siyaasa tali mini bɔmma ni nyamma .<ref name=johnsonmasina/><ref name="Beek1988fulani"/> Bin din gbaai 18th century zaŋ chaŋ daa nyɛla Fulaannima jihads ni daa kuli pahiri saha kam lala yaɣili maa zaa.<ref name=stantonfulawar/><ref name="Bruijn" />{{rp|53}}
 ====Bundu====
-Yuuni 1690, [[Torodbe]] nira Malick Sy<ref>Not to be confused with [[Malick Sy]], founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order.</ref> daa kana Bundu, ʒaamani ŋɔ din pa nyɛ eastern Senegal, o daa yila o yiŋa din baɣi [[Podor]] na. Sy daa ʒinila tiŋgbani maa ni ni o ya tiŋ'bihi [[Futa Toro]] ni Musulinima ban yina west [[Djolof Empire]] ni tiŋ'waɣila kamani [[Nioro du Sahel]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640491/western-Africa/54848/The-Islamic-revolution-in-the-western-Sudan "The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad."] (p. 10) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2013. ''(accessed 6 March 2013)''</ref>
+Yuuni 1690, [[Torodbe]] nira Malick Sy<ref>Not to be confused with [[Malick Sy]], founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order.</ref> daa kana Bundu, zaamani ŋɔ din pa nyɛ Eastern Senegal la, o daa yila o yiŋa din baɣi [[Podor]] na. Sy daa ʒinila tiŋgbani maa ni ni o ya tiŋ'bihi [[Futa Toro]] ni Musulinima ban yina west [[Djolof Empire]] ni tiŋ'waɣila kamani [[Nioro du Sahel]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640491/western-Africa/54848/The-Islamic-revolution-in-the-western-Sudan "The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad."] (p. 10) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2013. ''(accessed 6 March 2013)''</ref>
-Sy ʒaamani, Bundu daa niŋla yaakoro nira zaŋ ti Musulinima mini Musulisi Adiini baŋdiba shɛba tiŋ'nanima ni daa ku.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=George E. |title=WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS |journal=Indiana University African Studies Program |date=August 1985 |page=209| url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/287/Western_Brooks.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Sy nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku so yuuni 1699 [[Gajaaga]] linjimanima n daa niŋ o bandi.<ref name="Curtin" />{{rp|192}} Di zaa yoli, Bundu' na nyɛla ban yɛn niŋ wahala, ni nahingu tooni ha, [[Fula jihads]].<ref name = Curtin>{{cite journal | last= Curtin  | first= Philip D. | year=1975 | title= The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu | journal= Cahiers d'études africaines | volume=15 | issue=58 | pages=189–202 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391387 | doi=10.3406/cea.1975.2592| jstor= 4391387 }}</ref>{{rp|192}}
+Sy zaamani maa ni, Bundu daa niŋla yaakoro nira zaŋ ti Musulinima mini Musulisi Adiini baŋdi' shɛba tiŋ'nanima ni daa ku.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=George E. |title=WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS |journal=Indiana University African Studies Program |date=August 1985 |page=209| url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/287/Western_Brooks.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Sy nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku so yuuni 1699 [[Gajaaga]] linjimanima n-daa niŋ o bandi.<ref name="Curtin" />{{rp|192}} Di zaa yoli, Bundu' na nyɛla ban yɛn niŋ wahala, ni nahingu tooni ha, [[Fula jihads]].<ref name = Curtin>{{cite journal | last= Curtin  | first= Philip D. | year=1975 | title= The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu | journal= Cahiers d'études africaines | volume=15 | issue=58 | pages=189–202 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391387 | doi=10.3406/cea.1975.2592| jstor= 4391387 }}</ref>{{rp|192}}
@@ Kuligu 244: / Kuligu 244: @@
  |date=2002-08-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3}}</ref>{{rp|419}}
-Abdul Kadern daa niŋ tuuli ''[[Almamy]]'' zaŋ ti Almamyate ban nyɛ Futa Toro.<ref name = Klein/>{{rp|541-2}} O daa kpaŋsila jiŋa mɛbu, ka daa zaŋ yaa zaligu doli o tiŋ'kɔɣa.<ref name = Lapidus/>{{rp|419}}  Torodbe daa mɔŋla daba dabu kulibɔŋ. Yuuni 1785 bɛ mini Faransinima daa gbaai alikaule ni bi che daabigu ni Musulinima daba dabu ka lahi che farigu yo n-ti tiŋgbani maa. Abdul Kader daa nyaŋ [[Trarza]] nima mini [[Brakna]] zaŋ chaŋ tuduu polo, amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋ o ka gbaagi o, o ni daa liri [[Wolof people|Wolof]] tiŋgbani din be [[Cayor]] mini [[Waalo]] kamani yuuni 1797.  O bahibu nyaaŋa tɔbu maa daa barigiya.  Abdul Kader kpibu saha yuuni 1806  Torodbe zuliya n daa galisi tiŋa maa ni.<ref name = Klein/>{{rp|541–2}}
+Abdul Kadern daa niŋ tuuli ''[[Almamy]]'' zaŋ ti Almamyate ban nyɛ Futa Toro.<ref name = Klein/>{{rp|541-2}} O daa kpaŋsila jiŋa mɛbu, ka daa zaŋ yaa zaligu doli o tiŋ'kɔɣa.<ref name = Lapidus/>{{rp|419}}  Torodbe daa mɔŋla daba dabu kulibɔŋ. Yuuni 1785 bɛ mini Faransinima daa gbaai alikawuli ni bɛ che daabiligu ni Musulinima daba dabu ka lahi che farigu yo n-ti tiŋgbani maa. Abdul Kader daa nyaŋ [[Trarza]] nima mini [[Brakna]] zaŋ chaŋ tuduu polo, amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋ o ka gbaagi o, o ni daa liri [[Wolof people|Wolof]] tiŋgbani din be [[Cayor]] mini [[Waalo]] kamani yuuni 1797.  O bahibu nyaaŋa tɔbu maa daa barigiya.  Abdul Kader kpibu saha n-daa nyɛ yuuni 1806  Torodbe zuliya n-daa galisi tiŋa maa ni.<ref name = Klein/>{{rp|541–2}}
 ====Imamate of Futa Jallon====
-{{main|Imamate of Futa Jallon}}Timbo toondaantali zaŋ chaŋ Fuuta Jallon sani daa pilimi ni Fulɓe Musulinsi ni yɛn tuhi pagan '''Pulli''' (فُلِی or 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭,  Fulɓe nima ban pa Musulinima), ni Jallonke ([[Mandé peoples|Mande]] nima ban daa be Fuuta-Jallon), 18th century pirigili ha. Tuuli toondana daa zaŋla ''Almaami'' kuli ti be [[Timbo, Guinea|Timbo]], din baɣi saha tiŋ'shɛli bɛ ni booni [[Mamou]].<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|53}} ka lala tiŋa ŋɔ daa niŋ di kpamba biɛhigu sheei, ka tiŋa maa tiŋ'zuɣu daa be [[Fugumba]].  "Council of Elders " zaŋ ti Futa Jallon tiŋgbani daa bela Fugumba, ka bɔ vuhim zaŋ ti Almami yaa.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
+{{main|Imamate of Futa Jallon}}Timbo toondaantali zaŋ chaŋ Fuuta Jallon sani daa pilimi ni Fulɓe. Musulinsi ni yɛn tuhi Pagan '''Pulli''' (فُلِی or 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭,  Fulɓe nima ban pa Musulinima), ni Jallonke ([[Mandé peoples|Mande]] nima ban daa be Fuuta-Jallon), 18th century pirigili ha. Tuuli toondana daa zaŋla ''Almaami'' kuli ti be [[Timbo, Guinea|Timbo]], din baɣi saha tiŋ' shɛli bɛ ni booni [[Mamou]] la.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|53}} ka lala tiŋa ŋɔ daa niŋ di kpamba biɛhigu shee, ka tiŋa maa tiŋ' zuɣu daa be [[Fugumba]].  "Council of Elders " zaŋ ti Futa Jallon tiŋgbani daa bela Fugumba, ka bɔ vuhim zaŋ ti Almami yaa.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
-Ban daa nyɛ kpeenpala daa bela Guinea, amaa ka daa gɔri chani Guinea Bissau, Senegal, ni Sierra Leone. Lala toondaanima ŋƆ daa bela tiŋgbani yaɣa dibaa awɔi: Timbo, Fugumbaa, Ɓuuriya, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, ni Timbi. Fulɓe Musulinima nasara dibu nyaaŋa, zuliyanima ban daa zaɣisi jihad daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛba tiŋgbani yaa. '''Pulli Fulɓe''' daa kɔŋ bɛ ybu gɔbu, ka daa pili en-masse ʒinibu. Jalonke daa leei la daba (''maccuɓe'').<ref name = Bruijn>{{cite book |last1=de Bruijn |first1=Mirjam |last2=van Dijk |first2=Han |editor1-last=Abbink |editor1-first=Jon |editor2-last=van Walraven |editor2-first=Klaas |editor3-last=de Bruijn |editor3-first=Mirjam |title=Rethinking resistance : revolt and violence in African history |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |pages=43–68 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28646643 |access-date=9 January 2024 |chapter=Resistance to Fulbe Hegemony in nineteenth-century West Africa}}</ref>{{rp|53}}
+Ban daa nyɛ kpeenpala daa bela Guinea, amaa ka daa gɔri chani Guinea Bissau, Senegal, ni Sierra Leone. Lala toondaanima ŋɔ daa bela tiŋgbani yaɣa dibaa awɔi: Timbo, Fugumbaa, Ɓuuriya, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, ni Timbi. Fulɓe Musulinima nasara dibu nyaaŋa, zuliyanima ban daa zaɣisi jihad maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛba tiŋgbani maa yaa. '''Pulli Fulɓe''' daa kɔŋ bɛ yu gɔbu, ka daa pili en-masse ʒinibu. Jalonke daa leei la daba (''maccuɓe'').<ref name = Bruijn>{{cite book |last1=de Bruijn |first1=Mirjam |last2=van Dijk |first2=Han |editor1-last=Abbink |editor1-first=Jon |editor2-last=van Walraven |editor2-first=Klaas |editor3-last=de Bruijn |editor3-first=Mirjam |title=Rethinking resistance : revolt and violence in African history |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |pages=43–68 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28646643 |access-date=9 January 2024 |chapter=Resistance to Fulbe Hegemony in nineteenth-century West Africa}}</ref>{{rp|53}}
-Tooni ha, nangbankpeeni din daa be dunoya ayi sunsuuni Seediayanke, ([[Soriya]] mini [[Alfaya (party)|Alphaya]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=J. D. Fage |author2=Roland Anthony Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3mx8aAo6x0C&pg=PA208 |title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |access-date=2014-02-27 |isbn=9780521204132 |page=208 }}</ref> tuma duzuɣiri taɣibu lala dunoya ayi ŋɔ sunsuuni zaligu daa zaliya. Ka ni daa che ka zaba kuli beni sahakam dama bɛ so daa bi bɔri ni bɛ saɣiti li, ka di zuɣu daa gbarigi siyaasa tali.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|54}}
+Tooni ha, nangbankpeeni din daa be dunoya ayi maa sunsuuni Seediayanke, ([[Soriya]] mini [[Alfaya (party)|Alphaya]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=J. D. Fage |author2=Roland Anthony Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3mx8aAo6x0C&pg=PA208 |title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |access-date=2014-02-27 |isbn=9780521204132 |page=208 }}</ref> tuma duzuɣiri taɣibu lala dunoya ayi ŋɔ sunsuuni zaligu daa zaliya. Ka di daa che ka zaba kuli beni sahakam dama bɛ so daa bi bɔri ni bɛ saɣi ti li, ka di zuɣu daa gbarigi siyaasa tali lala yaɣili maa.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|54}}
 ====The Empire of Massina====
 {{main|Massina Empire}}
 [[File:Fula jihad states map general c1830.png|thumb|Fula people have helped form several historic Islamic theocracies and led many [[Jihad]] states such as the 19th-century Masina.<ref name=johnsonmasina>{{cite journal | last=Johnson | first=Marion | title=The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy – The Case of Masina | journal=The Journal of African History | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=17 | issue=4 | year=1976 | pages=481–495 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700015024 | s2cid=162679554 }}</ref><ref name="Beek1988fulani">{{cite book|author=Walter van Beek|title=The Quest for Purity: Dynamics of Puritan Movements|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvpMSDSeqwMC&pg=PA149|year=1988|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-011382-2|pages=149–177|chapter=Purity and statecraft: The Fulani Jihad}}</ref>]]
-Maasina Emirate nyɛla Fulbe jihad ni daa pili shɛ, [[Seku Amadu]] ni daa gari shɛli tooni yuuni 1818, ka di nyɛla o tuhirila [[Bamana Empire]], siyaasa yaɣili din gbubi tiŋgbani ŋɔ [[Segou]] saha. Lala jihad daa nyɛla Usman Dan Fodio ni daa tahi shɛli na mini jihad din daa niŋ Sokoto.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|56}} Lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ daa mali yaa lala yaɣili ŋɔ, di siyaasa mini daabilgu na kuli nyɛla din mali yaa Inland Delta. Di mini di yaa maa zaa yoli, varisigu daa na kuli nyɛla din kperi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni.  Aamadu Aamadu ni daa be nam ni, Sheeku Aamadu yaaŋa, tiŋa maa puuni zaba naa nyɛla din ti che ka Toucouleur nyaŋba yuuni 1862.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|56}}
+Maasina Emirate nyɛla Fulbe jihad ni daa pili shɛ, [[Seku Amadu]] ni daa gari shɛli tooni yuuni 1818, ka di nyɛla o tuhirila [[Bamana Empire]], siyaasa yaɣili din gbubi tiŋgbani ŋɔ [[Segou]] saha. Lala jihad daa nyɛla Usman Dan Fodio ni daa tahi shɛli na mini jihad din daa niŋ Sokoto.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|56}} Lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ daa mali yaa lala yaɣili ŋɔ, di siyaasa mini daabilgu na kuli nyɛla din mali yaa Inland Delta. Di mini di yaa maa zaa yoli, varisigu daa na kuli nyɛla din kperi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni.  Aamadu Aamadu ni daa be nam ni, Sheeku Aamadu yaaŋa, tiŋa maa puuni zaba naa nyɛla din ti che ka Toucouleur nyaŋ ba yuuni 1862.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|56}}
 ====The Toucouleur Empire====
 {{main|Toucouleur Empire}}
-Ŋun pili Toucouleur Empire, [[El Hadj Umar Tall]], daa nyɛla ŋun labi niɣim Musulinsi adiini [[Fuuta Tooro]]. O daa pilila [[Futa Jallon]], ŋuni n daa gari linjima shɛba ban daa ŋme n-deei Massina, Segou, ni [[Kaarta]], amaa o daa kpila tɔbu ni yuuni 1864. Lala saha tiŋa ŋɔ daa pula yaɣa dibaa ata, ka o bihi nyɛ di zaa nanima. Lala tinsi ŋɔ zaa daa malila din tiŋ'zuɣuri [[Nioro du Sahel|Nioro]], [[Segou]] ni [[Bandiagara]]. Yuun pihita sunsuuni,  Faransi nima daa ŋme n-deei tiŋgban maa zaa.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|63}}
+Ŋun pili Toucouleur Empire, [[El Hadj Umar Tall]], daa nyɛla ŋun labi niɣim Musulinsi adiini [[Fuuta Tooro]]. O daa pilila [[Futa Jallon]], ŋuni n-daa gari linjima shɛba ban daa ŋme n-deei Massina, Segou, ni [[Kaarta]], amaa o daa kpila tɔbu ni yuuni 1864. Lala saha tiŋa ŋɔ daa pula yaɣa dibaa ata, ka o bihi nyɛ di zaa nanima. Lala tinsi ŋɔ zaa daa malila di tiŋ' zuɣuri [[Nioro du Sahel|Nioro]], [[Segou]] ni [[Bandiagara]]. Yuun' pihita sunsuuni,  Faransi nima daa ŋme n-deei tiŋgbani maa zaa.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|63}}
 ====The Sokoto Caliphate and its various emirates====
 {{main|Sokoto Caliphate}}
-Sokoto Musulinsu toondaanima saha n daa nyɛ Fulaannima yaa saha Gbansabila tinsi ni. Lala saha ŋɔ n daa galisi, ka lahi mali gbaai viɛnyɛla, zaŋ ti Fulaannima Jihad tinsi. Kuli zaŋ hali ka 19th century ti naai, Sokoto n daa nyɛ tiŋgbani din galisi Gbansabila tinsi ni zaŋ na hali ni yuuni 1903,  ka Europe ni ban mali yaa gbahiri daba daa yina ti nyaŋba.  Sokoto musulinsi toondaanima daa galisiya, amaa ban daa galisi pam n daa nyɛ [[Adamawa Emirate|Adamawa]], amaa [[Kano Emirate]] salo daa zooi. Shɛŋ n-nyɛ, amaa ka dei tariga m-bala: [[Gombe Emirate]], [[Gwandu Emirate]], [[Bauchi Emirate]], [[Katsina Emirate]], [[Zazzau Emirate]], [[Hadejia Emirate]], ni [[Muri, Nigeria|Muri Emirate]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Last |first=Murray |url=http://archive.org/details/sokotocaliphate0000last |title=The Sokoto Caliphate |date=1967 |publisher=[New York] Humanities Press |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>
+Sokoto Musulinsu toondaanima saha n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima yaa saha Gbansabila tinsi ni. Lala saha ŋɔ n-daa galisi, ka lahi mali gbaai viɛnyɛla, zaŋ ti Fulaannima Jihad tinsi. Kuli zaŋ hali ka 19th century ti naai, Sokoto n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛli din galisi pam Gbansabila tinsi ni zaŋ na hali ni yuuni 1903,  ka Europe ni ban mali yaa gbahiri daba daa ti yina ti nyaŋ ba.  Sokoto musulinsi toondaanima daa galisiya, amaa ban daa galisi pam n-daa nyɛ [[Adamawa Emirate|Adamawa]]. Amaa [[Kano Emirate]] salo n-daa zooi. Shɛŋa n-nyɛ, amaa ka deei tariga m-bala: [[Gombe Emirate|Gombe Emirate's]], [[Gwandu Emirate]], [[Bauchi Emirate]], [[Katsina Emirate]], [[Zazzau Emirate]], [[Hadejia Emirate]], ni [[Muri, Nigeria|Muri Emirate]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Last |first=Murray |url=http://archive.org/details/sokotocaliphate0000last |title=The Sokoto Caliphate |date=1967 |publisher=[New York] Humanities Press |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>
 [[File:Fulani in the Sokoto Caliphate.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a Fulani man from the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] by [[G. T. Bettany|G.T. Bettany]] (1888)]]
 ===Timeline of Fulani history===
 {{unreferenced section|date=July 2018}}
@@ Kuligu 279: / Kuligu 273: @@
 | '''4th century'''|| [[Ghana Empire]] maa daa pilila, luhi sheli zuŋo din nye ''southeastern Mauritania''  tiŋgbaŋni mini  ''western Mali'', ka di nye tuuli ''Sudano-Sahelian empire'' din yeligi.
 |-
-| '''5th century'''|| Ghana Empire maa lebigila ''empire'' sheli din mali yaa pam gbaŋsabila tiŋgbaŋ yahili sheli be ni boli ''West Africa la''
+| '''5th century'''|| Ghana Empire maa liɛbigila ''empire'' shɛli din mali yaa pam gbaŋsabila tiŋgbaŋ yahili sheli be ni boli ''West Africa la''
 |-
-| '''5th century''' (?) || The Fulbe migrate southwards and Eastwards from present-day Morocco and Mauritania{{dubious|date=December 2022}}
+| '''5th century''' || Fulaannima daa  ''migratimi'' ''southwards'' mini ''Eastwards'' n-yina gbaŋsabila tiŋsi yuli booni Morocco mini Mauritania{{dubious|date=December 2022}}
 |-
-| '''9th century''' || [[Takrur]] founded on the lower Senegal River (present-day Senegal) upon the influx of Fulani from the east and north settling in the Senegal River valley
+| '''9th century''' || [[Takrur]] daa kpala kuliboŋ yuli booni ''Senegal River tiŋli ha'' (gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni ''Senegal zuŋo la'') di ni daa niŋ ka fulaannima pam daa zo n yina ''east'' mini ''north'' n kana ti ʒini lala ''Senegal River valley maa tiŋgbaŋni.''
 |-
-| '''11th century''' || Kingdoms of Tekruur and the [[Gao Empire]] flourish in West Africa due to gold trade
+| '''11th century''' || ''Kingdoms of Tekruur'' mini ''the [[Gao Empire]]'' daa yɛligimi ka niŋ yaa gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni West Africa la, ka di nyɛla bɛ salma daabiligu la zuɣu.
 |-
-| '''1042''' || [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]], Berber Muslims from southern Morocco and Mauritania, attack Takrur, after defeating the [[Sanhaja]] in 1039
+| '''1042''' || [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]], Berber Musulimnima ban daa yina ''southern Morocco'' mini ''Mauritania'', daa tuɣila Takrur nim tɔbu, bɛ ni daa di nasara [[Sanhaja]] nim zuɣu yuuni 1039 la.
 |-
 | '''1050s''' || Islam gains a strong foothold in West Africa
@@ Kuligu 342: / Kuligu 336: @@
 Fulaannima ban daa nyɛ Laribu niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna mini [[Hausa people|Hausa niriba]]  ban daa chaŋ kpɛna nyɛla ban kpaɣi taba kaya ni taada. Din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya nasara yuuni 1804 [[Fulani War|Fulaani War]] zaŋ n-ti [[Usman dan Fodio]] niriba pam daa be luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa na booni Fulɓe nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti pahi [[Sokoto Caliphate]].  Fulɓe zaŋ n-ti Hausaland  neema yɛbu ka nyɛ ban lahi yɛri  Hausa balli  (lihimi [[Hausa–Fulani]]). Pirinla bɛ daa nyɛla balli shɛba ban daa galisi lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, Fulɓe ban daa be [[Hausa Kingdoms|Hausaland]] sambani kamani [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Kanem-Bornu]], [[Adamawa Emirate|Adamawa]] n-ti pahi [[Gombe Emirate|Gombe]] nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi bɛ Fulaani kaya ni taada ka nyɛ ban kuli yɛri  Fulfulde din nyɛ bɛ tuuli balli. Fulɓe ban daa bɛ kpalim lala saha maa mini bɛ nyaaŋa nyɛla ban biɛhisi be di koŋko ka che Hausa mini balli shɛŋa din be lala yaɣili maa. Lala Hausa–Fulaannima ŋɔ biɛhigu nyɛla din yi diko ka che ban be West Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=C. Vicars |date=1910 |title=Historical Notes on the Yola Fulanis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/715032 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=10 |issue=37 |pages=73–92 |jstor=715032 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
-[[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]] n-ti pahi [[Senegal]] nyɛ ban gbubi Fulɓe kaya ni taada amaa ka pa Fula balli ka bɛ booni ba ''yimɓe pulaaku'' (''𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵'', "niriba zaŋ n-ti Fula kaya ni taada"). Gbaai yihi, Fulani kaya ni taada n-ti pahi ninvuɣ shɛba ban nyɛ bilichini nima bee pa Fulaani bilichini nima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf |title=Materials and Methods |access-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220110353/https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref> Hali daba tali nyɛla bɛ ni bɛ saɣi n-ti shɛli amaa biɛhigu din be Fulɓbe mini Rimayɓe sunsuun nyɛla din na kuli  be ni. <ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Riesman |author2=David L. Szanton |title=First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLOHVcFtVqQC&pg=PA15 |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780813517681 |page=15 |chapter=Global Fulani Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184 |title=The Cast System <!-- sic, not "caste" --> |publisher=Jamtan |access-date=2014-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220154616/http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184 |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David J. Phillips |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |publisher=William Carey Library |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780878083527 |year=2001 }}</ref>
+[[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]] n-ti pahi [[Senegal]] nyɛ ban gbibi Fulɓe kaya ni taada amaa ka pa Fula balli ka bɛ booni ba ''yimɓe pulaaku'' (''𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵'', "niriba zaŋ n-ti Fula kaya ni taada"). Gbaai yihi, Fulani kaya ni taada n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ bilichinnima bee pa Fulaan' bilichinnima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf |title=Materials and Methods |access-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220110353/https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref> Hali dab' tali nyɛla bɛ ni bi saɣi n-ti shɛli amaa biɛhigu din be Fulɓbe mini Rimayɓe sunsuuni nyɛla din na kuli  be ni. <ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Riesman |author2=David L. Szanton |title=First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLOHVcFtVqQC&pg=PA15 |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780813517681 |page=15 |chapter=Global Fulani Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184 |title=The Cast System <!-- sic, not "caste" --> |publisher=Jamtan |access-date=2014-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220154616/http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184 |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David J. Phillips |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |publisher=William Carey Library |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780878083527 |year=2001 }}</ref>
 ===Slavery and caste system===
-Tuuli Fulaannima ban daa tuui kpe America talahi [[Atlantic slave trade]] saha nyɛla ban daa yina [[West Africa|West]] mini [[Central Africa]] yaɣa pam. Fulaani daba ŋɔ pirigi li pam nyɛla ban daa yina Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria n-ti pahi Cameroon. Daba pam ban daa yina Senegal daa nyɛla Fula mini [[Mandinka people|Mandinga]] Fulaannima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religioninamerica.org/rahp_objects/portrait-of-yarrow-mamout-an-early-american-muslim/|title=Portrait of Yarrow Mamout: An Early American Muslim|website=www.religioninamerica.org}}</ref><ref name="Omar ibn Said">{{cite web |url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/omarsaid/omarsaid.html |title=Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831 |author=Omar ibn Said |year=1831 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]}}</ref> Yu'shɛŋa din niŋ bayana be [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|Registry of Liberated Africans]] nyɛ Fulaani bɛ pilli.<ref>Anderson, R. (2020). Liberated African Origins and the Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade. In Abolition in Sierra Leone: Re-Building Lives and Identities in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (African Identities: Past and Present, pp. 30–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108562423.002</ref><ref>Misevich, “The Mende and Sherbro Diaspora,” 254.</ref> Niriba pam nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni European daba gba daa nyɛla Fulaani.<ref>Curtin, P., & Vansina, J. (1964). Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade. The Journal of African History, 5(2), 185–208. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004801</ref>
+Tuuli Fulaannima ban daa tuui kpe America talahi [[Atlantic slave trade]] saha nyɛla ban daa yina [[West Africa|West]] mini [[Central Africa]] yaɣa pam. Fulaan' daba ŋɔ pirigili pam nyɛla ban daa yina Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria n-ti pahi Cameroon. Daba pam ban daa yina Senegal daa nyɛla Fula mini [[Mandinka people|Mandinga]] Fulaannima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religioninamerica.org/rahp_objects/portrait-of-yarrow-mamout-an-early-american-muslim/|title=Portrait of Yarrow Mamout: An Early American Muslim|website=www.religioninamerica.org}}</ref><ref name="Omar ibn Said">{{cite web |url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/omarsaid/omarsaid.html |title=Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831 |author=Omar ibn Said |year=1831 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]}}</ref> Yu' shɛŋa din niŋ bayana be [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|Registry of Liberated Africans]] n-nyɛ Fulaani bɛ pilli.<ref>Anderson, R. (2020). Liberated African Origins and the Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade. In Abolition in Sierra Leone: Re-Building Lives and Identities in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (African Identities: Past and Present, pp. 30–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108562423.002</ref><ref>Misevich, “The Mende and Sherbro Diaspora,” 254.</ref> Niriba pam nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni European daba gba daa nyɛla Fulaannima.<ref>Curtin, P., & Vansina, J. (1964). Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade. The Journal of African History, 5(2), 185–208. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004801</ref>
-Fula biɛhigu shee nyɛla [[Caste system in Africa|caste divisions]] zaŋ n-ti West African tiŋgbani yaɣa.<ref name="Tamari 1991"/><ref name="dupire85">{{Cite journal |jstor=40460882 |quote=The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi, [[Senufo people|Senufo]], Cangin Serer).|title=A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution|journal=Anthropos|volume=80|issue=1/3|pages=85–100|last1=Dupire|first1=Marguerite|year=1985}}</ref> Vihigu zaŋ n-ti  bɛ pilli nyɛla ban shɛli din niŋ tom pam,<ref name="Tamari 1991">{{cite journal | last=Tamari | first=Tal | title=The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa | journal=The Journal of African History | volume=32 | issue=2 | year=1991 | pages=221–250 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700025718 | s2cid=162509491 }}, Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, '''Fulani''', Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and '''Fulani''' populations, no later than 1500."</ref> amaa niriba pam daa baŋ bɛ yala 15th-century.<ref name="Juang2008p492"/><ref name="Rights2009">{{cite book|author=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|title=Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip_OaTkDjf8C&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=IWGIA|isbn=978-87-91563-48-5|page=41 note 74}}</ref>
+Fula biɛhigushee nyɛla [[Caste system in Africa|caste divisions]] zaŋ n-ti West African tiŋgbani yaɣa.<ref name="Tamari 1991"/><ref name="dupire85">{{Cite journal |jstor=40460882 |quote=The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi, [[Senufo people|Senufo]], Cangin Serer).|title=A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution|journal=Anthropos|volume=80|issue=1/3|pages=85–100|last1=Dupire|first1=Marguerite|year=1985}}</ref> Vihigu zaŋ n-ti  bɛ pilli nyɛla binshɛli din niŋ tom pam,<ref name="Tamari 1991">{{cite journal | last=Tamari | first=Tal | title=The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa | journal=The Journal of African History | volume=32 | issue=2 | year=1991 | pages=221–250 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700025718 | s2cid=162509491 }}, Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, '''Fulani''', Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and '''Fulani''' populations, no later than 1500."</ref> amaa niriba pam daa baŋ bɛ yala 15th-century.<ref name="Juang2008p492"/><ref name="Rights2009">{{cite book|author=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|title=Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip_OaTkDjf8C&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=IWGIA|isbn=978-87-91563-48-5|page=41 note 74}}</ref>
 Ban nyɛ '''Fulaani''' maŋ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba '''Fulɓe''', ka bɛ shɛba nyɛ  '''Pullo''' (ka bɛ lahi booni ba '''Rimɓe''' (zaɣ'yini)) n-ti pahi '''Dimo''' ka di gbunni nyɛ "bilichini". Bɛ lahi mali la "artisan caste",<ref name="dupire85" /> ka mali maaniba, duɣimɛriba, [[griot]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=3819886 |quote=At the top of the hierarchy are cattle-owning Fulani, Toorobbe (literate marabouts who hold spiritual power), Seebe (members of a warrior caste...) The middle of the hierarchy is {{sic|comprised|hide=y|of}} the five castes that...|title=Fulani Poetic Genres|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=24|issue=2|pages=61–77|last1=Sow|first1=Abdoul Aziz|last2=Angell|first2=John|year=1993}}</ref> "genealogists", da'maaniba n-ti pahi neen'maaniba. Bɛ nyɛla Fulaannima amaa ka ban leei nyɛ bilichinima:  '''Maccuɗo''', '''Rimmayɓe''', '''Dimaajo''', n-ti pahi '''Ɓaleeɓe''',  Fulaani nima ŋɔ taba zaŋ n-ti Tuareg [[Ikelan]] nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba ''Bouzou'' (''Buzu'') bee ''Bella balla din nyɛ'' Hausa mini Songhay puuni gabaadaya.<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Riesman |author2=David L. Szanton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLOHVcFtVqQC&pg=PA14 |title=First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780813517681 |page=14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_T_O_8XmdQC&pg=PA9 |title=Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel |date=2012-07-26 |access-date=2014-02-27 |last1=Hill |first1=Allan G |publisher=Routledge |page=9 |isbn=9781136882845 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code4/540.html |title=The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles |publisher=Kcm.co.kr |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref> Fulaannima ŋɔ kpamba gba daa kuli be mi kamani gbansabila zuliya nima kpamba ni be shɛm.<ref name=decorsefula>{{cite book|author=Christopher R. DeCorse|title=West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC&pg=PA172 |year=2001|publisher=Bloomsburg Academic|isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8|pages=172–174}}</ref><ref name=stantonfulawar/><ref name="Rodriguez1997p333">{{cite book|author=Frank Salamone|editor=Junius P. Rodriguez|title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=PA333|year=1997|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-87436-885-7|pages=333–334}}</ref> Fulaanima ŋɔ pam nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba daba tali ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi n-ti [[traditional African religions]].<ref>Fisher, Humphrey J., ''Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa'', C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2001), p. 26, {{ISBN|9781850655244}}</ref>
@@ Kuligu 381: / Kuligu 375: @@
 === Anthropometry ===
-'''Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'pahaba wohilim'''; ''average'' wohilim zaŋ jendi fulaan'dabba nyela 1.69 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.07 ''metre.'' Fulaan'pahaba ''average'' wohilim mii nyela 1.59 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.06 ''metre.''
+'''Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba waɣilim'''; ''average'' waɣilim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 1.69 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.07 ''metre.'' Fulaan'pahaba ''average'' waɣilim mii nyɛla 1.59 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.06 ''metre.''
-'''Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'pahaba timsim''': ''average'' timsim zaŋ jendi fulaan'dabba nyela 57.5 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.8 ''kilograms. average timsim zaŋ jendi fulaan'dabba nyela 50.6 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.0 kilograms.''
+'''Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba timsim''': ''average'' timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 57.5 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.8 ''kilograms. average timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 50.6 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.0 kilograms.''
@@ Kuligu 474: / Kuligu 468: @@
 <ref>{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Masara |title=Nigeria's Little Known Fulani Christians Worship In Secret |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/303573/nigerias-little-known-fulani-christians-worship-in-secret.html |website=The Nigerian Voice |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
-=== Paɣa kpuhibu ===
+=== Paɣa kpuɣibu ===
-Fulaannima kali puuni, paɣa kpuhibu niŋdila zuliya ni di be yiri zuliyaa maa puuni. Paɣa kpuhibu niŋdi la niriba ban yi zuliya yini puuni na.  Pirinsi mini ŋahinsi sunsuuni ka paɣa kpuhibu tooi niŋda. Hali gba, pɔin ka be dɔɣi bia, be pun yen ŋmala o nyuhu n-ti doo.  Bɛ nama nama yeltɔha  mini bɛ  politiisi pubu malila nuu timbu be Paɣa kpuhibu puuni. Paɣa kpuhibunyela so' sheli be ni mali guri be buni ni nam dundoli.  Fulaannima daŋdila paɣa kpuhibu ka di nyɛla dɔɣim n-lɔrili.  Fulaan nachimba tooi kpuhiri paɣaba be yuun pishi saha puuni, ka fulaan paɣa  mii tooi kuni dabba be Paɣasarilim ni piini saha shɛli. Fulaan dabba mali soli ni be kpuhi paɣa  bobigu, din deeyi niŋ ka be mali yiko n ni tooi gbibi paɣa bi maa ka ŋaribu kani zaŋ kpa be binbora polo doo yili maa ni. <ref>{{Cite web|last=administrator|date=2015-05-20|title=Traditional Marriage in Fulani Kingdom|url=https://informationparlour.com/article-culture-tradition-traditional-marriage-fulani-kingdom|access-date=2024-08-07|website=Information Parlour|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Fulaannima kali puuni, paɣa kpuhibu niŋdila zuliya ni di be yiri zuliyaa maa puuni. Paɣa kpuhibu niŋdi la niriba ban yi zuliya yini puuni na.  Pirinsi mini ŋahinsi sunsuuni ka paɣa kpuhibu tooi niŋda. Hali gba, pɔin ka be dɔɣi bia, be pun yen ŋmala o nyuhu n-ti doo.  Bɛ nama nama yeltɔha  mini bɛ  politiisi pubu malila nuu timbu be Paɣa kpuhibu puuni. Paɣa kpuhibunyela so' sheli be ni mali guri be buni ni nam dundoli.  Fulaannima daŋdila paɣa kpuhibu ka di nyɛla dɔɣim n-lɔrili.  Fulaan nachimba tooi kpuhiri paɣaba be yuun pishi saha puuni, ka fulaan paɣa  mii tooi kuni dabba be Paɣasarilim ni piini saha shɛli. Fulaan dabba mali soli ni be kpuhi paɣa  bobigu, din deeyi niŋ ka be mali yiko n ni tooi gbibi paɣa bi maa ka ŋaribu kani zaŋ kpa be binbora polo doo yili maa ni. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=administrator|date=2015-05-20|title=Traditional Marriage in Fulani Kingdom|url=https://informationparlour.com/article-culture-tradition-traditional-marriage-fulani-kingdom|access-date=2024-08-07|website=Information Parlour|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Fulaannima Paɣa kpuhibu pula pubu buta. ŋan n-nye: ''Kabbal'', ''Koowgal'', mini''Sharo''
+'''''Sharo'''''
+Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi  ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyɛmi, be yen zaŋla do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa n-ti fɛbo fɛbbu din sahi fɛbbu polo nieŋni ka zama zaa nya. ka di nyɛbili nyɛmi, bɛ borimi ni bɛ nye doo maa dabilim ni anzansi n-ti pahi yaa ni nye shɛm. Fɛbbu  ŋɔ puuni, doo maa ka soli ni o kuhi, domi o yi kuhi, paɣa maa yiŋnima ni tooi zaɣisi paɣa maa zaŋ ti o, ka nya o ka o nyela do'chɔɣufu. Tɔ amaa, ka fulaan zuliya kam  n-niŋdi ''Sharo'' ŋɔ be Paɣa kpuhibu kali puuni. Pɔin ka ''Sharo''  ŋɔ pili, doo maa niriba ni beli o n chaŋ Fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yen niŋ luhi sheli n-ti kpaŋsiri o ni o niŋ anzansi ni suhukpeeni n-di nasara  Paɣa maa nyabu polo.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=femi|date=2014-10-22|title=Fulani Marriage: The Fulani Tribal Marriage ceremony|url=https://discover.hubpages.com/relationships/Fulani-Marriage-The-Fulani-Tribal-Marriage-ceremony|access-date=2024-08-09|website=HubPages|language=en}}</ref>
+''Sharo'' dablim  fɛbbu ŋɔ tooi zooya pam ka di niŋdi luɣi shɛŋa niriba pam ni mi kamani, daani, bɔlli paakini, diɛma pɔliti ni, ni din kam ŋmani ŋa. fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yɛn pili, do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa yɛn gbubila binshaɣa o nu ayi puuni. O bɛ yɛn yie gɔɣali m pa o nyaaŋa. Ka ŋun yɛn fɛbo maa yi pa pili o tuma. <ref name=":3" />
+'''''koowgal'''''
+Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi  ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyela saha sheli Paɣa kpuhibu pini ni tiri ka di nye daantaligi  kpeeni fulaannima kaya ni ta'ada puuni. Saha ŋɔ, paɣa maa yiŋnima yen tila doo ŋɔ yiŋnima nihi ka doo ŋɔ yiŋnima gba tahi Paɣa kpuhibu pini maa n-ti ti Paɣa maa yiŋnima. Nihi maa yi ti n-naayi, di zala talahi doo maa zuhu ni o sɔŋ o ba bee daŋ' kpeen so ŋun daa zani doo maa daŋ zaani ka pina maa ti, ka be lihi nihi maa zuhu. Fulaannima booni la niŋsim ŋɔ Paɣa jembu be kali puuni. ''Koowgal'' nyela din che ka Paɣa kpuhibu maa paanda ka lahi nye daantali'kpeeni fulaannim biehigu puuni.<ref name=":1" />
+'''''Kabba'''''
+''Kabbal'' nyela  musulinsi adiini  Paɣa kpuhibu  sɔli tumtuunsa fullaannima Paɣa kpuhibu puuni ka di ni tooi niŋ doo maa mini Paɣa  maa kalinsi ni. Paɣa kpuhibu maa yelli kam ni naai, be beeni la Paɣa maa n-kulisi o yidaan yiŋa, ka doo maa yiŋ paɣaba mii deegi o ka niŋɔ saani.<ref name=":1" />
+Paɣaba ban be doo maa ʒinɛli ni  yɛn kana mi n-ti puhi  paɣa maa, ka niŋɔ amaraaba. ka bɛ puhugu maa pahi fulaannim Paɣa kpuhibu kali tuuni n-ti paɣaba. Bɛ ni kulisi paɣa so na maa jilima biɛɣagu puuni durimi, ka paɣira n dɔli o dɔɣim, a taadi o yi  dɔɣiri dabba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marriage and family - Fulani|url=https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Fulani-Marriage-and-Family.html|access-date=2024-08-09|website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref>
 == Genetics ==