Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Fulani

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Fulani
people, balli
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli12°35′36″N 12°50′45″W Mali niŋ
Map

D-Class


Fulaani bee Fulaanima[lower-alpha 1] nyɛla zuliya shɛli din be Sahara, Sahel n-ti pahi West Africa, bɛ nyɛla ban gili legion.[1] Bɛ nyɛla ban be tiŋgbani shɛŋa din be West Africa mini tudu yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur n-ti pahi "region" shɛŋa din miri Red Sea din be Sudan. Fulaanima ŋɔ kalinli nyɛla niriba ni bɛ mi. Niriba pam nyɛla ban buɣisiri bɛ kalinli ŋɔ milliyɔŋ pishi ni anu [2][3] mini milliyɔŋ pihinahi sunsuun dunia zaa.[4]Bɛ balli maa n-nyɛ Fulaansili, ka bɛ niriba maa lee nyɛ Fulaannima (zaɣ' bɔbigu) fulaani (zaɣ' yini). Vihigu wuhiya kamani, Fulaannima n-nyɛ zuliya shɛba ban zooi gbansabila tingbana ni. Bɛ tuma zoola binkɔbiri yulibu bee gulibu.

Fulaanima ŋɔ kalli paai miliyɔŋ diba apɔin hali ni pia[5]–nyɛla binkɔbi guliba, ka bɛ zuliya ŋɔ m-mali zama din galisi di yi ka na binkɔbiri gulibu polo anduniya.[6][7] Fulaanim ŋɔ zuliya din galisi nyɛla din gbaai niriba bi paai naai,[7] nti pahi pukpari biinsi, karim baŋdiba, nuuni tuun' baŋdiba, daabihi, ni ninvuɣ' kara.[8][9] Bɛ ni nya zuliya la, din laɣimba nyɛla fulaansili balli, bɛ taarihi[10][11][12] ni bɛ kaya ni ta'ada. Fulaanima ŋɔ zooya ka bɛ nyɛla musulimi nima ka bɛ bela n-kuli nya dolodolo niriba[13] ni Animists.[14][15]

West Africa toondani nim pam nyɛla ban yina fulaanim ni, bɛ puuni n-nye Nigeria tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro, Muhammadu Buhari; Cameroon tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Ahmadou Ahidjo ; Senegal tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro, Macky Sall; Gambia tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Adama Barrow; Guinea-Bissau tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Umaro Sissoco Embaló; Sierra Leone tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; Mali tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Boubou Cisse nti pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa paɣa zaŋ n-ti Ghana, Samira Bawumia. Bɛ lahi nyɛla ban be zaasheei kara tiŋduya tuma duzuɣuri ni, ka mani gbaŋ ŋmari paa zaŋ nriUnited Nations jina duu, Amina J. Mohammed; zuɣulana ŋun pahiri pisopɔin ni anahi zaŋ nti United Nations General Assembly, Tijjani Muhammad-Bande; nti pahi gbaŋŋmara zaŋ nti OPEC, Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.

"Fulani" redirects here. For other uses, see Fulani (disambiguation).

Regions with significant populations

 Nigeria = 15,300,000 (6.6%)[16]

 Senegal = 5,055,782 (27.5%)[17]

 Guinea = 4,544,000 (33.4%)[18]

 Cameroon = 3,000,000 (13.4%)[19][20]

 Mali = 2,840,850 (13.3%)[21]

Tɛmplet:Country data Burkina Faso = 1,800,000 (8.4%)[22]

Tɛmplet:Country data Niger = 1,650,000 (6.5%)[23]

 Benin = 1,182,900 (8.6%)[24]

 Mauritania = 900,000 (18.3%)[25]

Tɛmplet:Country data Guinea-Bissau = 623,646 (30%)[26]

Tɛmplet:Country data Gambia = 449,280 (18.2%)[27]

Tɛmplet:Country data Chad = 334,000 (1.8%)[28]

 Sierra Leone = 310,000 (5%)[29]

Tɛmplet:Country data CAR = 250,000 (4.5%)[30]

Tɛmplet:Country data Sudan = 204,000 (0.4%)[31]

Tɛmplet:Country data Togo = 110,000 (1.2%)[32]

Tɛmplet:Country data South Sudan = 4,000 (0.02%)[33]

 Algeria = 4,000 (0.01%)[citation needed]

 Ghana = 4,240 (0.01%)[34]

 Ivory Coast = 3,800 (0.02%)[30]

 Liberia = Fula • French • Portuguese • English • Arabic • Hausa = Islam[35]

Names

Ethnonyms

Yu' bɔbigu beni (ni yuya ŋɔ nambu) bali shɛŋa dabam ni zaŋ n-ti Fulɓe ŋɔ. Fulani ŋɔ ŋun nyɛla silimiinsi ni paŋ shɛli gbɛngbɛri sani.[36] Fula, Manding languages, nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli silimiinsili ni, ka saha shɛŋa beni bɛ namdi li mi Fulah bee Fullah. Fula mini Fulaani nyɛla din bolibu yoli silimiinsili ni, nti pahi gbansabila tiŋ shɛŋa. Faransinima gba ni paŋ bachi shɛli Wolof Pël, din nambu nyɛ: Peul, Peulh mini Peuhl la. Saha ŋɔ Fulfulde / Pulaar bachi Fulɓe, nyɛla bachinamdi bɔbigu (gaŋa, Pullo) nyɛla bɛ ni niɣim bachi shɛli silimiinsili ni lee Fulbe,[37] niriba pam booni li. Portugal nima gba balli ni, bachinima ŋɔ Fula bee Futafula ka bɛ mali kuri bukaata bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni. Bachi ŋɔ Fallata, Fallatah, bee Fellata nyɛla din yina laribu polo, ka di tooi nyɛ daliŋ zaŋ ti fulaannima ka bɛ mali baŋdiba luɣishɛŋa kamani Chad mini Sudan.

Toucouleur nima ban be "central Senegal River" yaɣili tɔɣisiri la Fulfulde / Pulaar ka booni bɛ maŋa Haalpulaaren, bee ban tɔɣisiri Pulaar. Waliginsim ŋɔ nyɛla Faransi bala baŋdiba ni daa ʒina 19th century ka di nyɛla bɛ waligila "sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, ni anti-European Toucouleurs" yaɣ' yini ka lahi pu binkɔbi guliba, "pastoralist, docile ni cooperative Peulhs" gba yaɣ' yini, amaa di buyi waligibu pala yɛlimaŋli.[38]


Dɔɣim yuya

Fulaannima yuya din be Guinea, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau ni Southern Senegal n-nyɛ: Diallo (Faransi yaɣa), Jallow bee Jalloh (Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia), Djalo (Cap Verde ni Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah bee Ba, Baldé, ni Diouldé.[39] Fulaannima yuya (Toucouleur) din lahi be Guinea mini northern Senegal n-nyɛ: Tall, Sall, Diengue, Sy, Anne, Ly, Wann, Dia ni din pahi pahi..

Fulbe ban be Nigeria, Niger ni Cameroon tooi malila bɛ banima yuya, Fulaannima bihi yuya beni kamani Bello kadi nyɛla din ni tooi yinaFulfulde bachi din nyɛ Ballo ka di gbunni nyɛ “sɔŋda”),[40] Tukur (din yina Takrur), Gidado, Barkindo, Jallo, Ahidjo and Dikko.

Mali tiŋgbani ni, Fulaannima ban yuya niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Ba, Dicko, Bocoum, Tall, Kah, etc. Lala Fulaan yuya ŋɔ nyɛla din be Maliyaɣa kamani Mopti, Macina, Nioro, Kidal, Tomboctou, Gao, Sikasso, ni din kam pahi.[41][42]

Wasulu (Wassoulou) yaɣa din be Mali, Fulaannina yuya din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Sidibé ni Sangaré. Lala yuya ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din be Fulaannima ban be Burkina Faso yuya ni,[43] n-ti pahi yuya kamani Barry, Dicko ni Sankara (din yina Sangaré sani). Fulaannima pam ban yina Wasulu yaɣa pam bi tooi tɔɣisiri bɛ maŋmaŋa zilikom zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋla ningbuna ni Mandé (ban daa na nyɛ Bambara). Di mini bɛ pam bɛ lahi tɔɣisiri fulaansili maa zaa yoli, bɛ na gbubi bɛ kaya ni taɣa shɛŋa.[44]

Ninvuŋi shaɛba ban mali yuli puuni yino Wasulu Fulaannima ni, Oumou Sangaré, nyɛla yiliyiina ŋun yina Mali ka o yu'paa nyɛ “Songbird of Wasulu”[45] . Sangaré’s yila pam dalim la paɣa zuɣu zabbu ni Mali kaya. O nyɛla ŋun go gbansabila tinsi pam kamani, Cameroon, ni o mini Fulaannima pam ti yili yilaka kpaŋsi Wasulu Fulaannima kaya ni taɣada.

Bocoum, Dia (in English as "Jah"), Kah, ni Kane nyɛla bɛ zulya yuya. Diawambe/Jawambe (gaŋa: Dianwando/Jawando ni Diokoramé/Jokoromeh, Bambara) zaŋ ti Mali. Jawambe nyɛla Fulaannima balishɛba ban yina Mali ka bɛ tuma nyɛ daabiligu.[46] Jawando Fula Fulaannima ban yiini yila ka bɛ yuya du shɛba n-nyɛ Afel Bocoum mini Inna Modja.

Mopti tiŋgbani ni, gbaai yihi Fulaannima banima yuya klamani, a ni lahi nyɛ banima yuya kamani Cissé mini Touré. Amaa lala yuya ŋɔ tooi zooi la Manding bala ni, Ban be Mopti piila Fulannima ŋɔ kaya ni taɣada, ka pa zaŋ bɛ maŋ pahi Fulannima zuliya ni. Ŋmahinli din yi polo n-nyɛAmadou Toumani Touré, Mali. tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro

Geographic distribution

A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.[1][47]

Fulaanima nyɛla ban wuligi gili Sahel din be Atlantic coast zaŋ chaŋ Red Sea ball'leei West Africa. Din pahira, bɛ pirigi li nyɛla ban yɛri balli shɛŋa din be tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni bɛ ni be ka di zuɣu che ka Fulaanima nyɛ "bilingual" bee "trilingual". Lala balla maa shɛŋa nyɛ French, Hausa, Bambara, Wolof, Soninke n-ti pahi Arabic.

Fulaanima ŋɔ pirigi li zaɣa nyɛla din be Fouta Djallon Guinea mini nudirigu zuɣu zaŋ chaŋ Sierra Leone; Futa Tooro savannah grasslands zaŋ n-ti Senegal mini Mauritania nudirigu zuɣu; Macina inland Niger mɔɣili din miri Central Mali; n-ti pahi yaɣ'shɛŋa din miri Mopti mini Nioro Du Sahel din be Kayes yaɣili; Borgu biɛhigu shee zaŋ n-ti Benin, Togo n-ti pahi Nigeria; nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti Burkina Faso din be Sahel region's zaŋ n-ti Seno, Wadalan mini Soum nyɛla ban be Sokoto Caliphate n-ti pahi Niger nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili mini northern Nigeria nuzaa zuɣu (kamani Adamawa, Tahoua, Katsina, Sokoto, Kebbi, Zinder, Bauchi, Diffa, Yobe, Gombe.

Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli Fombina/Hombina ka di gbunni nyɛ Adamawa Fulfulde dama din nyɛ yaɣ'shɛli din galisi ka zani n-ti Fulɓe hegemonic dominance din be West Africa. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, Fulfulde nyɛla lingua franca, din nyɛ yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Chari-Baguirmi Region din be Chad mini Central African Republic, Ouaddaï highlands zaŋ n-ti Eastern Chad nyɛla bɔbili din be Kordofan, Darfur mini Blue Nile, Sennar, Kassala yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Sudan.[48] Fulaanima ni daa chani bee yi Mecca labirina, Saudi Arabia daa kpalim Sudan wulimpuhili ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din gari milɔŋ dibaa ayi ka bɛ booni ba Fellata.[49][50][51]

Bodaado (singular of Wodaabe) Fula man with the typical Fulani hat above a turban
A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.[1][52]
Main Fulani sub-groups, national and subnational locations, cluster group and dialectal variety
Fulbe Adamawa
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤢
Fulfulde Adamawa (Fombinaare) Eastern
Fulbe Bagirmi
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤢𞤺𞤭𞤪𞤥𞤭
Fulbe Sokoto
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤅𞤮𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤮
Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare)
Fulbe Gombe
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤘𞤮𞤲'𞤦𞤫		  Nigeria: Gombe State, Bauchi State, Yobe State, Borno State, Plateau State Fulfulde Woylaare-Fombinaare transitional
Fulbe Mbororo
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤐'𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤮𞤪𞤮
Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare) & Adamawa (Fombinaare)
Fulbe Borgu
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤺𞤵
Fulfulde Borgu & Jelgoore Central
Fulbe Jelgooji
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤔𞤫𞤤𞤺𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤭
Fulfulde Jelgoore & (Massinakoore)
Fulbe Massina
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞥆𞤭𞤲𞤢
Fulfulde Massinakoore
Fulbe Nioro
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤻𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮
Pulaar – Fulfulde

Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitional

Western
Fulbe Futa Jallon
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅
Pular Fuuta Jallon
Fulbe Futa Tooro
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮
Pulaar Fuuta Tooro
Fulbe Fuladu
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤣𞤵
Pulaar – Pular

Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional


Taarihi

Fulaannima taarihi din bi neei dɔni amaa ka lahibaya pam leei beni zaŋ kpa bɛ polo. Bɛ ni nyɛ binkɔb' guliba la zuɣu, bɛ nyɛla ban kpɛri kaya pam puuni, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka di niŋ tɔm pam ni niriba tooi baŋ bɛ biɛhigu ni zuliyanima din pahi. Lahibaya wuhiya ni bɛ saha pili la Europeani nima ni daa gbahiri daba saha shɛli la.[53]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Fulaannima nolini taarihi wuhiya ni bɛ pili la North Africa. Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa yila nadaa nima ban daa be West Africamini North African niriba kamani Berbers bee Egypt nima ni.[11][54][1][55]

Fulaannima tuuli ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Bible. Maurice Delafosse, lahibaya lahi wuhiya ni di ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Put, Ham. Josephus bidibiga sabbu din jɛndi Phutites, Nadaa nima biɛhigu shee din yuli pa booni Libya la.[53]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Early Kingdoms

Tassili n'Ajjer rock art

Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla Fulaannima tuuli daa yila "Sahara desert" na, sahashɛli tiŋgbani ni daa mahi gari ʒaamani ŋɔ, ka di daa pili kuubu 7th century BC piligu polo.[53]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Bɛ daa yimi labi Senegal river din be east, ka Berber nima daa tabi sɔŋ.[56][57] Tiŋgbani din nyɛ Tekrur din pa booni Futa Toro daa nyɛla Fulaannima ni daa kpa shɛli (di yi pa shɛli Berber) nima ban gba daa niŋ yaakoro ka nyɛ tiŋ' bihi "Negro pukpariba" bani n-daa nyɛ " Serer nima ban niŋ talahi",[58][53]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Ban daa zooi ni pam n-daa nyɛ Wagadu ka ban daa pahi nyɛ Lamtuna, Mali Empire ni Jolof Empire, 16th century piligu ban daa su lala yaɣili ŋɔ n daa nyɛ Koli Tenguella, ban daa kpa Empire of Great Fulo.[59][60]

Falani people Migration History

A yi lihi kurumbuni ha, Fulaannima daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ naɣ' guliba. Bɛ daa tooi ŋmaari bɛ tingbani n-tiri bɛ mini salo shɛba ban daa baɣi taba. Salo kamani; Soninke nim ban daa timnuu pam chaŋ  ancient Ghana yuli dubu ni. Lala kpam maŋ ŋɔ daa yila Ancient Ghana tingbani nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu zaa.

A yi lihi falaanim taarihi ni, di  wuhiya ni pukparilim toon tibo gaadubu n-daa nyɛ daliri shɛli din daa tahi Fulaannima tabi walibu na bɛ sunsuuni. Bɛ lala walibu ŋɔ nyaanga, bɛ daa pula ʒiibuyi.  Lala pubu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ Fulaanima ban be mɔɣa sahakam ni bɛ ni bɛ daaʒiya zaa mɔɣu maani, lala Falaanim ŋɔ ka bɛ booni ni Jarigonje la, bɛ pubu bee piribu din daa pahi maa n-nyɛ Falaan shɛba ban daa zaɣisi lala bɛ mɔɣini beni bu sahakam kali bee biɛhigu maa,  ka daa be yiŋ nyɛ  be naɣikpariba. Falaanim biɛhisi shɛhi daa kuli ka chichirichi bee luɣu yini, bɛ daa kuli be la mɔɣini ni bɛ niriba zaa n-guli bɛ niɣi.

Vihigu zaa zanchaŋ Falaannim chaŋgili bee tiŋ yi n lootiŋ daa kuli pilila tinduli yuli booni Sudan nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu ka bɛ lala chandiŋɔ daa niŋ bayana. Kurimbuni ha, tuuli tuuli vihisi din daa niŋ zankpa Fulaannim Kaya  ni Taada  daa kuli chaŋmi ti dumba bɛ noli ni baŋsim kaya ni taada zuɣu, ka di wuhi ni Fulaan nim ŋɔ daa yila tiŋyuli daa booni Fuuta-Tooro n zaŋ bɛ zuɣu ʒi tingbani nudirigu polo yuuni  eleventh mali ti gbai yuuni  fourteenth centuries saha. Lala saha ŋɔ zanchaŋ yuuni 15th century saha, Fulaan nim daa pa kali zɔrimi sheeri zuliya beiɛni ka bɛ yuli booni Hausa  tingban ni, ka daa bi zan ni ka lan pili zonchaŋ  Bornu gba tingbani.  Bɛ  Baghirmi tingban ni ʒii nanibu daa niŋla yuuni  16th century saha. Zanchaŋ yuuni 18th century saha, Falaan nim yiya bee bɛ biɛhisi shee daa kuli komi gili  Benue tiŋ ŋɔ mɔɣi gburima ʒii zaa.

Bɛ daa kuli deela  Benue mɔɣili maa nu dirigu polo zaŋkpa Garoua mini Rey Bouba polo, ni Benue  mɔɣili maa wulinluhuli zaŋkpa  Faro mɔɣili polo zaŋhali n ti gbai  Mambilla Plateau yaɣili zaa . Bɛ biɛhisi shee bee bɛ yi maa zaa yaa daa bela luɣa kammani;   Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua n ti pahi Bundang.

Zɔŋɔ tin ʒiyaŋɔ,  Falaanim nim nolini baŋsim taarihi ŋan jandi bɛ kaya ni taada ŋa jendi bɛ tingbana chemi piri ʒii buta zuɣu, ŋa nim n nyɛ; Fuuta Kingi, meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the Tagant Plateau, the Assaba Region, the Hodh, Futa Toro and the area around Nioro du Sahel; Fuuta Keyri, 'New Fuuta', includes Futa Djallon, Massina, Sokoto, and the Adamawa Region; Fuuta Jula bani nyɛ bandaa gɔri kɔhigu n chani tingban shaŋa ni.

Islam and the Fula Jihads

Tɛmplet:Multi image

Main article: Fula jihads

Fulanimma ŋɔ, ban Sahara yaɣa, daa nyɛla ban be tuuli ha "sub-Saharan" niriba ban daa deei Musulinsi Adiini ni. David Levison yɛliya, ni Fulanimma Musulinsi deebu daa chɛmi ka di ŋmanila "bɛ kaya ni taɣa ni Adiini nyɛla din ch5e ka bɛ jilima yi di ko, ka bɛ mini zuliyanima din pahi mali tarisi ni taba kpebu" bɛ mini Gbansabila tinsi bala din pahi mini Sahel n-ti pahi West Africa.[61]

Tɔbu tɔhiriba nyɛla ban daa zaŋ yuri mini bidibbi neema yi nuzaa zuɣu na n-ti ti Fulaanima, Berber mini Arab clerics, Fulaanima siyaasa tali nyɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi musulinsi adiini din be West Africa din nyɛ suhudoo mini gadama soli. These jihads nyɛla ban daa miri kpa balli shɛŋa n-ti pahi Fulaanima ban daa na bɛ deei musulinsi adiini.[59][62] Lala tɔbu ŋɔ daa che ka Fulaanima kalinli daa pahiya Sahel yaɣili zaŋ n-ti West Africa, "medieval" mini pɔi maŋsulinsi deebu ka daa tum pa adiini koŋko yaɣili amaa siyaasa tali mini bomma ni nyamma .[63][64] Bin din gbaai 18th century zaŋ chaŋ daa nyɛla Fulaanima jihads ni daa kuli pahiri saha kam.[59][65]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Bundu

Yuuni 1690, Torodbe nira Malick Sy[66] daa kana Bundu, ʒaamani ŋɔ din pa nyɛ eastern Senegal, o daa yila o yiŋa din baɣi Podor na. Sy daa ʒinila tiŋgbani maa ni ni o ya tiŋ'bihi Futa Toro ni Musulinima ban yina west Djolof Empire ni tiŋ'waɣila kamani Nioro du Sahel.[67]

Sy ʒaamani, Bundu daa niŋla yaakoro nira zaŋ ti Musulinima mini Musulisi Adiini baŋdiba shɛba tiŋ'nanima ni daa ku.[68] Sy nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku so yuuni 1699 Gajaaga linjimanima n daa niŋ o bandi.[69]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Di zaa yoli, Bundu' na nyɛla ban yɛn niŋ wahala, ni nahingu tooni ha, Fula jihads.[69]: Tɛmplet:R/where 


Imamate of Futa Toro

Jihad din daa niŋ Futa Toro bini din gbaai yuuni 1769 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1776 ka Sulayman Bal daa nyɛ di kpɛma daa nyɛla tɔbu shɛli din daa tuhi yihi Denianke Dynasty ŋun daa be nam ni.[70]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Sulayman daa kpila yuuni 1776 ka Abdul Kader ('Abd al-Qadir) daa zani o zaani, karimba mini looya ŋun daa bɔ baŋsim tiŋa yuli booni Cayor.[71]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Abdul Kadern daa niŋ tuuli Almamy zaŋ ti Almamyate ban nyɛ Futa Toro.[70]: Tɛmplet:R/where  O daa kpaŋsila jiŋa mɛbu, ka daa zaŋ yaa zaligu doli o tiŋ'kɔɣa.[71]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Torodbe daa mɔŋla daba dabu kulibɔŋ. Yuuni 1785 bɛ mini Faransinima daa gbaai alikaule ni bi che daabigu ni Musulinima daba dabu ka lahi che farigu yo n-ti tiŋgbani maa. Abdul Kader daa nyaŋ Trarza nima mini Brakna zaŋ chaŋ tuduu polo, amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋ o ka gbaagi o, o ni daa liri Wolof tiŋgbani din be Cayor mini Waalo kamani yuuni 1797. O bahibu nyaaŋa tɔbu maa daa barigiya. Abdul Kader kpibu saha yuuni 1806 Torodbe zuliya n daa galisi tiŋa maa ni.[70]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

The Sokoto Caliphate and its various emirates

Main article: Sokoto Caliphate

Sokoto Musulinsu toondaanima saha n daa nyɛ Fulannima yaa saha Gbansabila tinsi ni. Lala saha ŋɔ n daa galisi, ka lahi mali gbaai viɛnyɛla, zaŋ ti Fulannima Jihad tinsi. Kuli zaŋ hali ka 19th century ti naai, Sokoto n daa nyɛ tiŋgbani din galisi Gbansabila tinsi ni zaŋ na hali ni yuuni 1903, ka Europe ni ban mali yaa gbahiri daba daa yina ti nyaŋba. Sokoto musulinsi toondaanima daa galisiya, amaa ban daa galisi pam n daa nyɛ Adamawa, amaa Kano Emirate salo daa zooi. Shɛŋ n-nyɛ, amaa ka dei tariga m-bala: Gombe Emirate, Gwandu Emirate, Bauchi Emirate, Katsina Emirate, Zazzau Emirate, Hadejia Emirate, ni Muri Emirate.[72]

Depiction of a Fulani man from the Sokoto Caliphate by G.T. Bettany (1888)


Timeline of Fulani history

Tɛmplet:Unreferenced section

Time Events
4th century The Ghana Empire emerges in modern-day southeastern Mauritania and western Mali, as the first large-scale Sudano-Sahelian empire
5th century The Ghana Empire becomes the most important power in West Africa
5th century (?) The Fulbe migrate southwards and Eastwards from present-day Morocco and MauritaniaTɛmplet:Dubious
9th century Takrur founded on the lower Senegal River (present-day Senegal) upon the influx of Fulani from the east and north settling in the Senegal River valley
11th century Kingdoms of Tekruur and the Gao Empire flourish in West Africa due to gold trade
1042 Almoravids, Berber Muslims from southern Morocco and Mauritania, attack Takrur, after defeating the Sanhaja in 1039
1050s Islam gains a strong foothold in West Africa
1050–1146 Almoravids take over Morocco, Algeria, and part of al-Andalus; they invade Ghana in 1076 and establish power there.
1062 Almoravids found capital at Marrakesh
1100 The Empire of Ghana starts to decline in influence and importance
1147 The Almohad Caliphate, ruled by Berber Muslims opposed to the Almoravids, seize Marrakesh and go on to conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, and Tripoli
1150 An unprecedented resurgence of the Ghana Empire sees it reach its height, controlling vast areas of western Africa as well as Saharan trade routes in gold and salt
1200 Empire and themselves set out on a road of conquest, they take its capital Koumbi Saleh in 1203
1235 Great warrior leader Sundiata Keita of the Mandinka people founds the Mali Empire in present-day Mali, West Africa; it expands under his rule
1240–1250 Mali absorbs Ghana, Tekruur
1324 10th Emperor of Mali, Musa I of Mali regarded as the richest individual in recorded history, goes on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. his procession reported to include 18,000 workers who each carried 4 pounds (1.8 kg) gold bars, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 and 300 pounds (23 and 136 kg) of gold dust each
1325 The Empire of Mali reaches its height of power, covering much of Northern West Africa.
1352 Ibn Battuta, Berber scholar, travels across Africa and writes an account of all he sees
1462 Sonni Ali becomes ruler of the Songhai people and goes on to build the Songhai Empire
1490 The Mali empire is overshadowed by the Songhai Empire
16th century Songhai Empire enters a period of massive expansion and power under Askia Mohammad I. Askia Mohammad strengthened his country and made it the largest contiguous territory ever in West African history. At its peak, the Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the west neighbouring Bornu Empire of the Kanuri
1515 The Songhai Empire reaches its zenith and pinnacle of power
1590 Songhai Empire is defeated by invading Moroccans from further North
1650 Another wave of Fulbe migrations sees them penetrate even further in the Southern Senegal and Fouta Jallon highlands of middle Guinea
1670 Fulani people gain control of Bhundu in Senegal with Malick Sy, and the Sissibhe
1673 First unsuccessful Fulani jihad in the Fuuta Tooro
1808 Bornu successfully repel Fulani forces
1893 The French conquer the Fouta-Toro
1903 The British conquer the Sokoto Caliphate[73]


Society

Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992
Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992

Fulaanima ban daa nyɛ Laribu niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna mini Hausa niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna nyɛla ban kpaɣi taba kaya ni taada. Din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya nasara yuuni 1804 Fulani War zaŋ n-ti Usman dan Fodio niriba pam daa be luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa na booni Fulɓe nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti pahi Sokoto Caliphate. Fulɓe zaŋ n-ti Hausaland neema yɛbu ka nyɛ ban lahi yɛri Hausa balli (lihimi Hausa–Fulani). Pirinla bɛ daa nyɛla balli shɛba ban daa galisi lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, Fulɓe ban daa be Hausaland sambani kamani Kanem-Bornu, Adamawa n-ti pahi Gombe nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi bɛ Fulaani kaya ni taada ka nyɛ ban kuli yɛri Fulfulde din nyɛ bɛ tuuli balli. Fulɓe ban daa bɛ kpalim lala saha maa mini bɛ nyaaŋa nyɛla ban biɛhisi be di koŋko ka che Hausa mini balli shɛŋa din be lala yaɣili maa. Lala Hausa–Fulaanima ŋɔ biɛhigu nyɛla din yi diko ka che ban be West Africa.[74][72]

Mali, Burkina Faso n-ti pahi Senegal nyɛ ban gbubi Fulɓe kaya ni taada amaa ka pa Fula balli ka bɛ booni ba yimɓe pulaaku (𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵, "niriba zaŋ n-ti Fula kaya ni taada"). Gbaai yihi, Fulani kaya ni taada n-ti pahi ninvuɣ shɛba ban nyɛ bilichini nima bee pa Fulaani bilichini nima.[75] Hali daba tali nyɛla bɛ ni bɛ saɣi n-ti shɛli amaa biɛhigu din be Fulɓbe mini Rimayɓe sunsuun nyɛla din na kuli be ni. [76][77][78]

Slavery and caste system

Tuuli Fulaanima ban daa tuui kpe America talahi Atlantic slave trade saha nyɛla ban daa yina West mini Central Africa yaɣa pam. Fulaani daba ŋɔ pirigi li pam nyɛla ban daa yina Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria n-ti pahi Cameroon. Daba pam ban daa yina Senegal daa nyɛla Fula mini Mandinga Fulaanima.[79][80] Yu'shɛŋa din niŋ bayana be Registry of Liberated Africans nyɛ Fulaani bɛ pilli.[81][82] Niriba pam nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni European daba gba daa nyɛla Fulaani.[83]

Fula biɛhigu shee nyɛla caste divisions zaŋ n-ti West African tiŋgbani yaɣa.[84][85] Vihigu zaŋ n-ti bɛ pilli nyɛla ban shɛli din niŋ tom pam,[84] amaa niriba pam daa baŋ bɛ yala 15th-century.[1][86]

Ban nyɛ Fulaani maŋ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba Fulɓe, ka bɛ shɛba nyɛ Pullo (ka bɛ lahi booni ba Rimɓe (zaɣ'yini)) n-ti pahi Dimo ka di gbunni nyɛ "bilichini". Bɛ lahi mali la "artisan caste",[85] ka mali maaniba, duɣimɛriba, griots,[87] "genealogists", da'maaniba n-ti pahi neen'maaniba. Bɛ nyɛla Fulaanima amaa ka ban leei nyɛ bilichinima: Maccuɗo, Rimmayɓe, Dimaajo, n-ti pahi Ɓaleeɓe, Fulaani nima ŋɔ taba zaŋ n-ti Tuareg Ikelan nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba Bouzou (Buzu) bee Bella balla din nyɛ Hausa mini Songhay puuni gabaadaya.[88][89][90] Fulaanima ŋɔ kpamba gba daa kuli be mi kamani gbansabila zuliya nima kpamba ni be shɛm.[8][59][91] Fulaanima ŋɔ pam nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba daba tali ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi n-ti traditional African religions.[92]

Bɛ nyɛla ban be Nigeria, Eastern Niger bee Cameroon. Lahabali din yina buɣisiri shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ 19th century naabu ni, Fulɓe-ruled Adamawa Emirate kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla daba, din ka bɛ daa booni ba jeyaɓe (singular jeyado).[93] "Castes-based social stratification" zaŋ n-ti Fulaanima nyɛla din daa yɛligi gili Sahel, kamani Burkina Faso,[94] Niger,[95] Senegal,[96] Guinea,[85] Mali,[95][97] Nigeria,[55] Sudan,[98] ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi.[99]

Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992
Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992
  • Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm (1 1⁄4 x 1 1⁄4 x 3⁄4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
    Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm (1Tɛmplet:1/4 x 1Tɛmplet:1/4 x Tɛmplet:3/4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
  • Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6 cm (1 1⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)
    Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6 cm (11⁄16 x 43⁄16 x 43⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)


Culture

Biɛhigu

Fulaanima nyɛla ban too zoogi ka bɛ guli binkɔbiri. Bɛ nyɛla ban guli niɣi, buhi ni pɛri luɣu shɛŋa bɛ ni kuli be, ka too zoogi ka bɛ mini pukaribi bi laɣindi taba bɛ biɛhigu shee. Duniya yaanga zuɣu bani ni galisi n nyaŋ bala zaa ka bi yi laɣim bi ni be boba ni yaɣa maa dini gari United States of America. Bɛ binkɔbi gulibo ni bɛ biɛhigu chɛmi ka niri ŋun pa fulaani yi yɛn kpiɣi fulaan paɣa di niŋ di tom n zaŋ too.[100]

Fulaanima maa dolila biɛhi shɛli dini booni pulaaku, ka din be din puuni nye suɣulo, maŋ gbubbu, viɛnyɛla zaŋ kpa niribi polo, jilima zaŋti niriba ( nti pahi bi dimba), niribi gbubbu viɛnyɛla ni kpaŋmaŋ zaŋchaŋ bi tuma polo.

Fulaan paɣaba maa di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ ka tuma tumda, bɛ nyɛla ban wuɣuri zupula, ka ŋmɛri binviɛla pari churi zuɣu, ka lahi wuɣiri binyɛri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali pɔbiri ŋmana bin shɛli bini mi mbeedu ni piɛri. Fulaan dabba ŋo bi tooi zoogi ka bɛ niŋdi lori, kuriti kpebu kamani zuliya sheba ban baɣiba dabba ni niŋdi shɛm.

Fulani pastoralists in Niger

Ayi kuli gbaagi gbansabila tingbana din be wulinpuhili yaɣili, luɣ' shɛŋa fulaanima ŋɔ ni galisi, zabba zaʋ chaŋ bimini pukpariba nyɛla din kuli kalinli kuli duri saha kam bini too zoogi ka bi mali bi binkɔbiri chani ka bi ti ŋubiri mɔri lala yaɣa ŋo. Lala nim ŋo zooya pam Jos Plateau, the Western High Plateau, ni Central/Middle Belt regions ,Nigeria,[101] Northern Burkina Faso, ni Southern Chad. Naɣikaprilim n nye tuun' kpeeni Cameeroon yaɣa anahi ni, bi yaɣa pii la puuni, to amaa yaɣa ata gba ni naɣikparitali ŋɔ nyɛla din dii bi zoogi nimaani, Nigeria nuzaa ni di central yaɣa nti pahi Sahel ni Sudan yaɣili.[102]


Fulannima malila dihitabili ni mɔɣu yi yɛligi binkɔbiri gba nyɛla ban yɛn nabi, ka binkɔbiri gulibu bi lahi niŋ tɔm, ka bɛ chaŋ gili baligi, ka bɛ mini pukpariba niŋ nyaɣisim, ban be mɔri ni, ni ban be tiŋkpansi. Lala tɛha ŋɔ zaa nyaaŋa, binkɔbiri mɔri kani n-ti Fulannima ban be Nigeria, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka bɛ binkɔbiri kuli ŋubir luɣ'yini yuuni kam. Binkɔbiri ŋubbu shɛeei Nigeria nyɛla din bi saɣiti Fulannima ban be din ni mini bɛ binkɔbiri. Tiŋgbana kamani Nigeria, Cameroon, ni Burkina Faso nyɛla ban nimdi nyabu ʒi Fulannima zuɣu, ka di zuɣu che ka nimdi ni binkɔbiri daa du zuɣu. Saha ŋɔ ni, Nigeria nima yimina ti zali zalisi din yɛn gbubi Fulannima binkɔbiri mɔri ŋubbu mini Fulannima gɔbu. Di bɔŋɔ bi yi shɛli pahila Southern mini Central Nigeria zali zaaniba ni daa bi saɣiti, ka Northern zalizaaniba mi saɣiti.[103]Fulannima mini Nigeria nima tooi mali zaba pam.[104][101][105][106][107][108] Global Terrorism Index vihigu wuhiya, Fulannima zaba nyɛla din gili gbansabila tiŋsi kamani Mali,[109][110][111] Central African Republic,[105] Democratic Republic of Congo,[112] ni Cameroon.[113] Lala zaba ŋɔ nyɛla din yuui pam.[105]


Language

Main article: Fula language

Bali shɛli fulaanima ni yɛli n nye "Pulaar" 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, din lahi nye balli zaŋti Toucouleurs. Senegalnima ni Mauritanianima ban yɛri lala balli ŋo nyɛla bini booni shɛba Halpulaar (𞤖𞤢𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪) bee Haalpulaar'en (𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪𞥇𞤫𞤲), din gbinni nye'' niribi ban yeri Pulaar balli " ("hal" n nye root of the Pulaar verb haalugol 𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 din gbinni nye "toɣisibu bee yɛlibu"). Yaɣa shɛŋa kamani northern Cameroon, Fulfulde nyɛla lingua franca.

Sabbu buta zuɣu kabi mali n sabiri lala balli ŋo: Laribu dini shɛli dini boli Ajami, Latin yaɣili din nye pubu buyobu , ni native phonetic-faithful system called Adlam bini daa yihi shɛli na yuuni1989; din pahiriti ata maa nye niribi pam ni zoogi ka bi mi shɛli, ka niribi ban be tiŋduya zuɣu bohindili ka di lahi mali tabibi baŋsim ni computa yɛlishɛŋa dini mali ni di soŋ si di sabbu ni baŋbu .[114]

Adiini

Fulaanima daa nyɛla din pahi tuuli balli shɛŋa din be Sub-Saharan Africa ka daa deei musulinsi adiini ka daa nyɛ ban daa na kuli gbubi bɛ kaya ni taada amaa binyɛra zaŋ n-ti traditional African faiths nyɛla din niŋ yim ni musulinsi religious syncretism.[115] Fulaanima ŋɔ kalinli din gari bɛ pirigili nyɛla musulimi nima ka bela kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1-2% nyɛ Fula Christians. Fulaanima dolodolo nima pam nyɛla ban yi musulinsi adiini puuni labi dolodolo ni. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu nyɛla din che ka Fulaanima ŋɔ nyɛ ban gbubi yɛltɔɣa koŋkoba pirinla bɛ zaa ka dihitabili yini.[116][117]

Genetics

Fulaanima siɣili nyɛla din gabi West mini East African ka nyɛ din jɛndi Niger-Congo mini Nilo-Saharan amaa ka nyɛ din lahi tabi West Eurasian din yina North Africa.[118] Fulaanima ŋɔ nyɛla ban wuligi gili Sahel/Savannah.[119]

Paternal lineages (Y-DNA)

Bayili tuŋ zaŋ n-ti Fula/Fulɓe/Fulani nyɛla din be koŋkoba ka nyɛ din doli bɛ biɛhigu shee . Lahabali din yina Cruciani et al. (2002) wuhiya ni kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiwɔi zaŋ n-ti Fulaanima nyɛla ban yina Burkina Faso ka nyɛ ban mali "haplotype 24" ka di lu zahim ni E-M2 (E1b1a) din niŋ bayana West Africa. Ban kpalim nyɛla "haplotype' 42/haplogroup E-M132. Lala yaɣa ŋɔ zaa nyɛla ban galisi Niger–Congo-speaking kalinli bahibamdi ban be Senegal. Di ŋmali, kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ni ata zaŋ n-ti Fulaanima ban be Cameroon nuzaa nyɛ "haplogroup E-M132" ka ban kpalim maa nyɛ African clades (12% haplogroup A mini 6% haplogroup E1b1a). Fulaanima ŋɔ ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla West Eurasian haplogroups T (18%) mini R1 (12%) ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din yiɣisi kɔbigi puuni kamani vaabu ~30% zaŋ n-ti haplogroup variation.[120] Mulcare et al. (2004) daa lihi nya di ŋmali zaŋ n-ti haplogroup R1 subclades ka di be Fulaanima ban yina Cameroon (18%).[121]

Vihigu shɛli Hassan et al. (2008) ni daa niŋ zaŋ chaŋ Fulaani shɛba ban be Sudan daa lihi nya zoosim din be West-Eurasian haplogroup R1 (53.8%). Din daa kpalim maa daa nyɛla E-M215 subclades ka di daa zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 34.62% E-M78 mini vaabu 27.2% E-V22.[122] Bučková et al. (2013) daa niŋ o vihigu zaŋ chaŋ Fulaanima ka daa lihi nya R1b ni be Fulani Zinder ka di zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu ~31%. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla vihigu shɛli din daa niŋ yomyom zaŋ n-ti Fulaanima ban yina Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali n-ti pahi Chad ka di daa yi di ko ka che West African paternal haplogroups.[123]


Main article: Fula language

Maternal lineages (mtDNA)

Di yi kana bɛ "heterogeneous paternal lineages", Fulaanima ŋɔ nyɛla ban mayili tuŋ ŋmani Niger-Congo niriba di ni. Kɔbigi puuni vaabu 8.1% zaŋ n-ti ban nyɛ mtDNA clades daa nyɛla ban yina West Eurasian bee Afro-Asiatic yaɣili (J1b, U5, H, and V).[124]

Vihigu din daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti Fulaanima anahi (n = 186) ban daa yina Sahelian tiŋgbana dibaa ata ni (Chad, Cameroon n-ti pahi Burkina Faso) daa wuhiya ni nomadic Fulaanima koŋko nyɛ ban biɛhigu daa ŋmani Fulaanima ban be( Guinea-Bissau mini Nigeria) ka nyɛ ban yina Tcheboua din be Cameroon nuzaa zuɣu.[125][126]

Autosomal DNA (overall)

According to Tishkoff et al. (2009), Fulaanima dɔɣiriba ban nyɛ Chadic mini Central Sudanic balli yɛriba nyɛla din ŋmani Hausa niriba. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, vihigu niŋdiba nyɛla nyɛla ban yɛlli ni Fulaanima nyɛla ban bɔhim Niger-Congo balli bɛ taarihi puuni ka nyɛ ban kpaɣiri balli shɛŋa din be ni paɣaba.Din pahira, Fulaanima ban be West Eurasian ka nyɛ ban gabi gba nyɛla bɛ ni lihi nya shɛba ka bɛ daa piligi Iberian Peninsula mini Northern Africa.[127] Dobon et al. (2015) daa lihi nya ka Sudanese Fulaanima daa nyɛ ban yɛri Niger-Kordofanian mini Nilo-Saharan (Sudanic) ka nyɛ West-Eurasian siɣili.[128]

Young Fulani men at Cure Salee festival, Niger.

Triska, Petr et al. (2015) daa wuhiya ni Fulaanima ban daa gabi taba ka be Sahel Belt nyɛla ban daa yina West African mini East African n-ti pahi Mozabite/North African. Lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa lu zahim ni vihigu shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti North African mini Central Africa Fulaanima pilli li.[129][130]

Vihigu din daa niŋ yuuni 2019, ŋun daa niŋ lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛ Fan et al. Di daa wuhiya ni Fulaanima ban yina Cameroon ka nyɛ ban yɛri Afro-Asiatic yɛriba ban yina East Africa nyɛla ban daa taɣi balli labi Niger-Congo.[131]

Yuuni 2020, vihigu nyɛla din daa niŋ jandi Fulaanima zaŋ n-ti Cameroon wulinluhili nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ayi ka, East African nyɛ vaabu pishi ata, n-ti pahi vaabu pihita yini ka daa pa gbansabila siɣili.[132]

Yuuni 2023,Fulaanima ban daa be Sahelian nyɛla bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛba vihigu ka vihigu niŋdiba ŋɔ daa yɛlli ni non-Sub-Saharan siɣili zaŋ n-ti Fulaanima nyɛla din ku tooi baŋs. Fulaanima ŋɔ pilli ni tooi nyɛ Saharan naɣu guliba Green Sahara saha.[133]

Vihigu shɛli nyɛla din daa lahi niŋ yuuni 2023 ka lala vihigu ŋɔ daa wuhi ni Fulaanima ŋɔ kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla Amhara ka vaabu pihinu nyɛ Tikari.[134]


Fulaannima ban yuli du

1. Mohammadu Bihari; O nyɛla Nigeria nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro.

2. Ahmadou Ahidjo; O nyɛla Cameroon nima tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana.

3. Macky Sall; O nyɛla Senegal nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro.

4. Adama Barrow; O nyɛla Gambia nima tiŋgbani zuɣulana.

5. Umaro Sissoco Embalo; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulana zaŋ ti Guinea-Bissau.

6. Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa zaŋ ti Sierra Leone.

7. Boubou Cisse; O nyɛla Prime Minister n-ti Mali nima.

8. Samira Bawumia; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa paɣa zaŋ ti Ghana nima.

Main article: List of notable Fulanis

Lihi pahi

Noosi

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
  2. ↑ Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.
  3. ↑ Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
  4. ↑ Fulbe (de).
  5. ↑ David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.
  6. ↑ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. Din pahi bɛ wali wali ʒia ŋɔ ni, amaa, shɛba lahi beni ka di mi ba Fulaani —Fulbe Laddi— bam gba kora, maa bɛ leei yɛliya ni bɛ niŋdi la fukumsi zuɣu, amaa ka bɛ yurilim n-nyɛ li.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.
  9. ↑ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  10. ↑ Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe (1996). Fulani. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–17. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6.
  12. ↑ D Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
  13. ↑ ComDir (2023-08-07). Nigeria’s Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side (en-US).
  14. ↑ Religion and expressive culture – Fulani.
  15. ↑ Fulani | people (en).
  16. ↑ Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition on PubMed Central, access-date=2023-10-14
  17. ↑ Africa: Senegal The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (2019).
  18. ↑ Africa: Guinea The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (2023).
  19. ↑ L'ethnie peul au Cameroun Cameroon (15 October 2023).
  20. ↑ Mbororo/Fulani/Peul (15 October 2023).
  21. ↑ Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (27 April 2021).
  22. ↑ Africa: Burkina Faso The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (2019).
  23. ↑ Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (27 April 2021).
  24. ↑ PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES (2013).
  25. ↑ What Is The Ethnic Composition Of Mauritania? (27 April 2021).
  26. ↑ Africa: Guinea-Bissau – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (27 April 2021).
  27. ↑ Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses – GBoS.
  28. ↑ Africa: Chad – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (27 April 2021).
  29. ↑ Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West African countries :: Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel :: Foundation for Strategic Research :: FRS (en).
  31. ↑ Adamawa Fulfulde. Ethnologue.
  32. ↑ Borgu Fulfude. Ethnologue.
  33. ↑ No South Sudan Passports for Fulani, Officials Say | Voice of America – English (en).
  34. ↑ Maasina Fulfulde. Ethnologue.
  35. ↑ Fulani | People, Religion, & Nigeria | Britannica (25 August 2023).
  36. ↑ The homonym Fulani lahi nyɛla Manding niriba gba ni booni shɛli, ka di nyɛla bɛ yihilimi na Fula puuni, bɛ balli ŋɔ ni (n-pahi safixi -ni), ka di gbunni nye 'Fula bila'.
  37. ↑ Bachi ɓ nyɛla din kumdi b, din ka siliminsi ni, din zuɣu ka zaŋ b zali di zaani. orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985) otografi ni, kumsi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ bh zali di zaa ni, so dinzuɣu niri ti tooi sabi li Fulbhe ka che Fulɓe.
  38. ↑ Clark, Andrew F. “The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, 1996, p. 4. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/221416. Accessed 1 July 2023.
  39. ↑ Contributor, Pulse (2022-07-06). Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people (en).
  40. ↑ Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa‘īd" (in en). Journal for Islamic Studies 36 (1): 59–79. ISSN 2957-9163.
  41. ↑ (1996) "Des Foulbé du Mali et de leur Culture". Abbia: Revue culturelle Camerounaise: 23–54.
  42. ↑ Les communautés peules au Mali. Analyse sociétale africaine/African societal Analysis (ASA).
  43. ↑ (1994) "Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines 34 (133/135): 359–384. DOI:10.3406/cea.1994.2056. ISSN 0008-0055.
  44. ↑ (1995) "Birds of Wasulu: Freedom of Expression and Expressions of Freedom in the Popular Music of Southern Mali". British Journal of Ethnomusicology 4: 101–134. DOI:10.1080/09681229508567240. ISSN 0968-1221.
  45. ↑ Interview: Oumou Sangaré Proves Why She's the Songbird of Wassoulou (en).
  46. ↑ (1959) "Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé". Journal des Africanistes 29 (2): 239–260. DOI:10.3406/jafr.1959.1907.
  47. ↑ Mali: People & Society, Burkina Faso: People & Society, Guinea: People & Society, Senegal: People & Society, Niger: People & Society, CIA Factbook (2015)
  48. ↑ Schlee, Gunther; Watson, Elizabeth, eds. (2013-10-15). Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845459635.
  49. ↑ Al-Amin Abu-Manga; Nuhu Auwalu Wakili (1986). Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic. D. Reimer. p. 7. ISBN 9783496008859. The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'
  50. ↑ The World Factbook. CIA.
  51. ↑ Association of Concerned Africa Scholars » Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan. Association of Concerned Africa Scholars.
  52. ↑ Mali: People & Society, Burkina Faso: People & Society, Guinea: People & Society, Senegal: People & Society, Niger: People & Society, CIA Factbook (2015)
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. ISBN 978-2-84586-521-1. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  54. ↑ Carl Skutsch (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1., Quote: "Fulani oral traditions suggest an origin in Egypt or the Middle East, a common theme in West African Muslim traditions.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Webster, G. W. (1931). "242. Customs and Beliefs of the Fulani: Notes Collected During 24 Years Residence in Northern Nigeria". Man 31: 238–244. DOI:10.2307/2790939.
  56. ↑ Unesco General History of Africa (1992). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3. James Currey Publishers. p. 204. ISBN 978-0852550939.
  57. ↑ Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". Journal of Religion in Africa 26 (3): 268–307. DOI:10.1163/157006696X00299.
  58. ↑ Fage, John Donnelly (1997). "Upper and Lower Guinea". In Roland Oliver (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521209816.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Andrea L. Stanton (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.
  60. ↑ John Thornton (28 April 1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–92, xvii–xix. ISBN 978-0-521-62724-5.
  61. ↑ David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: "Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker."
  62. ↑ Knut Vikor (2013). Leif Manger (ed.). Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts. Routledge. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-1-136-81857-8.
  63. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named johnsonmasina
  64. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beek1988fulani
  65. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bruijn
  66. ↑ Not to be confused with Malick Sy, founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order.
  67. ↑ "The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad." (p. 10) Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013. (accessed 6 March 2013)
  68. ↑ (August 1985) "WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS". Indiana University African Studies Program.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Curtin, Philip D. (1975). "The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu". Cahiers d'études africaines 15 (58): 189–202. DOI:10.3406/cea.1975.2592.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Klein, Martin A. (2005). "Futa-Tooro: Early Nineteenth Century". Encyclopedia of African History. 1. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 541. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Last, Murray (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Internet Archive. [New York] Humanities Press.
  73. ↑ Time line. Jamtan.
  74. ↑ Boyle, C. Vicars (1910). "Historical Notes on the Yola Fulanis". Journal of the Royal African Society 10 (37): 73–92. ISSN 0368-4016.
  75. ↑ Materials and Methods.
  76. ↑ Paul Riesman; David L. Szanton (1992). "Global Fulani Society". First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities. Rutgers University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780813517681. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  77. ↑ The Cast System. Jamtan.
  78. ↑ David J. Phillips (2001). Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library. ISBN 9780878083527. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  79. ↑ Portrait of Yarrow Mamout: An Early American Muslim.
  80. ↑ Omar ibn Said (1831). Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  81. ↑ Anderson, R. (2020). Liberated African Origins and the Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade. In Abolition in Sierra Leone: Re-Building Lives and Identities in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (African Identities: Past and Present, pp. 30–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108562423.002
  82. ↑ Misevich, “The Mende and Sherbro Diaspora,” 254.
  83. ↑ Curtin, P., & Vansina, J. (1964). Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade. The Journal of African History, 5(2), 185–208. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004801
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History 32 (2): 221–250. DOI:10.1017/s0021853700025718., Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani, Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and Fulani populations, no later than 1500."
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 (1985) "A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution". Anthropos 80 (1/3): 85–100. “The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi, Senufo, Cangin Serer).”
  86. ↑ African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2009). Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006. IWGIA. p. 41 note 74. ISBN 978-87-91563-48-5.
  87. ↑ (1993) "Fulani Poetic Genres". Research in African Literatures 24 (2): 61–77. “At the top of the hierarchy are cattle-owning Fulani, Toorobbe (literate marabouts who hold spiritual power), Seebe (members of a warrior caste...) The middle of the hierarchy is Tɛmplet:Sic the five castes that...”
  88. ↑ Paul Riesman; David L. Szanton (1992). First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780813517681. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  89. ↑ Hill, Allan G (2012-07-26). Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 9781136882845. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  90. ↑ The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles. Kcm.co.kr.
  91. ↑ Frank Salamone (1997). Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7.
  92. ↑ Fisher, Humphrey J., Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2001), p. 26, ISBN 9781850655244
  93. ↑ (1994) "The Slave Experience in Adamawa: Past and Present Perspectives from Yola (Nigeria) (Une approche historique de l'esclavage dans l'Adamawa du XIXe siècle à nos jours)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines 34 (133/135): 23–53. DOI:10.3406/cea.1994.2039.
  94. ↑ Hampshire, Kate (2006). "Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso". Africa 76 (3): 402–426. DOI:10.3366/afr.2006.0044.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Tor Arve Benjaminsen; Christian Lund (2001). Politics, Property and Production in the West African Sahel: Understanding Natural Resources Management. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 118–119, 122, 127–128, 130–131. ISBN 978-91-7106-476-9.
  96. ↑ Marguerite Dupire (1963), Matériau pour l'étude de l'endogamie des Peul du cercle de Kedougou (Sénégal oriental), Cahiers du Centre de recherches anthropologiques, Volume 5, Numéro 3, pages 235–236, 251, 223–297 (in French)
  97. ↑ (1962) "Signification du groupe ethnique au Mali". L'Homme 2 (2): 106–129. DOI:10.3406/hom.1962.366487.
  98. ↑ JH Vaughn (1970). "Caste System in the Western Sudan". In Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov (ed.). Social Stratification in Africa. Free Press. ISBN 978-0029327807.
  99. ↑ Chodak, Szymon (1973). "Social Stratification in Sub-Saharan Africa". Canadian Journal of African Studies 7 (3): 401–417. DOI:10.2307/484167.
  100. ↑ 4 Things To Know Before Dating Fulani Girls (en-US).
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Martin Patience (2016-08-10). "Nigeria's deadly battle for land: Herdsmen v farmers". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37021044.
  102. ↑ Nigeria: Going Beyond the Green Wall Ritual. allAfrica.com (2013-07-04).
  103. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named July 21, 2012
  104. ↑ Premier (2019-02-07). Nigerian government failing to stop Fulani militants killing Christians, charity says (en-GB).
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 GTD Search Results.
  106. ↑ Amnesty International (2018). Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria (PDF). Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria: Amnesty International.
  107. ↑ (2019) "Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria". Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010.
  108. ↑ Fulani Extremists Kill 3, Burn Church Site in Latest Attack on Christians in Nigeria – Villagers Say Gov't Doing Nothing (en) (2022-04-07).
  109. ↑ The Sahel in flames (en) (2019-05-31).
  110. ↑ GTD Search Results.
  111. ↑ Tobie, Aurélien (December 2017). Central Mali: Violence, Local Perspectives and Diverging Narratives (PDF) (Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  112. ↑ Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030.
  113. ↑ Cameroon: Civilians Massacred in Separatist Area, Human Rights Watch, Feb 25, 2020. Accessed Feb 26, 2020.
  114. ↑ Can an alphabet save a culture? (en-us).
  115. ↑ The Fulani/Fulbe People. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (October 2022).
  116. ↑ "Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side". Perseution.org. International Christian Concern. 8 July 2023. https://www.persecution.org/2023/08/07/nigerias-christian-fulani-face-persecution-from-all-sides/.
  117. ↑ Nigeria's Little Known Fulani Christians Worship In Secret.
  118. ↑ (2021-04-26) "Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations". Human Molecular Genetics 30 (R1): R29–R36. DOI:10.1093/hmg/ddaa239. ISSN 1460-2083. PMID 33105478.
  119. ↑ (2019-12-02) "Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait". BMC Genomics 20 (1): 915. DOI:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7. ISSN 1471-2164. PMID 31791255.
  120. ↑ (May 2002) "A Back Migration from Asia to Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (5): 1197–1214. DOI:10.1086/340257. PMID 11910562.
  121. ↑ (2004) "The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C−13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans". The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (6): 1102–1110. DOI:10.1086/421050. PMID 15106124.
  122. ↑ (2008) "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 (3): 316–23. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
  123. ↑ (2013) "Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 151 (1): 10–21. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.22236. PMID 23460272.
  124. ↑ (1990) "Differential effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on constitutive and hormone-inducible gene expression in rat hepatoma cells". Chemico-Biological Interactions 73 (2–3): 207–19. DOI:10.1016/0009-2797(90)90004-7. PMID 1690087.
  125. ↑ (2006) "MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations". Human Biology 78 (1): 9–27. DOI:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16900879.
  126. ↑ (2006) "mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations". Human Biology 78 (1): 9–27. DOI:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16900879.
  127. ↑ (2009) "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science 324 (5930): 1035–44. DOI:10.1126/science.1172257. PMID 19407144.
  128. ↑ (2015-05-28) "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" (in en). Scientific Reports 5 (1): 9996. DOI:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 26017457.
  129. ↑ (2015-11-26) "Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt". Genome Biology and Evolution 7 (12): 3484–3495. DOI:10.1093/gbe/evv236. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 26614524.
  130. ↑ (November 2020) "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 173 (3): 423–436. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 32812238.
  131. ↑ (2019-04-26) "African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations". Genome Biology 20 (1): 82. DOI:10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2. ISSN 1474-760X. PMID 31023338.
  132. ↑ (2020-01-22) "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history". Nature 577 (7792): 665–670. DOI:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31969706.
  133. ↑ D’Atanasio, Eugenia (April 6, 2023). "Echoes from the last Green Sahara: whole genome analysis of Fulani, a key population to unveil the genetic evolutionary history of Africa". DOI:10.1101/2023.04.06.535569.
  134. ↑ (2023-03-02) "Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation". Cell 186 (5): 923–939.e14. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 36868214.

Kundivihira

General references

  • Almanach de Bruxelles (now a paying site)
  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Adamawa Fulfulde". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006.
  • Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). Fulani. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger

Further reading

  • Prof. Mark D. DeLancey's Fulbe studies bibliography, accessed 25 March 2008.
  • Morel, E.D. (1902). Affairs of West Africa (in English). London: William Heinemann., chapter XVI – The Fulani in West African History, pp. 130–135; chapter XVII – Origins of the Fulani, pp. 136–152.
  • Can an Alphabet Save a Future? – Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked
  • Monembo, Tierno. (2004). Peuls. Editions Seuil.
  • Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine.

Tɛmplet:Scholia


Lahabali ŋɔ kuli nyɛla zaɣa ŋmaa. A ni tooi sɔŋsi Wikipedia ka ti sabi li ka di yaligi.


  1. ↑ Tɛmplet:Lang-ff, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Tɛmplet:Lang-ha; Kanuri: Fillata; Tɛmplet:Lang-pt; Tɛmplet:Lang-wo; Tɛmplet:Lang-bm; Tɛmplet:Lang-kcg
Di yila "https://dag.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulani&oldid=90619"