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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Emerson
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|leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba|MLA]] ([[Borderland (electoral district)|Borderland]])}}
|leader_name1 = [[Josh Guenter]] [[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|(PC)]]
|leader_title2 = [[House of Commons of Canada|MP]] ([[Provencher (electoral district)|Provencher]])
|leader_name2 = [[Ted Falk]]
|leader_title3 =
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|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 795
|website = {{Official URL|http://www.townofemerson.com/}}
}}
'''Emerson''' is an unincorporated community recognized as a [[local urban district]] (LUD)<ref name=LUDR>{{cite web | url=http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/_pdf-regs.php?reg=174/99 | title=Local Urban Districts Regulation | publisher=Government of Manitoba | date=April 23, 2016 | access-date=April 24, 2016}}</ref> in south central [[Manitoba]], Canada, located within the [[Municipality of Emerson – Franklin]]. It has a population of 678 as of the [[2016 Canada Census|2016 Canada census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=DPL&Code1=460157&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&SearchText=Emerson&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=460157&TABID=1&type=0|accessdateaccess-date=23 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census}}</ref>
 
== Location and transportation ==
Emerson, named after writer [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], is located 96 kilometerskilometres south of [[Winnipeg]] along the [[Red River of the North|Red River]], just north of the [[United States]] border at the point where the province of [[Manitoba]] and states of [[Minnesota]] and [[North Dakota]] meet. TheBeing communityin isthe far southwestern corner of municipality, the LUD shares borderedborders bywith the [[Rural Municipality of Montcalm]] in Manitoba, [[Pembina County, North Dakota|Pembina County]] in North Dakota, and [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson County]] in Minnesota. The towns of [[St. Vincent, Minnesota]], and [[Pembina, North Dakota]], are located just a few kilometerskilometres south of the border in the United States. The unincorporated community of [[Noyes, Minnesota]], lies immediately across the border from Emerson,; however, the border crossing between the two is now closed.
 
The principal roads serving Emerson are [[Manitoba Highway 75|Highway 75]] and [[Manitoba Provincial Road 200|Provincial Road 200]], which run north to Winnipeg along either side of the Red River.
{{As of|2020}} Highway 75 at Emerson is currentlywas being redeveloped in order to accommodate expansion of the Emerson port of entry. As part of this project, Emerson's access to Highway 75 was moved {{convert|1.2|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} north of the former junction (removed in 2019).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pembinavalleyonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42824%3Aborder-highway-redesign-displayed-at-emerson-open-house&Itemid=338|title=Border Highway Redesign Displayed At Emerson Open House|publisher=PembinaValleyOnline.com|date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
 
=== Emerson port of entry ===
{{main|Pembina–Emerson Border Crossing|Noyes–Emerson East Border Crossing}}
<!--[[File:Emerson highway map.png|thumb|left|Highways 75 and 200 at Emerson, current and original configurations]]-->
The border crossing at Emerson, Manitoba and Pembina, North Dakota is the fifth -busiest along the [[Canada–United States border]], and the second-busiest west of the [[Great Lakes]]. It is part of a [[North American SuperCorridor Coalition|large trade corridor]] that links the [[Canadian prairies]] with the United States and [[Mexico]]. Annual cross-border trade is valued at over $14 billion [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]. The ports of entry on both sides are open 24 hours and offer full border services. An estimated one million people pass through the border crossing each year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/tspd/current.html |title=Manitoba Government - Current Transportation Planning Studies |access-date=2017-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325084459/http://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/tspd/current.html |archive-date=2014-03-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
For many years, Emerson was among very few communities in Canada to have multiple border crossings. It was serviced by the current port of entry, originally designated as West Lynne, and the now-closed [[Noyes–Emerson East Border Crossing|Emerson East port of entry opposite Noyes, Minnesota]]. In its original configuration, Highway 75 ended at the Emerson East crossing, the busier of the two crossings during the early and mid parts of the 20th century, where it continued south as [[U.S. Route 75]]. Travelers wishing to enter [[North Dakota]] turned south onto a short road leading to the border (later designated [[Manitoba Highway 29|Highway 29]]) which continued into North Dakota as [[U.S. Route 81]]. The importance of the Emerson East crossing declined after [[Interstate 29]] superseded U.S. 81 in 1957 and subsequent realignment of Highways 75 and 29 to serve the West Lynne-Pembina crossing. Dwindling use of the Emerson East port of entry prompted the Canadian government to close the border station in June 2003. The American government closed the Noyes port of entry three years later.<ref>[http://www.canhighways.com/MB/75.php Highway 75 at Canhighways.com]</ref>
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South of Emerson, the [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National (CN)]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway|Canadian Pacific (CP)]] Railways cross the border and are met, respectively, by the [[BNSF Railway]] and the [[Soo Line Railroad]] (CP's main U.S. subsidiary). There are customs inspection facilities for both lines on either side of the border.
 
With the passage of [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Executive Order 13769]] in 2017, Emerson has seen a large influx of immigrants walking across the border to apply for asylum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/down-on-the-border/|title=Down on the border|first1=Jason|last1=Markusoff|first2=Nancy|last2=Macdonald|first3=Aaron|last3=Hutchins|first4=Meagan|last4=Campbell|publisher=Maclean's|date=2017-07-11|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref> Many of them have found assistance with the Manitoba Interfaith Immigration Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/canada-illegal-immigrants-cross-us-border-emerson-escape-deportation-camps-us-customs-undocumented-a7652756.html|title=Welcome to Emerson, the tiny Canadian border town where hundreds of refugees have fled from Trump's America|first=Andrew|last=Buncombe|publisherwork=The Independent|date=2017-04-22|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref> In 2018, Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party of Canada [[Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)|Pablo Rodriguez]] began a series of visits to immigrant communities, warning potential border crossers that those who do not qualify for refugee status could be returned to their countries of origin rather than the United States.<ref>{{cite webnews|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-canadian-envoy-tps-20180129-story.html|title=Worried about Trump-stoked exodus of immigrants, Canada discourages illegal crossings|first=Cindy|last=Carcamo|worknewspaper=LALos Angeles Times|date=2018-01-29|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2021}}A migrant family of four Indian nationals was found frozen to death in January 2022 on the northern side of the US-Canada border.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-27 |title=Family who died in freezing cold by US-Canada border identified |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60162500 Reported 28 January 2022|access-date=2023-03-06}}</ref>
 
== History ==
[[File:Emerson court house.jpg|thumb|left|Court houseCourthouse and former town hall, built in 1917.]]
In 1873, American businessmen [[Thomas Carney (Canadian politician)|Thomas Carney]] and William Fairbanks, following advice from railroad entrepreneur [[James J. Hill]], received a grant from the Provinceprovince of Manitoba for 640 acres along the east side of the Red River near the [[Canada–United States border]]. Hill had advised Carney and Fairbanks that the area had significant potential to become a railway hub for the region. The existing settlement of West Lynne on the west side of the river had already established itself as a key point along the trading routes between Winnipeg and [[St. Paul, Minnesota]]. With the emergence of railroads during this time, the addition of their own railway would bring great economic prosperity.<ref name="mhsgateway">{{cite journal | last = Ewens| first = Sharon| title = Historical Tour - Emerson: Gateway to the West| journal = Manitoba History | issue = 30| publisher = The Manitoba Historical Society| location = [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]| year = 1995 | url = http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/30/emersontour.shtml | access-date = 22 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name="mhsrise">{{cite journalnews | last = Forrestor| first = Marjorie| title = The Rise and Fall of Emerson| journalwork = Manitoba PagaentPageant | publisher = The Manitoba Historical Society| location = [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]| year = 1957 | url =http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/02/emerson.shtml | access-date = 22 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name="emerson">{{cite encyclopedia| title = Emerson|encyclopedia = The Canadian Encyclopedia|last=Lyon|first=D.M. | publisher = Historica-Dominion | access-date = 22 August 2012|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/emerson|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203232525/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/emerson|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 3, 2013}}</ref>
 
In 1874, the two men led a group of 100 who formed the new settlement of Emerson, which was named after writer and poet [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]. With the promise that Emerson could be the new "gateway to the west", the settlement grew quickly and, by 1876, a church and a school were built.<ref name="mhsgateway" />
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Emerson was originally incorporated as a town in 1879. Over the next four years, the community experienced a boom. Its population swelled to over 10,000 and in 1883, the community absorbed the neighbouring community of West Lynne. A court house, town hall, and other large, elaborate structures were erected as businesses thrived, thanks to immigrants and travelers from the east stopping in Emerson before embarking west. To help cement its status as "gateway to the west", the town negotiated with [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] to build a new railway west from Emerson. However, shortly after work on the line began, CPR reconsidered and the railway was never built.<ref name="mhsgateway" /><ref name="mhsrise" />
 
Coupled with the completion of CPR's [[transcontinental railroadrailway]] through Winnipeg, the loss of the western railway ended the prospects of Emerson being the "gateway to the west", a title that would be bestowed upon Winnipeg. Businesses relocated to Winnipeg and travelers who would previously would have come to Manitoba through Emerson were now taking the new all-Canadian CPR route to Winnipeg and then west. By 1884, only ten years after the settlement was founded, the community was bankrupt. It would take the community years to recover.<ref name="mhsgateway" /><ref name="mhsrise" /> A fire destroyed the original town hall in 1917. A new town hall was built to replace it, with help from the Manitoba government. Many of the abandoned buildings were eventually destroyed by [[Red River floods]], while others were removed to make way for the dike that was constructed around the community.
 
From around 1936 to 1956, Emerson obtained its power across the border from a long 2400-volt distribution circuit originating from Pembina. This line was initially operated by the Interstate Power Company and was sold to the [[Otter Tail Power Company]] in 1944. In 1956, the town made arrangements to obtain its electrical needs from [[Manitoba Hydro]] and the cross-border distribution line was removed.
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=== West Lynne ===
[[File:West Lynne, Manitoba.jpg|thumb|The original post office and customs house at West Lynne, built c. 1871]]
[[File:CN Railway bridge at Emerson, Manitoba.jpg|thumb|[[Canadian National Railway|CN Railway]] bridge crossing the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] at Emerson.]]
 
West Lynne was established in the early 1870s by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], next to their North Pembina post, prior to which the company had operated a post at [[Pembina, North Dakota|Fort Pembina]] two miles to the south, in American territory. After losing the fort in a [[Fenian raids|Fenian raid]] in 1871, they withdrew and established the post inside Canadian territory.<ref name="ops">{{cite web|title=Postal History of West Lynne, Manitoba|url=http://www.ottawaphilatelicsociety.org/resources/reference-articles/canada-postal-history-of-west-lynne-manitoba|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415150311/http://www.ottawaphilatelicsociety.org/resources/reference-articles/canada-postal-history-of-west-lynne-manitoba|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2013|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipegrealestatenews.com/Resources/Article/?sysid=514|title=WinnipegREALTORS®|work=winnipegrealestatenews.com}}</ref>
 
A post office, telegraph station, and customs house were soon constructed at West Lynne, making it a key point along the [[Red River Trails|Red River trade routes]] for both river and land traffic.<ref name="ops"/>
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The fort was located on the west side of the Red River, approximately two kilometers north of West Lynne. It was established by the Government of Canada in 1872 as a base for their contingent of the North American Boundary Commission. The commission was tasked with defining and marking the Canada-U.S. border. It later served an immigration station and police post. By 1879, the Canadian government no longer had use for the fort and sold the property.<ref name="fortduff">{{cite web|title=Fort Dufferin National Historic Site of Canada|url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12688|access-date=22 August 2012|publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref><ref name="mhsfortduff">{{cite journal | title = Dufferin: Then and Now| journal = Manitoba History | issue = 23 | publisher = The Manitoba Historical Society| location = [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]| date = Spring 1992 | url = http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/23/dufferin.shtml| access-date = 22 August 2012 }}</ref>
 
Fort Dufferin is best known as the starting point for the [[North-West Mounted Police]]'s infamous [[March West]] in 1874. This marked the only time the entire force was ever assembled at one place.
 
Today, the Fort Dufferin site is owned by the Provinceprovince of Manitoba. A cairn and plaque mark the historic site, which is open to the public during the summer.
 
== Demographics ==
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Emerson had a population of 660 living in 294 of its 321 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:660-678}}|678|1}} from its 2016 population of 678. With a land area of {{cvt|7.35|km2}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|660|7.35|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=9810001201 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada and designated places | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | access-date=Sep 3, 2022}}</ref>
 
== Government ==
Emerson is located at the far southwest corner of the federal riding of [[Provencher (electoral district)|Provencher]], which is represented by [[Ted Falk]]. At the provincial level, the community is represented by [[Josh Guenter]], [[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba|MLA]] for the [[Borderland (electoral district)|Borderland riding]].
 
== Community services ==
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== Climate ==
 
Emerson experiences a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Dfb]]), and a [[Hardiness zone|Plant Hardiness]] of zone 3b.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx|title=Interactive Map|work=usda.gov}}</ref> Along with St. Albans, Emerson holds the record for Manitoba's highest temperature of {{convert|44.4|C|0}} on 12 July 1936, during the [[1936 North American heat wave]]. The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-46.7|C|0}} on 9 February 1899.<ref name="Emerson"/>
 
{{Weather box
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}}
 
== Local mediaMedia ==
 
=== Television ===
* [[KGFE]] Channel 2 ([[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]) [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]]
* [[CBWT]] Channel 6 ([[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]) [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]]
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== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{Official website|http://www.townofemerson.com/ }}
 
{{MBDivision3}}
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[[Category:Local urban districts in Manitoba]]
[[Category:Pembina Valley Region]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1874]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 disestablishments in Manitoba]]
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