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'''Pilot Butte''' is a lava dome that was created from an [[extinct volcano]] located in [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]], [[Oregon]]. It is a [[cinder cone]] [[butte]] which rises nearly {{convert|500|ft|-1}} above the surrounding plains. Bend is one of six cities in the United States to have a [[List of volcanoes in the United States|volcano]] within its boundaries. The other examples are [[Mount Tabor (Oregon)|Mount Tabor]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], [[Jackson Volcano]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], [[Diamond Head, Hawaii|Diamond Head]] in [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], [[Glassford Hill, Arizona|Glassford Hill]] in [[Prescott Valley, Arizona|Prescott Valley]] and [[Pilot Knob (Austin, Texas)|Pilot Knob]] in [[Austin, Texas]].
 
The {{convert|114.22|acre|ha|adj=on|abbr=off}} '''Pilot Butte State Scenic Viewpoint''', presented as a gift to the State of Oregon in 1928, is a Bend icon. Pilot Butte itself is a popular hiking destination with two trails to the summit, each gaining about {{convert|490|ft|-1|abbr=on}} in elevation. There is also a {{convert|1.8|mile|adj=on}} trail around the base of the butte. A scenic road also winds up and around the cone. In 2018, the park was the most visited [[List of Oregon state parks|Oregon state park]] east of the [[Cascade Mountains]]. From the top, the entire city of Bend is visible, as well as several major Cascade peaks. Most prominent are theincluding [[Three SistersMount (Oregon)|Three SistersBachelor]], [[Broken Top]], and the [[MountThree Sisters (Oregon)|Three BachelorSisters]], which are located about {{convert|20|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the west. The City of Bend launches [[Independence Day (US)|Fourth of Julyfireworks]] fireworks from Pilot Butte eachevery year.<ref>{{cite[[Independence webDay |title=July 4th Fireworks Spectacular(United States)|publisher=BendIndependence Oregon Visitor Bureau for Hotels, Lodging, or Restaurants |url=http://wwwDay]].visitbend.com/Bend_Oregon_Activities_Recreation/bend_oregon_events_calendar/July_4th_Fireworks_Spectacular_0 |access-date=2013-01-12}}</ref>
 
== Geography ==
|[[File:BendOregon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Viewed from suburbia (2003)]]▼
Pilot Butte is located in [[Deschutes County, Oregon]]. The volcano lies north of [[Newberry Volcano]], east of the [[Cascade Range]], and southwest of the [[Ochoco Mountains]].{{sfn|Jensen|Donnelly-Nolan|Mckay|2009|p=76}} It sits at the eastern edge of the city of [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]].{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|1984|p=669}} The [[Geographic Names Information System]] database lists its summit elevation as {{convert|4141|ft|m}};<ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis |id=1147672 |name=Pilot Butte |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> the [[National Geodetic Survey]] lists its elevation as {{convert|4142|ft|m}}.<ref name="ngs"/>▼
 
Pilot Butte is situated on [[U.S. Route 20]] in [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]], [[Deschutes County, Oregon]].<ref name="ngs" /> The volcano lies north of [[Newberry Volcano]], east of the [[Cascade Range]], and southwest of the [[Ochoco Mountains]].{{sfn|Jensen|Donnelly-Nolan|Mckay|2009|p=76}}
 
▲Pilot Butte is located in [[Deschutes County, Oregon]]. The volcano lies north of [[Newberry Volcano]], east of the [[Cascade Range]], and southwest of the [[Ochoco Mountains]].{{sfn|Jensen|Donnelly-Nolan|Mckay|2009|p=76}} It sits at the eastern edge of the city of [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]].{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|1984|p=669}} The [[Geographic Names Information System]] database lists its summit elevation as {{convert|4141|ft|m}};<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis |id=1147672 |name=Pilot Butte |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> the [[National Geodetic Survey]] lists its elevation as {{convert|4142|ft|m}}.<ref name="ngs" />
 
== Geology and eruptive history ==
 
Pilot Butte is a Pleistocene [[cinder cone]] volcano.{{sfn|Harris|2005|p=169}}<ref name=usgsdescription>{{cite web|title=Description: Pilot Butte Cinder Cone, Oregon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230725/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/PilotButte/description_pilot_butte.html|url=http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/PilotButte/|archive-date=June 11, 2011|date=January 25, 2007|accessdate=April 29, 2023|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> It lies just outside the southeastern margin of the [[Crooked River caldera]],{{sfn|McClaughry|Ferns|Streck|Patridge|2009|p=416}} which collapsed and formed [[volcanic field]]s of [[rhyolite|rhyolitic]] [[lava flow]]s, [[lava dome]]s, and [[dike (geology)|dikes]]{{sfn|McClaughry|Ferns|Streck|Patridge|2009|p=415}} including [[Powell Buttes]], [[Gray Butte]], [[Grizzly Mountain (Oregon)|Grizzly Mountain]], and [[Barnes Butte]].{{sfn|McClaughry|Ferns|Streck|Patridge|2009|p=412}} During the late [[Pleistocene]], eruptions at [[Newberry Volcano]] produced voluminous [[basalt]] lava flows that extended into the area now occupied by Bend and [[Redmond, Oregon|Redmond]]. About 78,000 years ago, similar eruptive activity formed lava flows that surrounded Pilot Butte and filled the Deschutes riverbed, altering the course of the river by redirecting it to form a new channel to the west. The interior of these lava flows can be explored at [[Lava River Cave]].{{sfn|Harris|2005|p=169}}
 
LavaPilot Butte erupted [[basaltic andesite]], which underlies other lava flows dating to the Quaternary near Bend.{{sfn|Wellik|2008|p=12}} There are four major [[fault (geology)|faults]] in the Bend area, which run from the northern side of Newberry Volcano to {{convert|2|km|mi|disp=flip}} north of the point where [[U.S. Route 20 in Oregon|Oregon Highway 20]] and [[U.S. Route 97 in Oregon|97]] meet.{{sfn|Wellik|2008|p=17}} These faults have produced vertical surface separation of up to {{convert|12|to|20|m|ft|disp=flip}} in their southern components, including [[Vertical displacement|displacement]] of {{convert|10|m|ft|disp=flip}} northeast of Pilot Butte.{{sfn|Wellik|2008|p=17}} One of the four is a [[Fault_(geology)#Dip-slip_faults|normal]] fault that runs for {{convert|10.3|km|mi|disp=flip}} in length with an average strike of 26° trending north–west, one of its endpoints approximately {{convert|3|km|mi|disp=flip}} southeast of Pilot Butte.{{sfn|Wellik|2008|p=64}} Deposits on Pilot Butte's northeastern side exhibit variable degrees of displacement, implying several distinct surface ruptures,{{sfn|Wellik|2008|p=26}} and lava deposited by Pilot Butte has an [[escarpment]] of more than {{convert|20|m|ft|disp=flip}}.{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=11}} Pleistocene activity produced highly [[porphyritic]] lava with 10 to 15&nbsp;percent [[plagioclase]] [[phenocryst]]s reaching diameters of up to {{convert|5|mm|in|disp=flip}}. The lava is composed of 53.5&nbsp;percent [[silicon dioxide|silica]] and 20&nbsp;percent [[aluminum oxide]].{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=22}} The volcano's lower southwest flank is covered with white, [[rhyolite|rhyolitic]] [[tephra]],{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=11}} which is similar in composition to tephra found at Tumalo Creek;{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=22}} Sherrod et al. (2004) attribute the Tumalo Creek pumice to Pilot Butte.{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=38}} The pumice deposit at Tumalo Creek has a thickness of at least {{convert|2|m|ft|disp=flip}} with [[lapilli]] reaching up to {{convert|7|cm|ft|disp=flip}} in length.{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=38}} White lapilli have phenocrysts of plagioclase and [[clinopyroxene]] ranging from {{Convert|1|to|1|mm|in|disp=flip}}. Darker lapilli are mostly [[aphyric]] (lacking phenocrysts).{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=38}}
 
Pilot Butte is [[Volcano#Extinct|extinct]].<ref name="Oregon State Parks"/> Its exact age is unknown,{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=11}} though one study dated the volcano to about 188,000 ± 42,000 years ago.{{sfn|Jensen|Donnelly-Nolan|Mckay|2009|p=76}} The volcanic rock has normal [[Geomagnetic reversal|magnetic polarity]], suggesting that it was laid down after the [[Brunhes–Matuyama reversal|most recent geomagnetic reversal]] about 780,000 years ago.{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Sherrod|Taylor|Ferns|Scott|2004|p=22}} The butte's light-colored soil contains some ash from the eruption of [[Mount Mazama]] (which formed [[Crater Lake]]).<ref name="Oregon State Parks">{{Cite web |title=Pilot Butte State Scenic Viewpoint |url=https://stateparks.oregon.gov/index.cfm?do=main.loadFile&load=_siteFiles%2Fpublications%2F%2FPilot_Butte_trail_and_interpretive_guide_Web_LOW_RES125826.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=Oregon State Parks|publisher=[[Oregon Parks and Recreation Department]]}}</ref>
 
== Ecology ==
|[[File:Pilot Butte, Oregon (2014) - 09.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|Butte ecology (2014)]]▼
 
The most common tree on Pilot Butte is [[Western juniper]], which is sometimes parasitized by witches' broom [[mistletoe]]. Also abundant are [[sagebrush]] and the similar plants [[bitterbrush]] and [[rabbitbrush]]. The [[invasive species]] [[cheatgrass]] is likely the most common grass on the butte. Wildflowers that appear include [[sand lily]], [[rock cress]], [[penstemon]], [[Castilleja|paintbrush]], [[buckwheat]], [[yarrow]], [[blazing star]], [[mariposa lily]], [[Lupinus|lupine]], and [[monkeyflower]]. [[Ponderosa pine]] and [[Ribes sanguineum|red currant]] can also be found. Birds and deer feed on some of the plants, and some animals use [[snags]] as shelter.<ref name="Oregon State Parks"/>
 
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Pilot Butte was named in 1851 by Thomas Clark, leader of the first party of European settlers to camp on the future site of Bend. The Clark wagon train approached the area from the east after recovering from the [[Clark massacre]].
 
In 1932, a [[National Geodetic Survey]] station was placed at the top of the volcano. By 1971 this was at the center of a [[traffic circle]] atop the butte.<ref name="ngs" /> In 1984, the butte was near Bend's eastern edge.{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|1984|p=669}}
In 1983, a [[drive-in]] hamburger restaurant called Pilot Butte Drive-In was opened next to the butte on Greenwood Avenue. It remained open until 2020, when it was closed in response to [[COVID-19 lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohanan |first=A. |date=2020-04-24 |title=Pilot Butte Drive-In closes; beloved burger joint future in doubt |url=https://centraloregondaily.com/pilot-butte-drive-in-for-sale-future-of-famed-burger-joint-in-doubt/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Central Oregon Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> The property was sold and later reopened as a pizza, beer, and poker establishment,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Pizza, beer, poker club planned for Bend’s Pilot Butte Drive-In spot |url=https://centraloregondaily.com/pizza-beer-poker-club-planned-for-bends-pilot-butte-drive-in-spot/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Central Oregon Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> known as the Pilot Butte Taproom or the Bend Poker Room.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Pilot Butte Taproom, Bend Poker Room brings new life to iconic dining spot |url=https://ktvz.com/videos/local-videos/2023/02/10/pilot-butte-taproom-bend-poker-room-brings-new-life-to-iconic-dining-spot/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[KTVZ]] |language=en-US}}</ref>▼
 
|[[File:Pilot Butte Drive-In.jpg|thumb|The closed Pilotrestaurant Butte Drive-Inin (2022)]]▼
A National Geodetic Survey station sits at the top of the volcano about {{convert|1|mi|km}} east of Bend. It sits in the center of a [[traffic circle]] and was placed in 1932. It can be reached from traveling east on [[U.S. Route 20]] and following a winding paved road to the highest point on the volcano.<ref name="ngs"/>
 
▲In 1983, a [[drive-in]] hamburger restaurant called Pilot Butte Drive-In was opened next to the butte on Greenwood Avenue. It remained open until 2020, when it was closed in response to [[COVID-19 lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohanan |first=A. |date=2020-04-24 |title=Pilot Butte Drive-In closes; beloved burger joint future in doubt |url=https://centraloregondaily.com/pilot-butte-drive-in-for-sale-future-of-famed-burger-joint-in-doubt/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Central Oregon Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> The property was sold and later reopened as a pizza, beer, and poker establishment,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Pizza, beer, poker club planned for Bend’s Pilot Butte Drive-In spot |url=https://centraloregondaily.com/pizza-beer-poker-club-planned-for-bends-pilot-butte-drive-in-spot/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Central Oregon Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> known as the Pilot Butte Taproom or the Bend Poker Room.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Pilot Butte Taproom, Bend Poker Room brings new life to iconic dining spot |url=https://ktvz.com/videos/local-videos/2023/02/10/pilot-butte-taproom-bend-poker-room-brings-new-life-to-iconic-dining-spot/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[KTVZ]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
== Recreation ==
A winding paved road extendsspirals to the top of the summit, which is accessible by car during daylight hours but is closed in winter.<ref name="ngs" />{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|1984|p=669}} during daylight hours, although it closes during the winter season.<ref name="Oregon State Parks"/> Several hiking trails traverse the volcano, all reaching the summit. Other volcanoes in the Cascades can be seen from Pilot Butte's summit, including (seen from left to right) [[Mount Bachelor]], [[Broken Top]], the [[Three Sisters (Oregon)|Three Sisters]], [[BlackMount ButteWashington (Oregon)|BlackMount ButteWashington]], [[Three Fingered Jack]], [[Mount Jefferson (Oregon)|Mount Jefferson]], [[Black Butte (Oregon)|Black Butte]], and [[Mount Hood]].<ref name=usgsdescription/> In 2010, a {{convert|1.8|mile|adj=on}} trail was constructed around the base of the butte.<ref name=oregonlive>{{cite web|title=The 20 most popular Oregon state parks in 2018|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/02/b0595c0dc85055/the-20-most-popular-oregon-state-parks-in-2018.html|access-date=27 April 2020|website=oregonlive.com|publisher=[[The Oregonian]]}}</ref>
 
Pilot Butte State Scenic Viewpoint includes more than {{convert|7|mi|km}} of trails on the volcano.<ref name="Oregon State Parks"/> The park had 949,968 annual visits in 2018, making it the most visited Oregon Statestate Parkpark east of the [[Cascade Mountains]] and the ninth most popular in the state.<ref name=oregonlive/> Bend launches [[fireworks]] from the butte every [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], commonly sparking small fires in the butte's vicinity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Isabella |date=2023-07-05 |title=2 months of preparation helped Bend crews knock down Pilot Butte's Fourth of July fireworks fires |url=https://ktvz.com/news/fire/2023/07/04/bends-bigger-pilot-butte-fourth-fireworks-show-also-sparks-spot-fires-on-the-slopes/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=KTVZ |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
==Gallery==
 
{{gallery|mode=packed
▲|BendOregon.jpg|Viewed from suburbia (2003)
|BendORPanoramic.jpg|Panoramic view of Bend from the peak (2008)
▲|Pilot Butte, Oregon (2014) - 09.JPG|Butte ecology (2014)
▲|Pilot Butte Drive-In.jpg|The closed Pilot Butte Drive-In (2022)
}}
 
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== Sources ==
 
* {{cite journal|url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/p8418s58b|last=Allen|first=J. E.|journal=The Ore Bin|publisher=[[Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries]]|volume=37|issue=9|date=September 1975|title=Volcanoes of the Portland Area, Oregon|pages=145–160}}
 
* {{cite book |last=Harris |first=S. L. |title=Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company |location=Missoula, Montana |year=2005 |edition=Third|isbn=978-0-87842-511-2}}
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*{{cite book| last1 = McArthur| first1 = L. A.| author-link1 = Lewis A. McArthur|last2=McArthur|first2=L. L.|author-link2 = Lewis L. McArthur | title = Oregon Geographic Names| orig-year = 1928| edition = 6th| year = 1984| publisher = [[Oregon Historical Society|Oregon Historical Society Press]]| location = [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]]| isbn = 978-0-87595-237-6| title-link = Oregon Geographic Names}}
 
* {{cite book|last1=McClaughry|first1=J. D.|last2=Ferns|first2=M. L.|last3=Streck|first3=M. J.|last4=Patridge|first4=K. A.|last5=Gordon|first5=C. L.|title=Volcanoes to Vineyards|editor-last1=O'Connor|editor-first1=J. E.|editor-last2=Dorsey|editor-first2=R. J.|editor-last3=Madin|editor-first3=I. P.|chapter=Paleogene calderas of central and eastern Oregon: Eruptive sources of widespread tuffs in the John Day and Clarno Formations|year=2009|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/books/book/885/chapter-abstract/3930413/Paleogene-calderas-of-central-and-eastern?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}
 
*{{cite report|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2683/i2683_bend_pamphlet.pdf|title=Geologic Map of the Bend 30- × 60-Minute Quadrangle, Central Oregon|last1=Sherrod|first1=D. R.|last2=Taylor|first2=E. M.|last3=Ferns|first3=M. L.|last4=Scott|first4=W. E.|last5=Convrey|first5=R. M.|last6=Smith|first6=G. A.|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2004}}
 
* {{cite thesis|last=Wellik|first=J. M.|url=https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/hq37vr06r|title=Quaternary faulting of Deschutes County, Oregon
|publisher=[[California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt]]|year=2008}}
 
== External links ==
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Deschutes County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Oregon]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the United States]]
 
[[de:Pilot Butte State Scenic Viewpoint]]
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