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===TOS/360===
'''TOS/360''' (Tape Operating System/360, not a DOS as such and not so called) was an [[IBM]] [[operating system]] for the [[System/360]], used in the early days around 1965 to support the [[IBM System/360 Model 30|System/360 Model 30]] and similar platforms.
TOS, as per the "Tape" in the name, required a tape drive. It shared most of the code base<ref name=40Y.mem>{{cite newsgroup|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.folklore.computers/RZA6FD27Tc0/-LoIXsOee7gJ|title=DOS/360: Forty years|author=Joe Morris|newsgroup=alt.folklore.computer|date=April 25, 2005|quote=Don't forget TOS, the bastard cousin of DOS. Either could be generated from the same set of distribution libraries...}}</ref> and some manuals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/dos/GC24-5030-8_Disk_and_Tape_Operating_Systems_Concepts_and_Facilities_Oct70.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Disk and Tape Operating Systems Concepts and Facilities|date=October 1970|id=GC2ij-5030-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/dos/GC24-3465-8_DOS_and_TOS_Utility_Programs_R26.1_Aug73.pdf|title=DOS and TOS Utility Programs|date=August 1973|id=GC24-3465-8}}</ref> with IBM's DOS/360.
TOS went through 14 releases, and was discontinued<ref>{{cite mailing list|url=https://www.mail-archive.com/ibmvm@listserv.uark.edu/msg24371.html|author=Anne and Lynn Wheeler|title=Re: IBM 1401|date=May 28, 2009|mailing-list=ibmvm@listserv.uark.edu}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2019}} when disks such as the [[IBM 2311]] and [[IBM 2314]] became more affordable at the time of System/360,<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Computerworld|date=September 5, 1977|volume=11|issue=36|pages=39–40|title=IBM Feared Competition to 360/30 CPU|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAq5oP06EfEC&pg=PA39}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2019}} whereas they had been an expensive luxury on the [[IBM 7090]].
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===VSE/AF===
'''VSE/Advanced Functions'''<ref>{{cite
| title = VSE/Advanced Functions Program Summary
| id = GC33-6157-0
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| publisher = IBM
}}
</ref> (VSE/AF),
===SSX/VSE===
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* DOS/360 for machines with at least 16 KB memory and a [[disk drive]],
* TOS/360 for machines with at least 16 KB memory and a [[tape drive]].<ref group=NB>DOS/360 and TOS/360 had the same code base; the difference was whether it used disk libraries or tape libraries.</ref>
When OS/360 was finally released, a year late, it required at least 64 KB of memory. DOS was designed to use little memory, and could run on 16 KB machines, a configuration available on the low-end [[IBM 2030|S/360 model 30]]. Unlike OS/360, DOS/360 was initially a single-job system which did not support [[Computer multitasking|multitasking]]. A version with multitasking, supporting up to three [[Memory management (operating systems)#Partitioned allocation|memory partitions]], requiring 32 KB of memory was later released. Despite its limitations, DOS/360 became the most widely used operating system for processors with less than 256 KB of memory{{
DOS/360 was the operating system which filled the time gap between the announcement of the System/360 and the availability of the intended operating system, OS/360. As a result of the delay, a number of customers implemented DOS systems and committed significant investments to run them. IBM expected that DOS/360 users would soon upgrade to OS/360, but as a result of those investments, they were reluctant to commit to such conversion. IBM then needed to continue to offer DOS/360 as an additional operating system. The [[Hacker's Jargon File]] incorrectly states that [[GECOS]] (also known as GCOS) was copied from DOS/360, which was not the case, however the [[Xerox Data Systems]] [[Xerox Operating System]] (XOS) was intentionally similar to DOS to simplify program porting.
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==Job control==
All DOS job control statements began with "{{mono|//}}" in card columns one and two except ''end-of-job'' which was "{{mono|/&␢}}", ''end-of-data'', "{{mono|/*␢}}", and ''comments''
* The {{code|JOB}} statement indicates "the beginning of control information for a job." The format is <syntaxhighlight lang="jcl" inline>// JOB <jobname> <comments></syntaxhighlight>. {{mono|<jobname>}} must be one to eight alphanumeric characters to identify the job. {{mono|<comments>}} are ignored.
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* The {{code|MTC}} statement issues command to a magnetic tape unit. The format is <syntaxhighlight lang="jcl" inline>// MTC <opcode>,SYSxxx[,<nn>]</syntaxhighlight>. {{mono|<opcode>}} is a function such as "FSF" to forward space one file or "REW" to rewind the tape. {{mono|<nn>}} is a number that can specify the number of times the operation is to be performed, such as forward space two files.
* The {{code|VOL}} statement provides disk or tape volume label information for standard label checking. The format is <syntaxhighlight lang="jcl" inline>// VOL SYSxxx,<volume></syntaxhighlight>.
* DOS originally provided the {{code|TPLAB}} statement for tape label information and the {{code|DLAB}} and {{code|XTENT}} statements for disk label and extent information. At least as early as 1968 the {{code|TPLAB}} statement had been replaced by {{code|TLBL}} and the {{code|DLAB}} statement by {{code|DLBL}} . These statements used numerous [[
<ref name=ControlStatements>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=System/360 Disk Operating System User's Guide: Control Statement Techniques|year=1967|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/dos/GC20-1685-0_Disk_Operating_System_Users_Guide_Control_Statement_Techniques_Dec69.pdf}}</ref>
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===Spooling===
Early DOS included no [[spooling]] sub-system to improve the efficiency of [[punched card]] and [[line printer]] I/O. By the late 1960s both IBM and aftermarket vendors began filling this void. IBM's spooler was an option called [[IBM POWER (software)|Priority Output Writers, Execution processors and input Readers (POWER)]], and Software Design, Inc., an independent software company, sold a spooler called [[Grasp (
===Program loading===
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