John III Sobieski: Difference between revisions

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Born into [[Polish nobility]], Sobieski was educated at the [[Jagiellonian University]] and toured Europe in his youth. As a soldier and later commander, he fought in the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]], the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]] and during the Swedish invasion known as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]]. Sobieski demonstrated his military prowess during the war against the [[Ottoman Empire]] and established himself as a leading figure in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland and Lithuania]]. In 1674, he was elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the sudden and unexpected death of [[Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki|King Michael]].

 

=== Commander ===

 

By 26 May 1656, he received the position of the ''[[chorąży|chorąży koronny]]'' (Standard-bearer of the Crown).<ref name="psb414">Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p. 414</ref> During the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|three-day-long battle of Warsaw]] of 1656, Sobieski commanded a 2,000-man strong regiment of [[Crimean Khanate|Tatar]] cavalry.<ref name="psb414" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Tindal Palmer|1815|pp=23–24}}</ref> He took part in a number of engagements over the next two years, including the [[Siege of Toruń (1658)|Siege of Toruń]] in 1658.<ref name="psb414" /> In 1659, he was elected a deputy to the [[Sejm]] (Polish parliament), and was one of the Polish negotiators of the [[Treaty of Hadiach]] with the Cossacks.<ref name="psb414" /> In 1660, he took part in the last offensive against the Swedes in Prussia, and was rewarded with the office of ''[[starost]]'' of [[Stryi|Stryj]].<ref name="psb414" /> Soon afterward he took part in the war against the Russians, participating in the [[Battle of Slobodyshche]] and [[Battle of Lyubar]], and later that year he again was one of the negotiators of a new treaty with the Cossacks (the [[Treaty of Cudnów]]).<ref name="psb414" />

 

== Family ==

On 5 July 1665, he married the widow of [[Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski]], [[Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien]] (1641–1716), of [[Nevers]], Burgundy, France. Their children were:

 

* [[Vincenzo da Filicaja|Vincenzo da Filicaia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vincenzo-filicaia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ | title=Treccani – la cultura italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere }}</ref> (1642–1707) wrote a collection of [[ode]]s or ''canzoni'' about the raising of the siege of Vienna by King John III Sobieski titled "''Canzoni in occasione dell'assedio, e liberazione di Vienna''," published by Piero Matini in [[Florence, Italy|Florence]] in 1684.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51260n | title=Canzoni in occasione dell'assedio, e liberatione di Vienna (&#91;Reprod.&#93;) / Di Vincenzio da Filicaia | year=1684 }}</ref>

* the first known book review journal [[Nouvelles de la république des lettres]] (News from the Republic of Letters), edited and largely written by the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Philosophy|philosopher]] [[Pierre Bayle]], included a number of works about King Sobieski's victory in its 1st volume:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3E3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA179 | title=Nouvelles de la republique des lettres | year=1684 }}</ref> an address to the King (pp.&nbsp;179–180), ''Motet Dramatique ou Oratoire'' (pp.&nbsp;181–182), ''Paralelle de Jules Cesar et du Roi de Pologne'' ("''Venit, vidit, vicit''..." (pp.&nbsp;183–185)<ref>Jerzy Starnawski, Łacińska scenka dramatyczna ku czci Jana III Sobieskiego na łamach 'Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres' /1684/, Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy. Studia filologiczne 1983 z. 18.</ref>

 

== Popular culture ==

[[Category:17th-century Polish monarchs]]

[[Category:Kings of Poland]]

[[Category:Great Crown Hetmans]]

[[Category:Field Crown Hetmans]]