Summer time in Europe: Difference between revisions

'''Summer time in Europe''' is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most [[Europe]]an countries (apart from [[Iceland]], [[Belarus]], [[Turkey]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Russia]]) in the period between spring and autumn, during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year, with a view to making the most efficient use of seasonal daylight. It corresponds to the notion and practice of [[daylight saving time]] (DST) to be found in some other parts of the world.

In all locations in Europe where summer time is observed (the [[EU]], [[EFTA]] and associated countries), '''European Summer Time''' begins at 01:00 [[UTC]]/[[Western European Time|WET]] (02:00 [[Central European Time|CET]], 03:00 [[Eastern European Time|EET]]) on the last Sunday in March (between 25 and 31 March) and ends at 01:00 UTC (02:00 [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], 03:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], 04:00 [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]) on the last Sunday in October (between 25 and 31 October) each year; i.e. the change is made at the same absolute time across all time zones. [[European Union Directive]] 2000/84/EC makes the observance of summer time mandatory for EU member states (except overseas territories), though. aA proposal to repeal this directive and require that member states observe their own choice{{notetag|The choice should be either summer or winter time of their current time zone; however, this is not obligatory, so a new time zone could be chosen as well.}} year-round is currently going through the legislative process {{As of|July 2020|lc=y}}, but has not seen progress since October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Patrick |title=The plan to abolish the time change is "completely blocked" at European level, says specialist in European issues |url=https://www.geads.co.uk/2020/10/25/the-plan-to-remove-the-time-change-is-completely-blocked-at-european-level-says-specialist-in-european-issues/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210212075621/https://www.geads.co.uk/2020/10/25/the-plan-to-remove-the-time-change-is-completely-blocked-at-european-level-says-specialist-in-european-issues/|work=Geads News |date=18 November 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|{{DST start date/EU|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-2}}}}||{{DST end date/EU|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-2}}}}{{notetag|If the 2018 Commission proposal had been approved by the Council of Ministers, and member states opted to remain on winter time year round, the October 2022 clock change would have been the final clock change.}}

|{{DST start date/EU|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}}||{{DST end date/EU|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}}{{notetag|If the 2018 Commission proposal had been approved by the Council of Ministers, and member states opted to remain on winter time year round, the October 2022 clock change would have been the final clock change.}}

===CzechiaCzech Republic===

[[Initiative#FinlandPopular initiative|A citizens' initiative]] to abolish daylight saving time was signed by 70,000 Finnish citizens. It was presented to the Finnish parliament in June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/citizens_initiative_to_dump_daylight_saving_time_heads_to_finnish_lawmakers/9657273|title=Citizens' initiative to dump Daylight Saving Time heads to Finnish lawmakers|website=yle.fi|date=8 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-eu-daylightsaving/finland-wants-eu-to-give-up-daylight-saving-time-idUSKBN1CV2OE|title=Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time|first=Reuters|last=Editorial|date=2017-10-26|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>

[[Büsingen am Hochrhein]], a small exclave of Germany entirely surrounded by Swiss territory, did not implement summer time in 1980 but observed the same time as Switzerland; thus there was a one-hour time difference between this village and the rest of [[Germany]]. For the [[tz database]], the zone Europe/Busingen was created in its 2013a release,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz-announce/2013-March/000009.html |title=tzcode2013a and tzdata2013a available |first=Paul |last=Eggert |publisher=tz-announce |date=2013-03-02}}</ref> because since the [[Unix time]] epoch in 1970, Büsingen am Hochrhein has shared clocks with [[ZurichZürich]], but not with Germany every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.time.tz/4765 |title=New zone for DE, split from Europe/Berlin |first=Arthur David |last=Olson |publisher=gmane.comp.time.tz |date=2012-03-03}}</ref>

Since 1997 Greece follows the [[European Union|EU]] rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/992002/article/epikairothta/ellada/allazei-thn-kyriakh-h-wra--oi-deiktes-twn-rologiwn-mia-wra-pisw|title=Aλλάζει την Κυριακή η ώρα -Οι δείκτες των ρολογιών μια ώρα πίσω {{!}} Kathimerini|website=www.kathimerini.gr|date=26 October 2018 |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.gr/news/ellada/story/121973/pote-tha-allaxei-i-ora-se-therini|title=Πότε θα αλλάξει η ώρα σε θερινή|last=Newsroom|date=2018-03-18|website=CNN.gr|language=el|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tovima.gr/2008/11/24/archive/istories-therinis-wras/|title=Ιστορίες θερινής ώρας|last=Βεβελακη|first=Αμαλια|date=2008-11-24|website=Ειδήσεις - νέα - Το Βήμα Online|language=el|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>

In the [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], so called [[Irish Standard Time]] (IST) (UTC+01, [[Western European Summer Time]]) is observed during Summer (March to October). IST is sometimes mistaken for "Irish Summer Time", though this is incorrect. Winter Time (UTC+00, [[Western European Time|WET]]) is observed in the rest of the year.

A decree of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] introduced summer time ({{lang-langx|ru|летнее время}}) in [[Russia]] on 1 July 1917, and clocks moved one hour forward. A [[Soviet Decrees|decree]] of the [[Sovnarkom|Soviet government]] led to the abandonment of this system six months later: clocks moved one hour back again on 28 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/russia/moscow?year=1916|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes 1900-1924 in Moscow, Russia|website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref>

A decision of the [[Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)|Council of Ministers of the USSR]] reintroduced summer time in the [[USSR]] ([[Moscow Summer Time]], for example) on 1 April 1981, and its practice continued into post-Soviet times until 2011. The changeover dates in [[Russia]] were the same as for other European countries, but clocks were moved forward or back at 02:00 local time in all zones. Thus in Moscow (local time = [[UTC+03:00]] in winter, [[UTC+04:00]] in summer), summer time commenced at 02:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ended at 03:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. (Note that "dayDay before the last Sunday" is not the same as "the last Saturday" in a month where the last day is a Saturday.)

The transit authority [[Västtrafik]] changes its clocks at 04:00, so that the last tram that leaves around 03:30 actually goes 02:30 on the last weekend of October for those who have changed their clocks at the legal time.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Vasttrafik/posts/388878481135963 Natten mellan lördag och söndag går vi över till sommartid] (Swedish)</ref> The public transport company [[Storstockholms Lokaltrafik|SL]] changes their clocks at the legal time, and runs extra departures during the October transition hour.<ref>[http{{Cite news |last=Nyheter |first=Sveriges |date=2007-10-26 |title=Sommartid blir vintertid - även i SL-trafiken |url=https://www.svd.se/nyhetera/stockholmf2508e1b-04e4-35c5-86fc-82ca3ab7795d/sommartid-blir-vintertid-aven-i-sl-trafiken_535945.svd Sommartid blir vintertidtrafiken |access-date=2024-03-23 även|work=Svenska iDagbladet SL|language=sv |issn=1101-trafiken] (Swedish)2412}}</ref>

Summer time was introduced in [[Ukraine]] in the early 1980s; from 1981 till 1989 this was [[Moscow Summer Time]]; since 1992 [[Eastern European Summer Time]] has been used.<ref name="{{r|Kyivwintertimeisgone"/><ref name="}}{{r|Kyivwintertimeisback"/>}}

On 20 September 2011, the [[Verkhovna Rada]] (Ukrainian parliament) voted not to return from Eastern European Summer Time to [[Eastern European Time]].<ref name="Kyivwintertimeisgone">[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/113166/ Ukraine cancels use of daylight saving time], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (20 September 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_ukraine04.html Deputies cancelled the winter time], WorldTimeZone.com (20 September 2011)</ref> This change would have had the effect of moving Ukraine into the [[Further-eastern European Time]] zone [[UTC+03:00]] along with Belarus and western Russia (which do not observe summer time). However, on 18 October 2011 the Parliament canceled these plans and the country returned to [[Eastern European Time]] as scheduled.<ref name="Kyivwintertimeisback">[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/115146/ Ukraine to return to standard time on 30 Oct (updated)], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (18 October 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/115182/ Ukraine cancels plan to drop winter time change], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (18 October 2011)</ref> 295 MPs voted in favour out of 349 registered MPs.<ref name="Kyivwintertimeisback"/>

On 3 March 2021, the Verkhovna Rada voted on bill No. 4201 «"Draft Law on time observation in Ukraine»" which, if accepted in the second reading in March 2021, will abandon transitioning to summer time and establish year-round standard time ([[UTC+02:00]]) on the whole territory of Ukraine. The bill received 277 votes from the 370 MPs present during the first reading.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukranews.com/en/news/760235-rada-to-abandon-transition-to-seasonal-time|title=Rada To Abandon Transition To Seasonal Time|publisher=[[Unian]]|date=3 March 2021|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=70150|title=Проект Закону про обчислення часу в Україні|trans-title=Draft Law on time observation in Ukraine|publisher=[[Verkhovna Rada]]|language=Ukrainian|date=9 October 2020|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> On March 19 March, the bill was rejected in a second reading with 212 out of 226 required votes and was sent to an additional second reading instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukranews.com/en/news/763895-rada-refuses-to-cancel-transition-to-seasonal-time|title=Rada Refuses To Cancel Transition To Seasonal Time|publisher=[[Unian]]|date=19 March 2021|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> On 16 July 2024, the bill got passed, thus, the last clock transition is scheduled for 27 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Про порядок денний одинадцятої сесії Верховної Ради України дев'ятого скликання |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/3562-20 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України |language=uk}}</ref>

CrimeaThe and[[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|regions of eastern Ukraine under the occupation of Russia]], including [[Crimea]], observe [[Further-eastern European Time]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/756540|title=DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time|publisher=[[ITAR TASS]]|date=26 October 2014|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>

[[British Summer Time]] (BST) ([[UTC+01:00]]), which is equivalent to [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]) whileused localin time[[Portugal]] duringand theIrish restStandard ofTime thein yearIreland, isin normallyaccordance referredwith tothe as [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT), ([[UTC+00:00]], [[Westernstandard European Time|WET]])timings.

Legislation:Summer time was first implemented under the Summer Time Act 1916;. Subsequent legislation has altered this: Summer Time Act 1922; Time (Ireland) Act, 1916; Summer Time Act, 1925; Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939; The Summer Time Order 1964; The Summer Time Order 1967; Summer Time Act 1972; The Summer Time Order 1997; and The Summer Time Order 2002.<ref name=DSTUK>{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/uk.html|title=Full text - Daylight Saving Time - United Kingdom Law - The Summer Time Order 1997|website=www.webexhibits.org}}</ref>

The United KingdomUK did not revert to GMT for the twothree winters betweenof 19681968–69, 1969–70 and 19701970–71, remaining on CETBST continuously from 18 February 1968 to 31 October year-round1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/uk/london|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes in London, England, United Kingdom|website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref>