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{{Short description|Former ITV service for Midlands & North England}}
{{For|the American anthology for children|ABC Weekend Special}}
{{
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
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| branding = ABC
| country = United Kingdom
| airdate = {{
* {{
* 5 May 1956 in the North
}}
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| motto =
| slogan =
| tvtransmitters = {{
* [[Winter Hill transmitting station|Winter Hill]]
* [[Emley Moor transmitting station|Emley Moor]]
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}}
| license_area =
| headquarters = {{
* [[Capitol Theatre, Manchester|Manchester]]
* [[Alpha Studios|Birmingham]]
* [[Teddington Studios|London]]
}}
| broadcast_area = {{
| area =
| nation =
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| language = English
| replaced =
| replaced_by = {{
* '''As ITV franchisee:'''
* [[Granada Television]] (North West)
* [[Yorkshire Television]] (Yorkshire)
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}}
'''ABC
Originally created as '''Associated British Cinemas (Television) Ltd''', ABC was one of a number of commercial television companies established during the 1950s by cinema chain companies, in an attempt to safeguard their business by becoming involved with television, which was taking away their cinema audiences. In this case, the parent company was the [[Associated British Picture Corporation]] (ABPC)
ABC operated two franchises, one in the Midlands, which was the fourth ITA franchise to go on air, in 1956, and the other in the North of England, which was the sixth franchise to go on air, later the same year. It lost both its franchises in 1968, but merged with another franchisee to form [[Thames Television]], which held the London weekday franchise for 24 years.
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==History==
===Formation===
When [[Kemsley-Winnick]], one of the [[consortium|consortia]] that had been awarded two [[exclusive right|franchises]] in the new [[ITV (TV network)|Independent Television]] network in 1954, collapsed, the [[Independent Television Authority|ITA]] approached [[Associated British Picture Corporation|ABPC]] to step into the breach. The Corporation agreed to assume the franchises to broadcast on Saturdays and Sundays to the Midlands and the North of England. The contract agreeing to do so was signed on 21 September 1955, the day before Independent Television (ITV) began in [[London]].
This left the new ABC five months to begin broadcasting in the Midlands, the service beginning on 18 February 1956.<ref name="screenonline">{{cite web |last1=Elen |first1=Richard G |title=ABC Television |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/521981/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> Soon afterwards, it was also up and running in the North; it began broadcasting in the North West on 5 May 1956,<ref name="mb21_Winter_Hill">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Mike |title=ITV 405 line VHF TV TRANSMITTERS LANCASHIRE |url=http://tx.mb21.co.uk/info/405/itv/lancs.shtml |website=mb21 |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> and in Yorkshire on 3 November 1956.<ref name="mb21_Yorkshire">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Mike |title=ITV 405 line VHF TV TRANSMITTERS YORKSHIRE|url=http://tx.mb21.co.uk/info/405/itv/yorkshire.shtml |website=mb21 |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> It was aided in part by the failure of the original contractor; Kelmsley-Winnick had ordered over £1 million (equivalent to £{{inflation|UK|1|1955|r=1|fmt=c}} million today){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} of production equipment from manufacturer [[Pye Ltd.|Pye]], which it sold to ABC at a much-discounted price.<ref>Black, P, The Mirror in the Corner, Macmillan, London, 1971</ref>
=== Relations with ITA, ITN and ATV ===
===
The London weekend contractor had launched under the name "Associated Broadcasting Company" (ABC), but ABPC wanted to use the ABC brand for its own service, to match its existing [[ABC Cinemas]] brand, so it took legal action against the Associated Broadcasting Company who subsequently agreed to rename as [[Associated Television]] (ATV) after broadcasting for three weeks as "ABC".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elen |first1=Richard G |title=ATV |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/459509/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> This allowed ABPC to launch its own station as "ABC".
====ITN====
ABC's late entry into Independent Television meant that some of the details of how the new system would run were already agreed between the ITA regulator and the other three contractors. ABC felt that some of these details were unfair on itself as the smallest contractor, and the only contractor that broadcast only at weekends.<ref name="Howard6">{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Russ J |title=Howard Thomas Part 6: The ITA |url=https://transdiffusion.org/blog/2005/09/02/howard6/ |website=Transdiffusion |publisher=The Transdiffusion Organisation |access-date=16 June 2022 |date=2 September 2005}}</ref>
In particular, ABC objected to paying one-quarter of the costs for [[Independent Television News|ITN]], provider of national news broadcasts for the network, as there would be fewer news programmes at the weekend than on weekdays. ABC's managing director Howard Thomas, former head of [[Pathé News]], felt that ABC could provide its own news for a fraction of ITN's price, but the ITA would not allow this: regional companies were responsible only for regional news, and national news should be independent of the regional companies. ABC lobbied both ITN and the ITA for change, which eventually resulted in a cutback to the amount of programming to be provided by ITN to the network and a substantial reduction in ITN's costs.<ref name="Howard6" />
====Presentation====
Once the "Big Four" companies were in profit, the ITA reviewed the performance each of them. ABC escaped with little criticism, except for its presentation, which was considered to be dull and too closely aligned with its sister "ABC Cinemas" brand. ABC took this to heart and launched a new look in September 1959.<ref name="Howard6" /><ref name="Indepth" />
====ATV again====
Of the original four ITV contractors, ABC had difficulty getting its programmes shown in the London region, which was hampering its reputation. Two of the other contractors had London franchises, and [[Granada Television|Granada]] seemed to have a good working relationship with [[Associated-Rediffusion]] to show its programmes. ABC found itself in a head-to-head battle with ATV, as, in the early years, these were the only two companies whose franchises operated at the weekend.<ref name="Howard6" />
ATV had close connections with the [[Moss Empires]] theatre chain (through ATV's [[Val Parnell]]) and the Grade Organisation theatrical talent agency (through ATV's [[Lew Grade]] and his brother [[Leslie Grade|Leslie]]) and felt they had the expertise to make expensive, high-status drama, variety and comedy shows, and leave the cheaper "provincial" off-peak weekend programming to ABC. This would have been to ABC's financial disadvantage, since ABC (with its two regions to ATV's one region at the weekends) would have to pay two-thirds of the expensive costs of ATV London's shows, while ATV would pay only one-third of the costs of ABC's cheaper shows.<ref name="Howard7">{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Russ J |title=Howard Thomas Part 7: Lew Grade|url=https://transdiffusion.org/2005/10/02/howard7/ |website=Transdiffusion |publisher=The Transdiffusion Organisation |access-date=16 June 2022 |date=2 October 2005}}</ref>
ABC fought back, first of all, by selling some of its pre-recorded shows to [[Associated-Rediffusion]] (instead of ATV) to broadcast to London on weekdays. Secondly, it refused to buy some of ATV's top-rated shows such as ''[[Sunday Night at the London Palladium]]'' and broadcast its own alternatives such as ''Blackpool Night Out''. Eventually ATV gave way and agreed to buy more of ABC's shows.<ref name="Howard7" />
===Loss of franchise===
Structural changes in the regional contract areas meant that ABC no longer had a contract to reapply for in 1967. The Northern area (split into North West and Yorkshire) was to become a seven-day operation, as would the Midlands. Existing weekday contractors ([[Granada Television|Granada]] and [[Associated Television|ATV]] respectively) were correctly considered the favourites. ABC consequently submitted two applications: one for the service for London at the weekend, the other for the Midlands seven-day operation, although it favoured the first contract.
It was expected that ABC would be awarded the weekend London licence, but the strength of another application (from the [[London Weekend Television|London Weekend Television consortium]]) ruled this out. This led to a situation where a successful company could be closed down through no fault of its own. To prevent this, the governing body of ITV, the [[Independent Television Authority]], ordered a merger with the existing London weekday company [[Associated-Rediffusion|Rediffusion]], with ABC having majority control of the new operation.
Despite protests from Rediffusion, the two companies eventually became [[Thames Television]]. ABC ceased weekend broadcasting in the North and Midlands regions on Sunday 28 July 1968 and resumed on Tuesday 30 July in the London region as weekday company Thames.
==Studios==
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In the Midlands, ABC formed a joint venture with Midlands weekday licensee [[Associated Television|ATV]] to oversee the running of a production and transmission facility to be used by both. [[Alpha Television]] purchased a former cinema in [[Aston]], near [[Birmingham]], and extended it by the construction of additional studios and office space; the site was known as the Alpha Studios.
ABC operated a northern studio centre in [[Manchester]] and a sales office based in Television House in the city centre. The production facility was converted from a [[Capitol Theatre, Manchester|former Capitol cinema]] in [[Didsbury]]. ABC vacated both premises during 1968. ABC also made some entertainment shows such as ''Blackpool Night Out'' and ''The Blackpool Show'' at the [[ABC Blackpool|ABC Theatre in Blackpool]] (owned by ABC-TV's sister company ABC Cinemas). For its pre-filmed series, such as ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'' (from 1965), ABC used its parent company's [[Associated British Elstree Studios
==Identity==
{{original research|section|date=May 2014}}
{{POV|section|date=May 2014}}
When ABC first went on the air, it used the branding of its sister company [[ABC Cinemas]]. This featured a triangular shield with the letters ABC upon it, and a bar across it with the caption 'Television'.<ref name="625 animation">{{cite web|title=Flash Files |url= http://625.uk.com/tv_logos/flash.htm |publisher=625: Andrew Wiseman's Television Room|access-date=21 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720052754/http://www.625.uk.com/tv_logos/flash.htm| archive-date= 20 July 2011 |url-status= live}} Contains flash recreations of the original ABC idents, complete with authentic soundtracks.</ref> This lasted from the station's launch in 1956 until September 1959.<ref name="Indepth">{{cite web |last1=Bowden-Smith |first1=Kif |title=Indepth on ABC Weekend Television |url=https://www.transdiffusion.org/2004/05/24/abc_3 |website=Transdiffusion |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> The ITA had criticised ABC's original presentation style for being bland and too much attached to the existing ABC Cinemas chain.
As a result, ABC created a new brand ident featuring three arrows pointing to the bottom of the screen to reveal the letters ABC in turn and leaving a triangle behind and on top of the letters. At the end of this, the three triangles would snap together into the new ABC logo. This ident lasted until 1964 when the lettering font was altered slightly from a serif font to the latest bold used by the company, this revision lasting until the company's demise.<ref name="625 animation"/><ref name=TVARK>{{cite web|last=Barnes |first=Steve |title=ABC |url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/abc_idents.html |publisher=TVARK |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108135336/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/abc_idents.html |archive-date=8 January 2009 }} Contains videos of the ABC idents.</ref>
The logo uses the notion of threes, three triangles making another triangle, with the points of a triangle often being labelled 'A', 'B' and 'C' in geometry. The tune that was used for all of ABC's idents was a vibraphone playing
The company itself was originally called ''Associated British Cinemas (Television) Limited'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sendall |first1=Bernard |title=Independent Television: Present and future policy on development |journal=[[Kinematograph Weekly]] |date=29 September 1955 |volume=462 |issue=2518 |page=xi |url=https://www.transdiffusion.org/2022/02/14/independent-television-present-and-future-policy-on-development |access-date=17 May 2022 |series=Studio Review |publisher=Odhams |issn=0023-155X |oclc=1127175701}}</ref> which by 1957 had been shortened to ''A.B.C. Television Limited''. However, from about 1967, on exports made by its sister company A.B.C. Television Films Ltd. (such as the last two series of ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]''), the name 'Associated British Corporation' was used, to avoid confusion with the US [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC network]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beaumont |first1=Ian |title=The Avengers |url=http://abcatlarge.co.uk/the-avengers-2/ |website=ABC at large |date=11 January 2001 |publisher=Transdiffusion Broadcasting System |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> As for on-air, the name was for a few months 'Associated British', before becoming 'ABC Television', or just 'ABC'. The names 'ABC Television Network' and 'ABC Weekend Network' were also used, for example in ''[[TV Times]]'' listings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Piers |title=Dragonsfield |url=https://www.dissolute.com.au/the-avengers-tv-series/series-1/126-dragonsfield-other.html |website=The Avengers |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> The station received a joke nickname from [[Bob Monkhouse]], namely "All Bloody Commercials".{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
The station's spoken slogan varied through time, starting off as "ABC – Associated British in the North/Midlands" before being replaced in 1958 to "ABC, your weekend TV" and again changed in 1964 to "ABC, your weekend television in the North/Midlands".{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
== Continuity announcers ==
The following who have served as announcers for ABC Weekend TV include:
* Jill Bechley,
* John Benson
* Sidonie Bond
* John Braban
* [[John Duncanson (broadcaster)|John Duncanson]]
* [[John Edmunds (presenter)|John Edmunds]]
* [[Philip Elsmore]]
* [[David Hamilton (broadcasting)|David Hamilton]]
* Sheila Kennedy
* [[Keith Martin (broadcaster)|Keith Martin]]
* John McGavin
* Mel Oxley
* Owen Oyston
* [[Bill Steel]]
* Julie Stevens
* Clifford Swindells
== Programming ==
Networked programmes from ABC included the drama series ''[[Police Surgeon (British TV series)|Police Surgeon]]'', ''[[The Human Jungle (TV series)|The Human Jungle]]'', ''[[Undermind (TV series)|Undermind]]'', ''[[Redcap (TV series)|Redcap]]'', ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'', the ''[[Armchair Theatre]]'' series of single plays, the ''Habatales'' cartoons, the popular shows ''[[Thank Your Lucky Stars (TV series)|Thank Your Lucky Stars]]'', ''[[Opportunity Knocks (British TV series)|Opportunity Knocks]]'', ''Big Night Out'', ''Doddy's Music Box'' and ''[[Oh Boy! (TV series)|Oh Boy!]]'', [[Tommy Cooper]]'s shows ''Cooperama'' and ''Life with Cooper'', the children's science fiction serials ''[[Emerald Soup]]'', ''[[Target Luna]]'' and its sequels ''Pathfinders in Space'', ''Pathfinders to Mars'' and ''Pathfinders to Venus'', and the gritty drama series ''[[Callan (TV series)|Callan]]'' and ''[[Public Eye (TV series)|Public Eye]]'' (both of which continued as Thames productions after 1968). ITV's first weekly series devoted to the arts, ''Tempo'', was introduced by ABC, as was its first hidden camera show, ''[[Candid Camera]]'', and its first attempt to challenge the BBC's dominance of television sport, with ''[[World of Sport (British TV programme)|World of Sport]]''. ABC also introduced British television's first late night chat show, ''The [[Eamonn Andrews]] Show''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rinaldi |first1=Graham |title=Andrews, Eamonn (1922-1987) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/569940/ |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> and, together with ATV, British television's first regular weekly series of adult education programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/521981/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Broadcasters and Industry Bodies > ABC Television|website=www.screenonline.org.uk|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref>
== Service areas ==
Areas are described in terms of the county boundaries at the time. After ABC's closure there were significant county boundary changes in 1974, and ITV's regional boundaries have also changed over time.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Franchise
! Start date
! Transmitter
! Principal service area
! Significant overlap into adjacent regions
! Studios
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|{{legend|#984ea3|Midlands}}}}
| 18 February 1956<ref name="mb21_Midlands">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Mike |title=ITV 405 line VHF TV TRANSMITTERS MIDLANDS |url=https://tx.mb21.co.uk/info/405/itv/midlands.shtml |website=mb21 |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Lichfield transmitting station|Lichfield]]<br />Channel 8
| [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] and parts of [[East Midlands]]
| Parts of [[Lincolnshire]] and [[Northamptonshire]] ''([[Anglia Television|Anglia]])''<hr />[[Cheshire]] ''(ABC North)''
| [[Alpha Studios]], Birmingham
|-
| 30 April 1965<ref name="mb21_Midlands" />
| [[Membury transmitting station|Membury]]<br />Channel 12
| [[Thames Valley]]
| Parts of [[Hampshire]] ''([[Southern Television|Southern]])''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{nowrap|{{legend|#ff8900|North}}}}
| 5 May 1956<ref name="mb21_Winter_Hill" />
| [[Winter Hill transmitting station|Winter Hill]]<br />Channel 9
| [[Lancashire]] and [[Cheshire]]
| [[North Wales]] coast ''([[Teledu Cymru]])''<hr />[[Staffordshire]] ''(ABC Midlands)''
| [[Capitol Theatre, Manchester|Didsbury Studios]], Manchester
|-
| 3 November 1956<ref name="mb21_Yorkshire" />
| [[Emley Moor transmitting station|Emley Moor]]<br />Channel 10
| [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], parts of [[Lincolnshire]] and [[North Riding of Yorkshire|North]] and [[East Riding of Yorkshire|East Riding]]s
| Parts of [[Lincolnshire]] and [[East Riding of Yorkshire|East Riding]] ''([[Anglia Television|Anglia]])''
|
|-
| 11 June 1965<ref name="mb21_Yorkshire" />
| Scarborough<br />Channel 6
| [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]]
|
|
|-
| style="background-color:silver" |
| 1959<ref name="screenonline" />
| colspan="3" style="background-color:silver" |
| [[Teddington Studios]], London
|}
ABC's two franchise regions each had their own continuity announcers, advertisements and regional programmes (mainly news and weather, and the magazine shows ''ABC of the Midlands'' and ''ABC of the North''). Apart from those exceptions, both regions usually showed the same programmes simultaneously.
==See also==
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308235444/http://625.uk.com/tv_logos/flash/abc_serif.asp Animated ABC logo], 1960s from 625.uk.com ([[Macromedia Flash Player]] 6 or later required)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050309000105/http://625.uk.com/tv_logos/flash/abc_tv_64.asp Animated ABC logo], c.1964 from 625.uk.com.
*[https://soundcloud.com/transdiffusion/goodbye-to-abc-final-programme-on-abc-28-july-1968 Final closedown on ABC]
{{s-start}}
{{s-other|[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] regional services | #00C0C0 }}
{{s-break}}
{{s-non | reason=New
{{s-ttl | title=Midlands (weekends) | years=18 February 1956 – 28 July 1968}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Associated Television|ATV Network]]<br>{{small|Midlands (7-day)}}}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-non | reason=New service | rows=2
{{s-ttl | title=North
{{s-aft | after=[[Granada Television]]<br>{{small|North West (7-day)}}}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Yorkshire Television]]<br>{{small|Yorkshire (7-day)}}}}
{{s-end}}
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[[Category:1968 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Associated British Picture Corporation]]
[[Category:Television stations in Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Mass media in Manchester]]
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