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{{Italic title}}
[[File:Etrog5812.jpg|thumb|An [[Greek citron|Israeli ''etrog'']], with ''pitam'' and ''gartel'' (ridge around the center)]]
'''Etrog''' ({{
==Etymology==
The [[Romanization of Hebrew|romanization of the Hebrew]] as ''etrog'' from [[Sephardi Hebrew]] is widely used. The [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]] pronunciation is ''esrog'' or ''esrig''. It has been [[transliterated]] as ''etrog'' or ''ethrog'' in scholarly works.<ref>[http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html#acid The Citrus Industry] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308005736/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html#acid |date=March 8, 2008 }}</ref> The Hebrew word is thought to derive from the [[Persian language|Persian]] name for the fruit, ''wādrang'', which first appears in the [[Vendidad]]. {{sfnp | Moster | 2018 | p= 24 }} Related words are Persian ''turunj'' ({{lang|fa|ترنج}}) and Aramaic {{lang|tmr|{{Script/Hebrew|אַתְרוּגָּא}}}} ''ʾaṯruggā''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jerusalem Dig Uncovers Earliest Evidence of Local Cultivation of Etrogs |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2012-02-02/ty-article/jerusalem-dig-uncovers-earliest-evidence-of-local-cultivation-of-etrogs/0000017f-e3c2-d568-ad7f-f3ebc5440000 |access-date=2022-10-10}}</ref> It has also made its way into [[Arabic]] as {{Script/Arabic|أُتْرُجَّةِ}} ''utrujjah'' notably in a [[hadith]] collected in the ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stetkevych |first1=Suzanne Pinckney |title=Reorientations: Arabic and Persian poetry |date=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington
==Taxonomy==
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==Biblical references==
{{Blockquote| On the first day you shall take the fruit of majestic trees, branches of palm trees, boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook; and you shall rejoice before the Lord your God for seven days. | [[Leviticus]] 23:40, New Revised Standard Version}}
While the biblical phrase ''peri eitz hadar'' ({{
{{multiple image
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<!-- Image 3 -->
| image3 = P1110901_(7112818305).jpg
| alt3 = Ancient Mosaic of Beth Alpha Synagogue
| caption3 = Ancient Mosaic of [[Beth Alpha]] Synagogue, depicting etrog alongside a [[lulav]], [[shofar]] and a [[Menorah (Temple)|menora]].
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Archaeological evidence for Citrus fruits is limited, as neither seeds nor pollen are likely to be routinely recovered in archaeology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian Q. |last2=Castillo |first2=Cristina |last3=Kingwell-Banham |first3=Eleanor |last4=Qin |first4=Ling |last5=Weisskopf |first5=Alison |title=Charred pummelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: Approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2173 |website=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean : Acclimatization, diversifications, uses |series=Collection du Centre Jean Bérard |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |language=en |date=15 January 2018|isbn=9782918887775 }}</ref> The earliest evidence of ''etrogim'' in Israel is the 2012 discovery of citron pollen from the second century BCE in excavations at the [[Ramat Rachel]] site.<ref>[http://www.greenprophet.com/2012/07/ramat-rachel-etrog-tree/ First evidence of the etrog tree in Israel]
* [http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/jerusalem-dig-uncovers-earliest-evidence-of-local-cultivation-of-etrogs-1.410505#acid Jerusalem dig uncovers earliest evidence of local cultivation of etrogs]</ref>
===In diaspora===
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Many more ''pitamim'' are preserved today due to an [[auxin]] discovered by [[Eliezer E. Goldschmidt]], emeritus professor of horticulture at the [[Hebrew University]]. While working with the [[picloram]] hormone in a citrus orchard, he unexpectedly discovered that some of the [[Valencia orange]]s found nearby had perfectly preserved ''pitamim''. Citrus fruits, other than an ''etrog'' or citron hybrid like the [[Bergamot orange|bergamot]], usually do not preserve their ''pitam''. On the occasions that they do, their ''pitamim'' tend to be dry, sunken and very fragile. In Goldschmidt's observation, the ''pitamim'' were all fresh and solid like those of the [[Morocco Citron|Moroccan]] or Greek citron varieties.
Experimenting with picloram in a laboratory, Goldschmidt eventually found the correct "dose" to achieve the desired effect: one droplet{{clarify|reason=how does a droplet compare to a drop?|date=December 2014}} of the chemical in three million drops of water.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2441301|title=Style Abscission in the Citron (Citrus medica L.) and Other Citrus Species: Morphology, Physiology, and Chemical Control with Picloram|author1=Goldschmidt, E. E.|author2=Leshem, B.|year=1971|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=58|issue=1|pages=14–23
==Purity==
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==Customs==
[[File:EtrogC.jpg|thumb|On the right: An
To protect the ''etrog'' during the holiday, it is traditionally wrapped in silky flax fibers and stored in a special decorative box, often made from silver.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reformjudaism.org/saga-citron|title=The Saga of the Citron|website=Reform Judaism}}</ref>
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==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ethrog.html The Citrus Variety Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608215246/http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ethrog.html |date=2015-06-08 }} by the [[University of California]] Riverside
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410153921/http://www.uoregon.edu/~dfalk/courses/ejud/synagogues_files/image018.jpg Ancient Treasures and the Dead Sea Scrolls]
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* [http://www.jewfaq.org/etrog.htm Know Your Etrog], website with educational pictures, information how to plant your own tree.
* [http://shiratmiriam.com/symbolism-lulav-esrog The Symbolism of the Lulav and Esrog], various sources explaining the symbolism and meaning of the etrog.
=== Video ===
* Short [[Deutsche Welle]] video on growing etrog in Calabria [https://www.dw.com/en/would-you-pay-200-for-a-piece-of-fruit/video-70797292]
{{Sukkot}}
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