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{{Short description|Belarusian-born anarchist and writer (1901–1973)}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
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| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->
| alt = Photograph of Ida Mett
| caption = Ida Mett
| native_name = אידא מאַט
| native_name_lang = be
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Ida Markovna Gilman
| birth_date = {{BirthOldStyleDate|20 dateJuly|1901|07|20|df=y7 July}}
| birth_place = [[Smarhonʹ|SmarhońSmarhon]], [[Grodno Governorate|Hrodna]], [[Russian &nbsp;Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|06|27|1901|07|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability -->
| body_discovered =
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| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments =
| nationality = [[HistoryByelorussian ofSoviet theSocialist Jews in BelarusRepublic|Belarusian Jew]]
| other_names = Ida Lazarévitch
| siglum =
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| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[{{hlist|Physician]], [[|writer]]}}
| years_active = 1917-19681924–1968
| era =
| employer =
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| spouse = [[Nicolas Lazarévitch]]
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
| children = Marc Lazarévitch1
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
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}}
{{Platformism sidebar|people}}
'''Ida Mett''' (1901-19731901–1973) was a [[History of the Jews in Belarus|Belarusian Jewish]] [[anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]], [[physician]] and [[writer]]. Following her experiences in the [[Russian Revolution]], she fled into exile in France, where she collaborated with other exiled revolutionary anarchists on the ''[[Delo Truda]]'' magazine and the constitution of [[platformism]]. She then went on to participate in the anarcho-syndicalist movements in Belgium, Spain and France, before repression by the fascist Vichy regime forced her to cease her activities. She spent the final decades of her life working as a nurse and publishing history books.
 
==Biography==
===Early life===
BornOn into{{OldStyleDate|20 theJuly|1901|7 predominantlyJuly}},{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Heath|2y=2017|2p=1}} JewishIda townMarkovna Gilman was born into a family of [[Smarhonʹ|Smarhoń]]cloth merchants,{{Sfn|Boulouque|2001|pp=126-127}} in the [[Palepredominantly Jewish town of Settlement[[Smarhon]], Idawhere Markovna Gilmanshe was exposed to [[Classical radicalism|radical ideas]] from a young age.{{Sfn|Heath|2017|p=1}} In the wake of the [[Russian Revolution]], she moved to the Russian capital of [[Moscow]] to study medicine{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Heath|2y=2017|2p=1}} and became an active participant in the [[Anarchism in Russia|Russian anarchist movement]].{{Sfn|Heath|2017|p=1}} Before she was able to complete her studies, inIn 1924, she was arrested on charges of [[anti-Soviet agitation]] and deported from [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Heath|2y=2017|2p=1}}
 
===Delo Truda===
She fled first to [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], then [[Berlin]], before finally arriving in [[Paris]], where she took the pen-name "Ida Mett" and co-edited the Russian anarchist magazine ''[[Delo Truda]]''. Through the magazine, she began to closely collaborate with the Ukrainian anarchists [[Peter Arshinov]] and [[Nestor Makhno]], with whom she penned ''[[Platformism|The Platform]]''. Following a conflict with Makhno over the editing of his memoirs, in 1928, she was expelled from ''Delo Truda'' for her [[Bereavement in Judaism|religious practices]], after she lit a [[yahrzeit candle]] for her recently-deceased father.
She fled first to [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and then to [[Paris]],{{Sfn|Boulouque|2001|pp=126-127}} where she took the pen-name "Ida Mett" and co-edited the Russian anarchist magazine ''[[Delo Truda]]''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Heath|2y=2017|2p=1|3a1=Skirda|3y=2002|3pp=121-122}} Through the magazine, she began to closely collaborate with the Ukrainian anarchists [[Peter Arshinov]] and [[Nestor Makhno]], with whom she penned the ''Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists'',{{Sfnm|1a1=Heath|1y=2017|1p=1|2a1=Skirda|2y=2002|2pp=121-122}} the founding document of the anarchist tendency known as [[platformism]].{{Sfn|Darch|2020|p=143}} Mett reported on the meetings in which ''The Platform'' was discussed, noting the objections of [[Anarchism in France|French]] and [[Anarchism in China|Chinese anarchists]].{{Sfn|Skirda|2002|p=124}} Mett herself defended the provisions in ''The Platform'' for the "ideological direction of the masses", arguing it to be necessary for anarchists to make their ideas predominate within the workers' movement and distinguishing the tactic from [[political party|party political]] aspirations to take [[State (polity)|state power]].{{Sfn|Skirda|2002|p=125}} She was quickly struck by Makhno's oratory talents at these meetings,{{Sfn|Shubin|2010|pp=189-190}} and for three years, she helped edit his memoirs,{{Sfnm|1a1=Peters|1y=1970|1p=92|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2p=280}} but would end up falling out with him over the process.{{Sfnm|1a1=Malet|1y=1982|1p=190|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2p=280}} In 1928, she was expelled from ''Delo Truda'' for her [[Bereavement in Judaism|Jewish religious practices]], after she lit a [[yahrzeit candle]] for her recently-deceased father.{{Sfn|Boulouque|2001|pp=126-127}}
 
===Clandestinity===
During this time, she had also met the Belgian libertarian [[Nicolas Lazarévitch]], who became her husband and her co-editor at the French anarcho-syndicalist newspaper ''La Liberation Syndicale''. Together they organised a series of anti-Bolshevik campaigns, following which they were expelled from [[French Third Republic|France]]. The couple moved to [[Belgium]], where she resumed her studies in medicine and finally graduated with a diploma, although she would be banned from practising medicine in both Belgium and France, due to her anarchist activities.
During this time, she had met the Belgian libertarian [[Nicolas Lazarévitch]], who became her husband.{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Heath|2y=2017|2p=1|3a1=Skirda|3y=2002|3p=287}} Together they organised a series of anti-Bolshevik campaigns,{{Sfn|Skirda|2002|p=287}} for which they were eventually expelled from [[French Third Republic|France]] and moved to [[Belgium]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Skirda|2y=2002|2p=287}} It was at this time that she met [[Buenaventura Durruti]] and [[Francisco Ascaso]],{{Sfn|Heath|2017|p=1}} who invited her to [[Catalonia]] following the [[1931 Spanish local elections|proclamation]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Skirda|2y=2002|2p=287}} Her son Marc was born that same year.{{Sfn|Boulouque|2001|pp=126-127}}
 
Mett and her husband then returned clandestinely to France,{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Heath|2y=2017|2p=1}} where she worked as the secretary of a gas workers' union. She also worked as a correspondent for the [[International Institute of Social History]] and returned to writing for the syndicalist newspaper ''La Revolutión Proletarianne'', although she eventually broke with the latter after it published an antisemitic article.{{Sfn|Boulouque|2001|pp=126-127}}
It was at this time that she met [[Buenaventura Durruti]] and [[Francisco Ascaso]], who invited her to [[Catalonia]] following the [[1931 Spanish local elections|proclamation]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]]. In [[Barcelona]], Mett participated in the local anarcho-syndicalist movement, observing the outbreak of the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]], during which she provided medical aid to anarchist militiamen.
 
Mett and her husband then returned clandestinely to France, living as illegal immigrants in [[Le Pré-Saint-Gervais]] until their arrest and imprisonment duringFollowing the [[Battle of France]] in 1940., Thethe [[Vichy France|French State]] movedinterned Mett and her young son toin the [[Rieucros Camp]], where they were detained for a year, until their release was secured by the French Trotskyist [[Boris Souvarine]]. AfterThey theirwere attemptssubsequently toreunited leavewith forLazarevitch theand moved to [[UnitedLa StatesGarde-Freinet]], werenear blockedthe bysouthern coast of France. After the authoritiesend of [[World War II]], Mett returned to work as a translator and heralso familyworked movedas toa nurse at a Jewish children's hospital in [[La Garde-FreinetBrunoy]]. However, whereshe theywas remainednever underable constantto surveillancepractise as a doctor, as her qualifications went unrecognised by the new [[French Fourth Republic|French Republic]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Boulouque|1y=2001|1pp=126-127|2a1=Heath|2y=2017|2p=1}}
 
===Historical work===
Following the end of [[World War II]], Mett returned to work as a nurse at a Jewish children's hospital in [[Brunoy]]. During this time, she published a series of history books about the [[Kronstadt rebellion]], the [[Russian Revolution]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. She and her husband later participated in the events of [[May 68]], passing down the stories of their experiences to the next generation.
[[File:1921._Нестор_Махно_в_лагере_для_перемещенных_лиц_в_Румынии.jpg|thumb|right|The Ukrainian anarchist [[Nestor Makhno]], whose biographies were furnished by Mett as a [[primary source]]]]
[[File:KuzmenkoGalinaAndreevna.jpg|thumb|right|[[Halyna Kuzmenko]], who Mett portrayed in a negative light through a series of allegations in her memoirs]]
As the [[Cold War]] began, Mett published a series of historical works about the [[Soviet Union]], including: a book on the history of the [[Kronstadt rebellion]]; a study of the Russian [[peasant]]ry before and after the revolution; a look at the developments of [[communism]] following the [[Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin|death of Stalin]]; and a history of the [[Education in the Soviet Union|Soviet education system]]. She also wrote a book on the [[Healthcare in Russia#Semashko system|Soviet healthcare system]], in which she outlined the rise of [[antisemitism in the Soviet Union]].{{Sfn|Boulouque|2001|pp=126-127}}
 
Mett also served as a key primary source for biographies on Nestor Makhno by Michael Malet,{{Sfn|Malet|1982|p=198}} Victor Peters,{{Sfn|Peters|1970|p=11}} and [[Alexandre Skirda]].{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|p=5}} In her own memoirs about Nestor Makhno, Mett described the exiled Ukrainian anarchist as incredulous and diffident towards many of his own friends, depicting within him an [[anti-intellectualism|anti-intellectual]] streak and [[Jealousy|jealous]] temperament.{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|pp=306-307}} While she was sceptical of Makhno's [[agrarianism|agrarian]] calls for "land and freedom", she declared "his social goodwill was sincere and above question", praising the political and strategic mind of who she called a "popular avenger".{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|p=307}}
Ida Mett died in Paris on 27 June 1973, at the age of 71.
 
In her letters to the historian Victor Peters, Mett rejected the allegations that Makhno had been an antisemite.{{Sfn|Peters|1970|pp=94-96}} She also disputed [[Volin]]'s characterisation of Makhno as an alcoholic,{{Sfnm|1a1=Peters|1y=1970|1p=100|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2p=302}} although Peters noted that Volin knew Makhno better than she did.{{Sfn|Peters|1970|p=100}} She put Volin's depiction of Makhno down to their political disagreements in exile, declaring that he "criticized Makhno when he had emigrated, whereas in Ukraine he would not have dared to open his mouth to express an opinion, if he had one."{{Sfn|Peters|1970|pp=105-106}} Mett was also critical of Volin's history book ''[[The Unknown Revolution]]'', which she maligned for having lifted much of its content from Arshinov's history of the Makhnovshchina while neglecting to include anything from Makhno's own memoirs, noting its lack of footnotes and dismissing the author's claims to [[impartiality]].{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|p=351}}
 
Meanwhile, Mett depicted Makhno's widow [[Halyna Kuzmenko]] in a very negative light.{{Sfnm|1a1=Darch|1y=2020|1p=145|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2pp=303-304}} She alleged that Kuzmenko had attempted to kill her late husband, had an affair with Volin and that they together stole Makhno's diary while he was dying.{{Sfnm|1a1=Darch|1y=2020|1pp=145-146|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2pp=303-304}} Mett also fabricated a story about Kuzmenko marrying a Nazi officer{{Sfn|Darch|2020|p=146}} and getting killed in an allied air raid on Berlin.{{Sfnm|1a1=Darch|1y=2020|1p=146|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2p=304}} When pressed on these allegations by Makhno's biographer [[Alexandre Skirda]], Mett failed to provide further details, leading him to dismiss them as [[hearsay]].{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|pp=303-304}} Skirda was fiercely critical of Mett's memoirs on Makhno, which he described as amounting to [[slander]], concluding that she "deserves to be assessed on other, more pertinent of her writings."{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|pp=394-395}} Despite her accusations, Mett would later uphold Kuzmenko as a "defender of women", due to her executions of rapists during the [[Russian Civil War]].{{Sfn|Patterson|2020|p=70}}
 
===Final years===
Mett and her husband later participated in the events of [[May 68]], passing down the stories of their experiences to the next generation. Ida Mett died in Paris on 27 June 1973, at the age of 71.{{Sfn|Heath|2017|p=1}}
 
==Publications==
* ''[http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/newplatform/org_plat.htm Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists]'' (1926) (With Arshinov, Makhno, Valevski and Linski)
* ''[http://libcom.org/library/the-kronstadt-uprising-ida-mett The Kronstadt Commune]'' (19481938)
* ''Medicine in the USSR'' (1953)▼
* ''[http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/personal/personal5.htm Makhno in Paris]'' (1948)
* ''The Soviet School'' (1954)▼
▲* ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/14672103 Medicine in the USSR]'' (1953)
* ''The Russian Peasant in the Revolution and Post-Revolution'' (1968)▼
▲* ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/11126868 The Soviet School]'' (1954)
▲* ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/806477196 The Russian Peasant in the Revolution and Post-Revolution]'' (1968)
 
==SourcesReferences==
{{reflist|2}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=AJ_342_0126 |first=Sylvain |last=Boulouque |year=2001 |title=Ida Gilman, dite Mett, médecin et anarchiste (Smorgone, Russie, 20 juillet 1901 – Paris, 27 juin 1973) |journal=Archives Juives |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=126–127 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/aj.342.0126 |issn=0003-9837 |oclc=710968410}}▼
*{{cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/mett-ida-1901-1973|title=Mett, Ida, 1901-1973|first=Nick|last=Heath|date=20 September 2006|access-date=25 October 2022|website=[[Libcom.org]]}}▼
*{{cite book|last=Heath|first=Nick|chapter=Biographical information on Ida Mett|editor-last=Mett|editor-first=Ida|year=2017|title=The Kronstadt Uprising|publisher=Theory and Practice|isbn=978-0-9956609-5-3|oclc=1010972371}}▼
 
==Further readingBibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Darch|first=Colin|title=Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921|year=2020|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Pluto Press]]|isbn=9781786805263|oclc=1225942343}}
▲*{{cite journal|url=https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=AJ_342_0126 |first=Sylvain |last=Boulouque |year=2001 |title=Ida Gilman, dite Mett, médecin et anarchiste (Smorgone, Russie, 20 juillet 1901 – Paris, 27 juin 1973) |trans-title=Ida Gilman, known as Mett, doctor and anarchist (Smorgon, Russia, 20 July 1901 - Paris, 27 June 1973) |journal=Archives Juives |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=126–127 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/aj.342.0126 |issn=0003-9837 |oclc=710968410}}
* {{cite book |last1=Malet |first1=Michael |title=Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War |date=1982 |language=English |isbn=978-0-333-25969-6 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=[[London]] |oclc=8514426 }}▼
* {{Citecite book |last1last=Patterson Darch|first1first=Sean Colin|title=Nestor Makhno and Memory:Rural AnarchistAnarchism and Mennonite Narratives ofin Ukraine's Civil War, 1917–1921 1917-1921|year=2020 |language=en |isbn=978-0-88755-578-7 |oclc=1134608930 |location=[[ManitobaLondon]] |publisher=[[University of ManitobaPluto Press]] |isbn=9781786805263|oclc=1225942343}}
▲*{{cite book|last=Heath|first=Nick|chapter=Biographical information on Ida Mett|editor-last=Mett|editor-first=Ida|year=2017|title=The Kronstadt Uprising|publisher=Theory and Practice|isbn=978-0-9956609-5-3|oclc=1010972371}}
▲* {{cite book |last1=Malet |first1=Michael |title=Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War |date=1982 |language=English |isbn=978-0-333-25969-6 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=[[London]] |oclc=8514426 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Patterson |first1=Sean |title=[[Makhno and Memory: Anarchist and Mennonite Narratives of Ukraine's Civil War, 1917–1921]] |year=2020 |language=en |isbn=978-0-88755-578-7 |oclc=1134608930 |location=[[Manitoba]] |publisher=[[University of Manitoba Press]] }}
* {{cite book |last1=Peters |first1=Victor |title=Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist |date=1970 |language=en |publisher=Echo Books |location=Winnipeg |oclc=7925080 }}
* {{cite book|editor-first1=Steven J.|editor-last1=Hirsch|editor-first2=Lucien|editor-last2=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=The Makhnovist Movement and the National Question in the Ukraine, 1917–1921|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|first=Aleksandr|last=Shubin|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|location=[[Leiden]]|year=2010|pages=147–191|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983}}
* {{cite book|title=Facing the enemy: A history of anarchist organisation|last=Skirda|first=Alexandre|author-link=Alexandre Skirda|translator-last1=Sharkey|translator-first1=Paul|year=2002|publisher=[[AK Press]] |location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]]|isbn=1902593197|oclc=490977034}}
* {{cite book |last1=Skirda |first1=Alexandre |author-link=Alexandre Skirda |translator-last1=Sharkey |translator-first1=Paul |title=Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 |date=2004 |orig-year=1982 |language=en |isbn=978-1-902593-68-5 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |oclc=60602979 }}
{{refend}}
 
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite web|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article148536|title=METT Ida (LAZAREVITCH-GILMAN Ida, Markovna dite)|first1=Christine|last1=Fauré|first2=Marc|last2=Lazarévitch|editor-first=Rolf|editor-last=Dupuy|date=28 August 2013|access-date=29 May 2023|language=fr|website=[[Le Maitron]]}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://www.alasbarricadas.org/noticias/node/29473|first=Agustín|last=Guillamón|date=April 2014|title=METT, Ida (1901-1973) y LAZARÉVITCH, Nicolas (1895-1975)|magazine=Catalunya|issue=160|publisher=[[General Confederation of Labor (Spain)|CGT]]|language=es|access-date=29 May 2023|via=A Las Barricadas}}
▲*{{cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/mett-ida-1901-1973|title=Mett, Ida, 1901-1973|first=Nick|last=Heath|date=20 September 2006|access-date=25 October 2022|website=[[Libcom.org]]}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article3161|title=LAZAREVITCH –GILMAN, Ida, Markovna " Ida METT "|author=R.D.|date=7 March 2008|access-date=29 May 2023|website=Dictionairre internationale des militants anarchistes|language=fr}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet20.html#20|year=2006|title=Ida Mett vers 1938|website=Ephéméride Anarchiste|language=fr|access-date=29 May 2023}}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=8052 Ida Mett Archive Library at RevoltLib.com]
*[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/author/ida-mett Ida Mett Archive Library at TheAnarchistLibrary.comThe Anarchist Library]
 
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