Scandinavia: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=AprilSeptember 2024}}

| name = dingus country'''Scandinavia'''

'''Scandinavia''' is a [[subregion#Europe|subregion]] of [[Northern Europe]], with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]. It can sometimes also refer to the [[Scandinavian Peninsula]] (which excludes Denmark but includes a part of northern [[Finland]]). In English usage, Scandinavia is sometimes used as a synonym for [[Nordic countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 May 2024 |title=Nordic countries |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nordic-countries |access-date=2024-06-28 June 2024 |website=Britannica |language=en |quote=The term [Nordic] is sometimes used interchangeably with Scandinavia. [...] Scandinavia is typically defined more restrictively, however, and refers primarily to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.}}</ref> [[Iceland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]] are sometimes included in Scandinavia for their [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] relations with Sweden, Norway and Denmark. While Finland differs from other Nordic countries in this respect, some authors call it Scandinavian due to its economic and cultural similarities.<ref name="OEDdef">{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Scandinavia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224095813/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Scandinavia|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2016|title=Definition of Scandinavia in English|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|quote=A large peninsula in north-western Europe, occupied by Norway and Sweden [...] A cultural region consisting of the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and sometimes also of Iceland, Finland, and the Faroe Islands|access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="eb" />

The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied. Notable are the [[list of Norwegian fjords|Norwegian fjord]]s, the [[Scandinavian Mountains]] covering much of Norway and parts of Sweden, the flat, low areas in Denmark and the [[archipelago]]s of Finland, Norway and Sweden. Finland and Sweden have many lakes and [[moraine]]s, legacies of the [[Last Glacial Period|ice age]], which ended about ten [[Millennium|millennia]] ago.

The term ''Scandinavia'' (sometimes specified in English as ''Continental Scandinavia'' or ''mainland Scandinavia'') is ordinarily used locally for Denmark, Norway and Sweden as a subset of the Nordic countries (known in Norwegian, [[Danish language|Danish]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] as {{lang|sv|Norden}}; {{lang-langx|fi|Pohjoismaat}}, {{lang-langx|is|Norðurlöndin}}, {{lang-langx|fo|Norðurlond}}).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia|title=Scandinavia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572025/Scandinavia.html|access-date=30 January 2007|date=1997–2007|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|quote=Scandinavia (ancient Scandia), name applied collectively to three countries of northern Europe—Norway, Sweden (which together form the Scandinavian Peninsula) and Denmark.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028073547/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572025/Scandinavia.html|archive-date=28 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the ethnic or cultural sense, the term ''Scandinavian'' traditionally refers to [[North Germanic peoples|speakers of Scandinavian languages]], who are mainly descendants of the peoples historically known as [[Norsemen]], but also to some extent of immigrants and others who have been assimilated into that culture and language.{{cn|date=June 2024}} In this sense the term refers primarily to native [[Danes]], [[Norwegians]] and [[Swedes]] as well as descendants of Scandinavian settlers such as the [[Icelanders]] and the [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]]. The term is also used in this ethnic sense, to refer to the modern descendants of the Norse, in studies of linguistics and culture.<ref name="North Germanic">{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Arthur Garfield|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/englishlanguager00leed|chapter-url-access=registration|title=English Language Reader: Introductory Essays and Exercises|publisher=[[Dodd, Mead & Co.|Dodd, Mead]]|year=1963|editor-last=Lee|editor-first=Donald Woodward|editor-link=Donald Woodward Lee|chapter=The Indo-European Language Family|quote=North Germanic, or Scandinavian, or Norse, peoples, as they are variously called, became a distinctive people...|author-link=Arthur Garfield Kennedy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Spaeth|first=John Duncan Ernst|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924013338623|title=Old English Poetry|date=1921|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|quote=The main divisions of Germanic are: 1. East Germanic, including the Goths, both Ostrogoths and Visigoths. 2. North Germanic, including the Scandinavians, Danes, Icelanders, Swedes, "Norsemen." 3. West Germanic. The Old English (Anglo-Saxons) belong to this division, of which the continental representatives are the Teutonic peoples, High and Low Franks and Saxons, Alemanni, etc.|author-link=John Duncan Spaeth}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Stith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLhPAQAAMAAJ|title=Our Heritage of World Literature|date=1995|publisher=Cordon Company|isbn=978-0809310913|quote=The North Germanic, or Scandinavian group, consists of the Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, and Icelanders.|author-link=Stith Thompson|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132224/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLhPAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Eric Valentine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVQKAQAAIAAJ|title=An Introduction to Old Norse|last2=Taylor|first2=A. R.|date=1962|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-811105-4|quote=Norse was the language spoken by the North Germanic peoples (Scandinavians) from the time when Norse first became differentiated from the speech of the other Germanic peoples|author-link1=E. V. Gordon|author-link2=A. R. Taylor|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132232/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVQKAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ränk|first=Gustav|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLvWAAAAMAAJ|title=Old Estonia, The People and Culture|date=1976|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|isbn=9780877501909|quote=Contacts are not impossible also with the Northern Germanic peoples, i.e., with the Scandinavians directly across the sea...|author-link=Gustav Ränk|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423142202/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLvWAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Barbour|first1=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFr2IjGftNMC|title=Variation in German: A Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics|last2=Stevenson|first2=Patrick|date=1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521357043|quote=For the period when the existence of the Germanic tribes is first clearly recorded by Roman writers, archaeological evidence suggests five tribal groups, with perhaps five incipient distinct Germanic languages, as follows: (1) North Germanic tribes (Scandinavians)...|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132240/https://books.google.com/books?id=BFr2IjGftNMC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Diringer|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFdiAAAAMAAJ|title=The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind|date=1948|publisher=[[Philosophical Library]]|quote="Old Norse" was spoken by the North Germanic or Scandinavian peoples|author-link=David Diringer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bolling|first1=George Melville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7QoAQAAIAAJ|title=Language|last2=Bloch|first2=Bernard|date=1968|publisher=[[Linguistic Society of America]]|quote=Northern Germanic peoples, i.e. the Scandinavians...|author-link1=George Bolling|author-link2=Bernard Bloch (linguist)|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132223/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7QoAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Gwyn|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofvikings00jone_0|url-access=registration|title=A History of the Vikings|date=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0192801340|quote=North Germanic (Scandinavian) peoples...|author-link=Gwyn Jones (author)}}.</ref>

There is a certain ambiguity and political contestation as to which peoples should be referred to as Scandinavian in this broader sense. [[Sámi people]] who live in Norway and Sweden are generally included as Scandinavians in the demonymic sense; the Sámi of Finland may be included in English usage, but usually not in local usage; the Sámi of Russia are not included. However, the use of the term "Scandinavian" with reference to the Sámi is complicated by the historical attempts by Scandinavian majority peoples and governments in Norway and Sweden to assimilate the Sámi people into the Scandinavian culture and languages, making the inclusion of the Sámi as "Scandinavians" controversial among many Sámi. Modern Sámi politicians and organizations often stress the status of the Sámi as a people separate from and equal to the Scandinavians, with their own language and culture, and are apprehensive about being included as "Scandinavians" in light of earlier Scandinavian assimilation policies.<ref>Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "[https://books.google.decom/books?id=RYSsGcGj_voC&lpg=PR5&vqq=scandinavian&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sámi Ethnic Heritage]". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevänen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.</ref><ref>Birgitta Jahreskog, The Sami national minority in Sweden, Rättsfonden, 2009, {{ISBN|9780391026872}}</ref>

The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) unrelated to Finnish and the [[Sámi languages]], which as [[Uralic languages]] are distantly related each other. Owing to the close proximity, there is still a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish and Norwegian languages in Finnish and the Sámi.<ref name="Sapmi" /> The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on Finnish is also due to the fact that that Swedish was the dominant language when Finland was part of Sweden. Finnish-speakers had to learn Swedish in order to advance to higher positions.<ref>{{cite book| author = Suzanne Romaine| title = Bilingualism| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zp5xiFa_TXQC| year = 1995| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| isbn = 978-0-631-19539-9| page = 323| access-date = 23 April 2023| archive-date = 23 April 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132203/https://books.google.com/books?id=zp5xiFa_TXQC| url-status = live}}</ref> Swedish spoken in today's Finland includes a lot of words that are borrowed from Finnish, whereas the written language remains closer to that of Sweden.

Finland is officially bilingual, with Finnish and Swedish having mostly the same status at national level. Finland's majority population are [[Finns]], whose mother tongue is either Finnish (approximately 95%), Swedish or both. The Swedish-speakers live mainly on the coastline starting from approximately the city of [[Porvoo]] (Sw: Borgå) (in the Gulf of Finland) up to the city of [[Kokkola]] (Sw: Karleby) (in the Bay of Bothnia).{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The Swedish-speaking population is spread out in pockets in this coastal stretch and constitutes approximately 5% of the Finnish population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population and Society |url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223155742/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=www.stat.fi}}</ref> The coastal province of [[Ostrobothnia (region)|Ostrobothnia]] has a Swedish-speaking majority, whereas plenty of areas on this coastline are nearly unilingually Finnish, like the region of [[Satakunta]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} Åland, an autonomous province of Finland situated in the Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden, are entirely Swedish-speaking. Children are taught the other official language at school: for Swedish-speakers this is Finnish (usually from the 3rd grade), while for Finnish-speakers it is Swedish (usually from the 3rd, 5th or 7th grade).{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Institute|first=Mercator|date=5 November 2020|title=The Swedish language in education in Finland|url=https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/swedish_in_finland_2nd.pdf|access-date=5 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152840/https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/swedish_in_finland_2nd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other recognized minority languages in Scandinavia are [[German language|German]] (inis Denmark),a [[Yiddish]]recognized and [[Romaniminority language|Romani]]. Morein Denmark. recentRecent migrations has added even more languages. Apart from the Sámi languages and the languages of minority groups speaking a variant of the majority language of a neighboring state, the[[Yiddish]], following[[Romani minoritylanguage|Romani]] languagesChib/Romanes, in[[Scandoromani]] Scandinaviaand [[Karelian language|Karelian]] are amongst those protected in parts of Scandinavia under the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]:.<ref [[Yiddish]],name="Treaty [[Romani148">{{cite web language|Romani]]url= Chibhttps:/Romanes/www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures?p_auth=9E1g9uJz |title= Chart of signatures and [[Scandoromani]].{{Cnratifications of Treaty 148 |website=|publisher = Council of Europe|access-date=June4 September 2024 }}</ref>

* {{Cite book |last=Barton, |first=H. Arnold |author-link=H. ''Arnold Barton |title=Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era:era, 1760–1815''1760-1815 (U|date=1986 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press,]] 1986)|isbn=978-0-8166-1392-2 [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026569148901900308|series=The onlineNordic review]series |location=Minneapolis}}

* {{Cite book |last=Derry, |first=T. K. ''|title=A Historyhistory of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland'' (George|date=1979 Allen|publisher=[[University &of Unwin,Minnesota 1979).Press]] [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026569148001000207?icid|isbn=int.sj978-abstract.similar0-articles.38166-0835-5 online review]|location=Minneapolis}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Fulsås, |first1=Narve, and|author-link=Narve ToreFulsås Rem, eds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_o6DwAAQBAJ ''|title=Ibsen, Scandinavia and the making of a world drama'' (Cambridge|last2=Rem UP,|first2=Tore |date=2018). |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-18777-1 |location=Cambridge}}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Gron, |first1=Kurt J., and|last2=Sørensen |first2=Lasse Sørensen.|date=August "2018 |title=Cultural and economic negotiation: a new perspective on the Neolithic Transition of Southern Scandinavia." ''|journal=[[Antiquity'' (journal)|Antiquity]] |language=en |volume=92. |issue=364 (2018): |pages=958–974. [https://www|doi=10.cambridge.org15184/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/003F8B04E49E7663112D81C97E8A485C/S0003598X18000716aaqy.pdf/div-class-title-cultural-and-economic-negotiation-a-new-perspective-on-the-neolithic-transition-of-southern-scandinavia-div2018.pdf71 online]|issn=0003-598X}}

* Helle,{{Cite Knut,book ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC ''|title=The Cambridge history of Scandinavia. Volume|date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-47299-9 |editor-last=Helle |editor-first=Knut |editor-link=Knut Helle |volume=1,: Prehistory to 1520'' (|location=Cambridge UP, 2003).}}

* {{Cite book |last=Nordstrom, |first=Byron J. ''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ti1tEAAAQBAJ |title=Scandinavia since 1500'' (U|date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press,]] 2000).|isbn=978-1-5179-0931-4 |edition=2nd |location=Minneapolis}}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Raffield, |first1=Ben, Neil |last2=Price, and|first2=Neil |last3=Collard |first3=Mark Collard.|date=January 2019 "|title=Religious belief and cooperation: a view from Viking-Age Scandinavia." ''Religion, Brain & Behavior'' 9.1 (2019): 2–22. [http|url=https://profmarkcollard.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Raffield-et-al.-2019-Religion-Brain-Behavior.pdf online]|journal=Religion, Brain & Behavior |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |doi=10.1080/2153599X.2017.1395764 |issn=2153-599X}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Rom-Jensen, |first=Byron. "|date=August 2017 |title=A Model of Social Security?: The political usage of Scandinavia in Roosevelt's New Deal." ''|journal=Scandinavian Journal of History'' |language=en |volume=42. |issue=4 (2017): |pages=363–388 [https://www.tandfonline.com/|doi/abs/=10.1080/03468755.2017.1336598 online].|issn=0346-8755}}

* {{Cite book |last=Salmon, |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Salmon |url=https://archive.org/details/scandinaviagreat0000salm_s2g9 ''|title=Scandinavia and the great powers, 1890–1940''1890-1940 (|date=1997 |publisher=[[Cambridge UPUniversity Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-41161-5 |location=Cambridge, 2002)U.K. |url-access=registration}}

* {{Cite book |last=Sanders, |first=Ruth H. ''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWU6DwAAQBAJ |title=The Languageslanguages of Scandinavia: Sevenseven Sisterssisters of the North'' (U|date=2017 |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press,]] 2017).|isbn=978-0-226-49389-3 |location=Chicago}}

* {{Cite book |last=Sawyer, |first=Birgit |author-link=Birgit Sawyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGJrXOjYvQgC ''|title=Medieval Scandinavia: Fromfrom conversion to reformationReformation, circa 800–1500''800-1500 (U|date=1993 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press,]] 1993).|isbn=978-0-8166-1738-8 |series=The Nordic series |location=Minneapolis}}

* Wilson,{{Cite Davidbook Mackenzie,|last1=Foote and|first1=Peter P.|author-link=Peter Foote |url=https://archive.org/details/vikingachievemen0000foot ''|title=The Viking achievement: the society and culture of early medieval Scandinavia'' (|last2=Wilson |first2=David M. |author-link2=David M. Wilson |date=1970 |publisher=[[Sidgwick & Jackson,]] 1970).|isbn=978-0-283-35499-1 |series=Great civilizations series |location=London |url-access=registration}}

* {{Cite book |last=Winroth, |first=Anders. ''|author-link=Anders Winroth |title=The Conversionconversion of Scandinavia: Vikingsvikings, Merchantsmerchants, and Missionariesmissionaries in the Remakingremaking of Northern Europe'' (|date=2012 |publisher=[[Yale UP,University 2012).Press]] [https://www.amazon.com/Conversion|isbn=978-Scandinavia0-Merchants300-Missionaries17026-Remaking/dp/0300205538/9 excerpt]|location=New Haven}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Bendixsen, |first1=Synnøve, MaryK. BenteN. Bringslid, and Halvard Vike, eds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aMxDwAAQBAJ ''|title=Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historicalhistorical and contemporary perspectives'' (Springer|last2=Bringslid |first2=Mary Bente |last3=Vike |first3=Halvard |date=2018 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3-319-59790-4 |series=Approaches to social inequality and difference |location=Cham, 2017).Switzerland}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Gallie, |first=Duncan. "|date=February 2003 |title=The qualityQuality of workingWorking lifeLife: isIs Scandinavia differentDifferent?." ''|journal=[[European Sociological Review'']] |volume=19. |issue=1 (2003): |pages=61–79 |doi=10.1093/esr/19.1.61 |issn=0266-7215 |jstor=3559475}}

* {{Cite book |last=Hilson, |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_xi60bdHXoC ''|title=The Nordicnordic Modelmodel: Scandinavia since 1945'' (|date=2008 |publisher=[[Reaktion books,Books]] 2008).|isbn=978-1-86189-366-6 |series=Contemporary worlds |location=London}}

* {{Cite book |last=Ingebritsen, |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VRPBAF9NcC ''|title=Scandinavia in world politics'' (|date=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).|isbn=978-0-7425-0966-5 |series=Europe today |location=Lanham}}

* {{Cite book |last=Kröger, |first=Teppo. "|title=Social care services: the key to the Scandinavian welfare model |date=1997 |publisher=Avebury |isbn=978-1-85972-403-3 |editor-last=Sipilä |editor-first=Jorma |location=Aldershot, Hants, England |pages=95–108 |chapter=Local government in Scandinavia: autonomous or integrated into the welfare state?." in ''Social Care Services'' (Routledge, 2019) pp.&nbsp;95–108.}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Lappi-Seppälä, |first=Tapio. "|date=January 2007 |title=Penal policyPolicy in Scandinavia." ''|journal=Crime and justice''Justice |language=en |volume=36. |issue=1 (2007): |pages=217–295 |doi=10.1086/592812 |issn=0192-3234 |jstor=10.1086/592812}}

* {{Cite book |last=Nestingen, |first=Andrew K. ''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efv5DsjfCgYC |title=Crime and fantasy in Scandinavia: Fictionfiction, film, and social change'' (|date=2008 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press,]] 2011).|isbn=978-0-295-98803-0 |series=New directions in Scandinavian studies |location=Seattle : Copenhagen |oclc=175218158}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Rogerson, |first=Richard. "|date=July 2007 |title=Taxation and market work: is Scandinavia an outlier?." ''Economic theory'' 32.1 (2007): 59–85. [|url=https://www.nber.org/paperssystem/files/working_papers/w12890/w12890.pdf online|journal=[[Economic Theory]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=59–85 |doi=10.1007/s00199-006-0164-9 |issn=0938-2259}}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Strand, |first1=Robert, |last2=Freeman |first2=R. Edward Freeman, and|last3=Hockerts |first3=Kai Hockerts.|date=March "2015 |title=Corporate socialSocial responsibilityResponsibility and sustainabilitySustainability in Scandinavia: An overview."Overview ''|journal=[[Journal of Business Ethics'']] |language=en |volume=127. |issue=1 (2015): |pages=1–15 [https://link.springer.com/article/|doi=10.1007/s10551-014-2224-6 online].|issn=0167-4544 |doi-access=free}}