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== Concept ==
{{See also|Medical journal|Law review}}
Content
The term ''academic journal'' applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. [[Scientific journal]]s and journals of the [[quantitative research|quantitative]] [[social sciences]] vary in form and function from journals of the [[humanities]] and [[qualitative research|qualitative]] social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed.
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The first academic journal was {{Lang|fr|[[Journal des sçavans]]}} (January 1665), followed soon after by ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (March 1665), and {{Lang|fr|[[Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences]]}} (1666). The first fully peer-reviewed journal was ''Medical Essays and Observations'' (1733<!--Source says 1731 for the "launch", but it was published in 1733 -->).<ref name="Mudrak">{{cite web |last=Mudrak |first=Ben |title=Scholarly Publishing: A Brief History |url=https://www.aje.com/en/arc/scholarly-publishing-brief-history/ |publisher=American Journal Experts |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2019-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517055530/https://www.aje.com/en/arc/scholarly-publishing-brief-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu|thumb|right|page=60|[[Adrien Auzout]]'s "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from [[:s:Philosophical Transactions/Volume 1/Number 4#56|a 1665 article]] in ''[[Philosophical Transactions]]'', showing a [[Table (information)|table]]]]
The idea of a published journal with the purpose of "[letting] people know what is happening in the [[Republic of Letters]]" was first conceived by [[François Eudes de Mézeray]] in 1663. A publication titled {{Lang|fr|Journal littéraire général}} was supposed to be published to fulfill that goal, but never was. [[Renaissance humanism|Humanist scholar]] [[Denis de Sallo]] (under the [[pseudonym]] "Sieur de Hédouville") and printer Jean Cusson took Mazerai's idea, and obtained a [[royal privilege]] from King [[Louis XIV]] on 8 August 1664 to establish the {{Lang|fr|[[Journal des sçavans]]}}. The journal's first issue was published on 5 January 1665. It was aimed at [[Intellectual#"Man of letters"|people of letters]], and had four main objectives:<ref name="JDS-history">{{Cite book |last=Cocheris |first=Hippolyte |date=1860 |url=http://archive.org/details/indexjournaldess181658acaduoft |title=Table méthodique et analytique des articles du Journal des Savants depuis sa réorganization en 1816 jusqu'en 1858 inclusivement |location=Paris |publisher=A. Durand |pages=1–2}}</ref>
# review newly published major European books,
# publish the [[obituary|obituaries]] of famous people,
# report on discoveries in [[arts]] and [[science]], and
# report on the [[proceedings]] and [[censure]]s of both [[secular]] and [[ecclesiastical court]]s, as well as those of universities both in France and outside.
Soon after, the [[Royal Society]] established ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'' in March 1665, and the {{lang|fr|[[Académie des Sciences]]}} established the ''{{lang|fr|[[Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences]]}}'' in 1666, which focused on scientific communications.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Philosophical Transactions – The Secret History of the Scientific Journal |url=https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophicaltransactions/brief-history-of-phil-trans/ |publisher=University of St Andrews |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2019-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517055533/https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophicaltransactions/brief-history-of-phil-trans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of the 18th century, nearly 500 such periodicals had been published,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kronick |first1=David A. |title=A history of scientific and technical periodicals:the origins and development of the scientific and technological press, 1665–1790 |date=1962 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=New York |chapter=Original Publication: The Substantive Journal |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76 |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226102156/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76 |url-status=live }}</ref> the vast majority coming from [[Germany]] (304 periodicals), [[France]] (53), and [[England]] (34). Several of those publications, in particular the German journals, tended to be short-lived (under five years). A.J. Meadows has estimated the proliferation of journals to reach 10,000 journals in 1950, and 71,000 in 1987. Michael Mabe wrote that the estimates will vary depending on the definition of what exactly counts as a scholarly publication, but that the growth rate has been "remarkably consistent over time", with an average rate of 3.46% per year from 1800 to 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mabe |first1=Michael |date=1 July 2003 |title=The growth and number of journals |journal=Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=191–197 |doi=10.1629/16191 |issn=1475-3308 |doi-access=free |s2cid=904752}}</ref>
In 1733, ''Medical Essays and Observations'' was established by the [[Medical Society of Edinburgh]] as the first fully [[peer-review]]ed journal.<ref name="Mudrak"/> Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase the quality and pertinence of submissions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Preface |journal=Medical Essays and Observations |date=1737 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLRTGMkfZIMC&pg=PR5 |edition= 2nd |pages=v–xvi |publisher=Philosophical Society of Edinburgh}}</ref> Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' (1869) and ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' (1880), the establishment of ''[[Postmodern Culture]]'' in 1990 as the first [[online journal|online-only journal]], the foundation of [[arXiv]] in 1991 for the dissemination of [[preprint]]s to be discussed prior to publication in a journal, and the establishment of ''[[PLOS One]]'' in 2006 as the first [[megajournal]].<ref name="Mudrak"/>
==Scholarly articles==
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{{main|Review article}}
Review articles, also called "reviews of progress", are checks on the research published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, and others do not publish review articles. Such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms; some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some reviews are [[enumeration|enumerative]], listing all significant articles in a given subject; others are selective, including only what they think worthwhile. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field. Some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years.
Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited or "peer-invited" submissions, often planned years in advance, which may themselves go through a peer-review process once received.<ref name="De Lange"/><ref name="Durham">{{cite journal |last1=Durham |first1=William H. |title=Preface: A "Peer-Invited" Publication |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=October 2004 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921194122/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field.<ref name="De Lange"> {{cite book
|author=Deborah E. De Lange
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|year=2011
|title=Investigating Information Systems Research in Canada
|url=
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences]]
|volume=29
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==New developments==
[[File:Scholarly journals on screens.jpg|thumb|In the 21st century, journals are commonly accessed digitally]]
The [[Internet]] has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by [[Academic library|academic libraries]]. Individual articles are subject-indexed in databases such as [[Google Scholar]]. Some of the smallest, most specialized journals are prepared in-house, by an academic department, and published only online – this has sometimes been in the blog format, though some, like the [[open access]] journal ''[[Internet Archaeology]]'', use the medium to embed searchable datasets, 3D models, and interactive mapping.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Kevin |last=Greene |author-link=Kevin Greene (archaeologist) |doi=10.1017/S0003598X0006155X |volume=77 |pages=200–202 | issue=295 | title=Review: Internet Archaeology. Published twice yearly; ISSN 1363-5387. £105 and US$190 to instructions (access to Volume 1 free) | year=2003 | journal=Antiquity|s2cid=163702964 }}</ref>
Currently, there is a movement in higher education encouraging open access, either via [[self-archiving|self archiving]], whereby the author deposits a paper in a [[disciplinary repository|disciplinary]] or [[institutional repository]] where it can be searched for and read, or via publishing it in a free [[open access journal]], which does not charge for [[subscription business model|subscriptions]], being either subsidized or financed by a [[article processing charge|publication fee]]. Given the goal of sharing scientific research to speed advances, open access has affected science journals more than humanities journals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Philip M |last2=Walters |first2=William H |date=July 2011 |title=The impact of free access to the scientific literature: A review of recent research |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=208–217 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.99.3.008 |issn=1536-5050 |pmc=3133904 |pmid=21753913}}</ref> Commercial publishers are experimenting with open access models, but are trying to protect their subscription revenues.<ref>{{cite journal |author=James Hendler |year=2007 |title=Reinventing Academic Publishing-Part 1 |journal=[[IEEE Intelligent Systems]] |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1109/MIS.2007.4338485 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895390 |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005065413/https://zenodo.org/record/895390 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Predatory and junk journals ===
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|year=2011
|title=Investigating information systems research in Canada
|url=
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences]]
|volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=3–24
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