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The first recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates to October 1587, with the first permanent settlement of Filipinos in present-day [[Louisiana]] in 1763. Migration of significant numbers of Filipinos to the United States did not occur until the early 20th century, when the Philippines was an overseas territory of the United States. After World War II, and until 1965, migration of Filipinos to the United States was reduced limited to primarily military and medically connected immigration. Since 1965, due to changes in immigration policy, the population of Filipino Americans has expanded significantly.
Filipino Americans can be found throughout the United States, especially in the [[Western United States]] and metropolitan areas.
==National population demographics==
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Filipino Americans are the largest group of [[Overseas Filipinos]], and the majority were born outside of the United States; at the same time, more than 73% are United States citizens.<ref name="censr17" /> Among Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are the most integrated in American society, and are described by [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Professor Pei-te Lien as being "acculturated and economically incorporated".<ref name="NakanishiLai2003">{{cite book |author=Pei-te Lien |title=Asian American Politics: Law, Participation, and Policy |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7425-1850-6 |editor1=Don T. Nakanishi |page=198 |chapter=Ethnicity and Adaption: Comparing Filipino, Koreans, and Vietnamese in Southern California |editor2=James S. Lai |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGB8Z9wAQT4C&pg=PA198}}</ref> One in five is a [[multiracial American]]. Multiple languages are spoken by Filipino Americans, and the majority are [[Roman Catholic]]. {{as of|2004|alt=A U.S. Census Bureau survey done in 2004 found that}} Filipino Americans had the second highest median family income amongst Asian Americans, and had a high level of educational achievement.{{#tag:Ref|{{Cite report | date =February 2007 | title =The American Community-Asians: 2004 | publisher =United States Census Bureau | url =https://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-05.pdf | access-date =22 December 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002242/http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-05.pdf | archive-date =26 September 2007 | url-status =dead}} – part of the American Community Survey (ACS) report series based on responses to the 2004 ACS question on race, which asked all respondents to report one or more races.<ref name="American Community Survey Reports">[https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/ACS_reports.html American Community Survey Reports], United States Census Bureau.</ref>|name=ACS-05}}
[[Interracial marriage in the United States|Interracial marriage]] among Filipinos is common.<ref>{{cite book |title=Filipino Americans: transformation and identity |last=Root |first=Maria P. P. |year=1997 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |location=[[Thousand Oaks, California]] |isbn=978-0-7619-0579-0 |pages=80–94 |chapter=Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans: Fighting Colonized Identities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jK0RrwCHqQC&pg=PA80}}</ref> They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups in California—<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-nation.org/interracial.shtml |title=Interracial Dating & Marriage |publisher=asian-nation.org |author=C.N. Le |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> only [[Japanese Americans]] have a higher rate nationally.<ref>{{cite book |title=Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People |last=Reimers |first=David M. |year=2005 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |isbn=9780814775356 |page=173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-NNO9jGfIQC&pg=PA173}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Larry Hajime Shinagawa|author2=Michael Jang|title=Atlas of American Diversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5w9P64051oC&pg=PA53|year=1998|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|isbn=978-0-7619-9128-1|page=53|quote=Japanese American wives and Filipino American wives had the highest proportions of intermarriages (51.9% and 40.2%, respectively).}}</ref> Compared to other Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are more likely to have a Hispanic spouse.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Xiaojian Zhao|author2=Edward J.W. Park PhD|title=Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA848|date=26 November 2013|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-240-1|page=848}}</ref> Statistically, Filipino American women are more likely to marry outside of their ethnicity (38.9%) than Filipino American men (17.6%)
==Historical settlement==
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===Early immigration===
The earliest recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States is October 1587 when [[Sailor|mariners]] under Spanish command [[Landing of the first Filipinos|landed]] in [[Morro Bay, California]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century |last=Mercene |first=Floro L. |year=2007 |publisher=The [[University of the Philippines Press]] |isbn=978-971-542-529-2 |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSqhZphG_gQC&pg=PA38}}</ref><ref name="RRodis2006">{{cite news |title=A century of Filipinos in America |author=Rodel Rodis |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/mindfeeds/mindfeeds/view/20061025-28651/A_century_of_Filipinos_in_America |newspaper=Inquirer |date=25 October 2006 |access-date=22 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522213813/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/mindfeeds/mindfeeds/view/20061025-28651/A_century_of_Filipinos_in_America |archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The earliest permanent Filipino American residents arrived in the Americans in 1763,<ref name="RRodis2006" /> settling in [[Louisiana]]'s [[bayou]] country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/time_06.html |title=Filipinos in Louisiana |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2001 |website=Ancestors in the Americas |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=24 November 2014|quote=There are the "Louisiana Manila men" with a presence recorded as early as 1763.}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Valerie Ooka Pang|author2=Li-Rong Lilly Cheng|title=Struggling To Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZyIYK1M1ikC&pg=PA287|year=1998|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-3839-8|page=287}}<br />{{cite book|author=Mary Yu Danico|title=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9J6kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=3 September 2014|publisher=SAGE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4833-6560-2|page=48}}<br />{{cite book|author=Xiaojian Zhao|title=Asian American Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQPRCA9S9WAC&pg=PA3|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34875-4|page=3}}</ref> They later created settlements in the [[Mississippi River Delta]] such as [[Saint Malo, Louisiana|Saint Malo]]
===American period===
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===Post independence===
The [[War Brides Act]] of 1945, and subsequent Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act of 1946,<ref>{{cite book |title=Student Almanac of Asian American History: From the exclusion era to today, 1925–present |author=Media Projects Incorporated |year=2004 |editor1-first=Carter |editor1-last=Smith |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport Connecticut |isbn=978-0-313-32604-2 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPtFwpAKcBEC&pg=PA18 |access-date=11 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="TAM2007IUP">{{cite book|author1=Andrew R. L. Cayton|author2=Richard Sisson|author3=Chris Zacher|author4=Catherine Ceniza Choy|title=The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA256|date=8 November 2006|chapter=Filipinos|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=0-253-00349-0|pages=256–257}}</ref> allowed veterans to return to the Philippines to bring back fiancées, wives, and children.<ref name="EPLJAG2006">{{cite book |title=Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: effective activities, strategies, and assignments for classrooms and communities |last=Chen |first=Edith Wen-Chu |author2=Glenn Omatsu |author3=Emily Porcincula Lawsin |author4=Joseph A. Galura |year=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-0-7425-5338-5 |pages=29–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqLOnyU081kC&pg=PA29}}</ref><ref name="CAINF">{{cite web |url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/Filipino.html |title=California's Filipino Infantry |author=Alex S. Fabros |work=The [[California State Military Museum]] |publisher=California State Military Department |access-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>
===Post 1965===
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[[File:2020 Largest Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Group by State.png|right|thumb|2020 Census largest Asian American ethnicities by State]]
As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in 11 states
The following is a list of states with
{| class="wikitable"
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===California===
{{see also|Demographics of California#Asian Americans}}
Although Filipinos first arrived in California in the 16th century,<ref>{{cite book|author=Rick Bonus|title=Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kub5edzzP50C&pg=PA191|year=2000|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-779-7|page=191|quote=However, the first recorded Filipino arrival on the continent is dated in 1587, in Morro Bay, California, by San Louis Obispo.}}<br />{{cite book|author=E. San Juan Jr.|title=Toward Filipino Self-Determination: Beyond Transnational Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cprm26URewC&pg=PA101|date=2 July 2010|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-2737-9|page=101}}</ref> the first documentation of a Filipino residing in California did not occur until 1781, when [[Antonio Miranda Rodriguez]] was counted in the census as a "chino".<ref name="EstradaUTx2009">{{cite book|author=William David Estrada|title=The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJu4Wau5G5UC&pg=PA281|date=17 February 2009|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78209-9|page=281}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jon Sterngass|title=Filipino Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gjvUvVY-ngC&pg=PA40|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0711-0|page=40}}<br />{{cite book|author=Larry L. Naylor|title=Cultural Diversity in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC&pg=PA181|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-89789-479-1|page=181}}<br />{{cite book|author=Jonathan Y. Okamura|title=Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It917kzEPPsC&pg=PA36|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-53071-5|page=36}}<br />{{cite book|author=David J. Weber|title=Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nozzhdtLVeYC&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=[[UNM Press]]|isbn=978-0-8263-3510-4|page=35}}<br />{{cite AV media |author2=Eloisa Borah |date=1 October 2018 |title=Antonio Miranda Rodriguez: Filipino Pioneer in Los Angeles |author=Kababayan Weekly |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgJId0jdPR8 |access-date=22 April 2018 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=[[KSCI]]
[[File:MarshallTuason1941a.jpg|thumb|Marshall Tuason, a Filipino immigrant to California, in 1941|alt=Photograph of Marshall Tuason, a Filipino immigrant to California]]
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Filipino pensionados began arriving to the region in 1903, including [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]];<ref>{{cite book|author=Elnora Kelly Tayag|title=Filipinos in Ventura County|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pe4BrFr4MK4C&pg=PA8|year=2011|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7473-8|page=8}}<br />{{cite journal |title=To Educate Filipinos |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19031027.2.36 |journal=[[Los Angeles Herald]] |volume=XXXI |issue=26 |page=2 |date=27 October 1903 |access-date=24 December 2014}}<br />{{cite journal |title=Filipino Youths Who Are to Study America Arrive in Los Angeles |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19031113.2.53# |journal=Los Angeles Herald |volume=XXXI |issue=43 |page=3 |date=13 November 1903 |access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> others attended schools in Los Angeles County, including the [[University of Southern California]], and [[University of California - Los Angeles]].<ref name=SurveyLA>{{cite report |author=M. Rosalind Sagara |author2=Joseph Bernardo, Ph.D |author3=Jean-Paul R. deGuzman, Ph.D |author4=Lorna Ignacio Dumapias |author5=Gerald Gubatan |author6=Carlene Sobrino Bonnivier |author7=Florante Ibanez |author8=Dulce Capadocia |date=April 2018 |title=Los Angeles Citywide Historic Context Statement: Context: Filipino Americans in Los Angeles, 1903–1980 |url=https://preservation.lacity.org/sites/default/files/SurveyLA_FilipinoAmericans_LosAngeles.pdf |publisher=City of Los Angeles |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> In the 1920s, the area now known as [[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]] was known as Little Manila, where the first concentration of Filipino immigrants in Los Angeles lived.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mae Respicio Koerner|title=Filipinos in Los Angeles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyQkBcLZcf0C&pg=PA9|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-4729-9|page=9}}</ref> In 1930, one in five Filipinos in the United States called Los Angeles County home. The number of Filipinos in the area expanded in the winter season to work temporary jobs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Linda España-Maram|title=Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila: Working-Class Filipinos and Popular Culture in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhGgymG6luMC&pg=PA20|date=13 August 2013|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-51080-6|page=20}}</ref> In 1937, the first Filipina American graduated from [[UCLA]].<ref name="BrownPARRAL1993"/><ref name="IbanezIbanez2009">{{cite book|author1=Florante Peter Ibanez|author2=Roselyn Estepa Ibanez|title=Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ6tLcm9yK4C&pg=PA76|year=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7036-5|page=76}}</ref> In 1940, there were 4,503 Filipinos living in the City of [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="Ng2014">{{cite book|author1=Franklin Ng|author2=Elena S. H. Yu|title=Asian American Family Life and Community|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-t7gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|date=23 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-80123-5|pages=110–112|chapter=Filipino Migration and Community Organizations in the United States}}</ref> Little Manila extended to the [[Bunker Hill, Los Angeles|Bunker Hill]] and [[Civic Center, Los Angeles|Civic Center]] areas of Los Angeles, but was forced to relocate to the Temple-Beverly Corridor in the 1950s and 1960s;<ref name="Montoya2009"/><ref><!-- do not update this archived URL to a later archive URL or to the web page at this URL -- the URL has been re-used to navigate to something completely different -->{{cite web |url=http://newfacla.org/?page_id=32 |title=History of the {{sic|the|nolink=y}} Filipino American Community of Los Angeles (FACLA) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2013 |website=FACLA |publisher=Filipino American Community of Los Angeles |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211094114/http://newfacla.org/?page_id=32 |archive-date=11 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |last=Kang |first=K. Connie |date=18 May 1996 |title=Celebrating the Life of Legacy of UCLA's 'Uncle Roy' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-05-18-me-15175-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |last=Bos |first=Sascha |date=3 October 2014 |title=4 Free Things to Do in L.A. This Week (Plus a Great One for $13) |url=http://www.laweekly.com/publicspectacle/2014/10/03/4-free-things-to-do-in-la-this-week-plus-a-great-one-for-13 |newspaper=[[LA Weekly]] |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223100601/http://www.laweekly.com/publicspectacle/2014/10/03/4-free-things-to-do-in-la-this-week-plus-a-great-one-for-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> it has since been largely forgotten.<ref name="PulidoBarraclough2012"/> In the 20th century, Filipino sailors with the United States Navy began to be stationed in [[Oxnard, California|Oxnard]] and [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], developing military related Filipino enclaves;<ref name="Taylor2006"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filipinoamericanlibrary.org/Images/The%20Los%20Angeles%20Filipino%20Community-LMU.pdf |title=The Filipino Community |last1=Dia |first1=Paul |date=15 May 2003 |publisher=Filipino American Library |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> Long Beach community began in the 1940s,<ref>{{cite news |last=Richardson |first=Darcy Leigh |date=1 March 2012 |title=October Named Filipino-American History Month |url=http://www.gazettes.com/news/article_86050c42-c1e2-11df-8562-001cc4c002e0.html |newspaper=The Grunion Gazette Online |publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |access-date=3 December 2014 |quote=According to U.S. Census Bureau data, concentrations of Filipinos developed in west Long Beach in the 1940s because of the United States Naval Shipyard.}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Florante Peter Ibanez|author2=Roselyn Estepa Ibanez|title=Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ6tLcm9yK4C&pg=PA31|year=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7036-5|page=31}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Florante Peter Ibanez|author2=Roselyn Estepa Ibanez|title=Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ6tLcm9yK4C&pg=PA25|year=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7036-5|page=25}}</ref> the Oxnard community saw significant growth after the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Daryl Kelley |author2=Psyche Pascual |date=10 March 1991 |title=Filipinos Put Down Deep Roots in Oxnard : Demographics: The county's Asian population has grown dramatically, but only those immigrants from the Philippines have established a community. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-10-me-432-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |last=Shulman |first=Robin |date=6 August 2001 |title=Many Filipino Immigrants Are Dropping Anchor in Oxnard |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-06-me-31221-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> According to the [[1970 United States Census]], the [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area]] had the third largest Filipino American population in the United States at that time (32,018).<ref name="Table41-1970">{{cite book|title=1970 Census of Population: Subject reports. Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos in the United States|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHg2tZFdP1kC&pg=PA168|year=1973|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census|pages=168–169|chapter=Table 41. Social Characteristics of the Filipino Population for Selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Cities: 1970}}</ref> In the 1980s, there were 219,653 Filipinos in Los Angeles County.<ref>{{cite news |last=Archibold |first=Randal C. |date=20 August 1993 |title=Political Awakening : Filipino-Americans Start to Reach for Reins of Power |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-20-me-25819-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> In 1985, [[Helen Agcaoili Summers Brown]] opened the Filipino American Reading Room and Library.<ref name="BrownPARRAL1993">{{cite news |last=Doherty |first=Jake |date=27 June 1993 |title=Temple-Beaudry: A Treasure-Trove of Philippine History |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-27-ci-8474-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="IbanezIbanez2009"/><ref name="BrownPARRAL1996"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laassubject.org/index.php/articles/detail/article_in_memoriam_helen_brown_951 |title=In Memoriam: Helen Brown, 95 |last1=Posas |first1=Liza |date=28 January 2011 |website=LA as Subject |publisher=University of Southern California |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217093921/http://www.laassubject.org/index.php/articles/detail/article_in_memoriam_helen_brown_951 |url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Xiaojian Zhao|author2=Edward J.W. Park Ph.D.|title=Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382|date=26 November 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-240-1|page=382}}</ref> In 1990, there were more Filipinos living in suburban Los Angeles (160,778), than in urban Los Angeles (135,336).<ref name="LZAapr2002">{{cite journal |last1=Logan |first1=John R. |last2=Zhang |first2=Wenquan |last3=Alba |first3=Richard D. |date=April 2002 |title=Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles |jstor=3088897 |journal=[[American Sociological Review]] |publisher=American Sociological Association |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=299–322 |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic868440.files/Logan%20Immigrant%20enclavbes%20and%20thnic%20communities.pdf |doi=10.2307/3088897 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161118010555/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic868440.files/Logan%2520Immigrant%2520enclavbes%2520and%2520thnic%2520communities.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016}}{{sub|Table 1b}}</ref> In 1996 one in four of Asian Americans in Los Angeles was Filipino.<ref name="BrownPARRAL1996">{{cite news |last=Kang |first=K. Connie |date=10 January 1996 |title='Auntie's' Pride and Joy : 'Loving librarian' Helen Brown, 80, shares her passion for her Filipino heritage with the public through her library. : HEARTS of the CITY / Exploring attitudes and issues behind the news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01-10-me-23032-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> In the last two decades of the 20th century Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in the region, however one writer described the population as having a "residential invisibility", with other Asian American populations being more visible.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Roger Waldinger|author2=Mehdi Bozorgmehr|title=Ethnic Los Angeles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwwXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|date=5 December 1996|publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]]|isbn=978-1-61044-547-4|page=89}}</ref>
[[Greater Los Angeles area|Greater Los Angeles]] is the metropolitan area home to the most Filipino Americans, with the population numbered around 606,657 in 2010;<ref>{{cite web |title=Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA CSA; California |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/340M100US06348/popgroup~038 |work=2010 Census Summary File 2 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=9 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141210064841/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/340M100US06348/popgroup~038 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Los Angeles County alone accounted for over 374,285 Filipinos,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0500000US06037/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0500000US06037 |title=Filipino alone or in any combination |work=2010 Census Summary File 2 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=9 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141210064937/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0500000US06037/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0500000US06037 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the most of any single county in the U.S.<ref name="Atlas of American Diversity">{{cite book|author1=Larry Hajime Shinagawa|author2=Michael Jang|title=Atlas of American Diversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5w9P64051oC&pg=PA46|year=1998|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7619-9128-1|page=46}}</ref> The Los Angeles region has the second-largest concentrated population of Filipinos in the world, surpassed only by [[Greater Manila|Manila]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Diana Ting Liu Wu|title=Asian Pacific Americans in the Workplace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Na1hLNoEbi4C&pg=PA51|year=1997|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7619-9122-9|page=51|quote=There are more ethnic Filipinos in Los Angeles than in any other city except Manila.}}<br />{{cite book|author=Dalton Higgins|title=Hip Hop World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRs0ZfUNSzcC&pg=PA40|year=2009|publisher=Groundwood Books|isbn=978-0-88899-910-8|page=40}}<br />{{cite book|author=David James|title=The Most Typical Avant-Garde: History and Geography of Minor Cinemas in Los Angeles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0mkbWQ6hIcC&pg=PA6|date=30 May 2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93819-9|page=6}}</ref> Greater Los Angeles is also home to the largest number of Filipino immigrants (16% of the total Filipino immigrant population of the United States), as of 2011.<ref name="MPIjun2013"/> Filipinos are the second-largest group of Asian Americans in the region;<ref>{{cite news |author=Joseph Pimentel |title=Family says your thoughts of Filipino food are wrong |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/filipino-627289-goldilocks-leelin.html |newspaper=[[Orange County Register]] |date=28 June 2014 |access-date=7 October 2018 |quote=Filipinos are the second-largest Asian American population in the Los Angeles/Long Beach/Santa Ana region, and the largest in the state of California. They are the second-largest Asian American group in the U.S.}}<br />{{cite web |last=Kitazawa |first=Yosuke |date=15 May 2012 |title=Filipinos are the Minority in Historic Filipinotown and L.A.'s Japanese Population in Steady Decline |url=https://www.kcet.org/history-society/filipinos-are-the-minority-in-historic-filipinotown-and-las-japanese-population-in | work=History & Society |publisher=[[KCET]] |location=Hollywood, California |access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> however, in 2010, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans within the city of Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apahm.lacity.org/assets/doc/Demographic_Data_APAHM_website.compressed.pdf |title=Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: A Diverse and Growing Force in Los Angeles |author=Asian Americans Advancing Justice-Los Angeles |date=May 2016 |website=2016 LA Asian Pacific American Heritage Month |publisher=City of [[Los Angeles]] |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219010318/http://apahm.lacity.org/assets/doc/Demographic_Data_APAHM_website.compressed.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref
The city of Los Angeles designated a section of [[Westlake, Los Angeles, California|Westlake]] as [[Historic Filipinotown, Los Angeles, California|Historic Filipinotown]] in 2002. It is now largely populated by [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]]. Most Filipinos who resided in the area and the city in general have moved to the suburbs,<ref name="Montoya2009">{{cite book|author=Carina Monica Montoya|title=Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQzdqdB3AIsC&pg=PA7|year=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-6954-3|page=7}}</ref><ref name="PulidoBarraclough2012">{{cite book|author1=Laura Pulido|author2=Laura R. Barraclough|author3=Wendy Cheng|title=A People's Guide to Los Angeles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XI6c--mh-UC&pg=PA27|year=2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27081-7|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pyong Gap Min|title=Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&pg=PA188|year=2006|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-0556-5|page=188}}</ref> particularly cities in the [[San Gabriel Valley]], including [[West Covina, California|West Covina]] and [[Rowland Heights, California|Rowland Heights]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Arax |first=Mark |date=5 April 1987 |title=San Gabriel Valley : Asian Influx Alters Life in Suburbia |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-04-05-mn-351-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=1 December 2014 |quote=Farther east—in Hacienda Heights, Rowland Heights, Walnut and West Covina—full-fledged Korean and Filipino communities that are among the largest in the state have taken root.}}</ref><ref name="OngBonacichCheng">{{cite book|author1=Paul M. Ong|author2=Edna Bonacich|author3=Lucie Cheng|author3-link=Lucie Cheng|title=The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Go_ZBQhMEvMC&pg=PA121|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0158-8|page=121}}</ref><ref name="ZhaoPhD2013">{{cite book|author1=Xiaojian Zhao|author2=Edward J.W. Park PhD|title=Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1039|date=26 November 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-240-1|pages=1039–1042}}</ref> Due to West Covina's significant concentration of Filipino Americans, it was proposed a business district be designated a "Little Manila".<ref>{{cite news |last=Baer |first=Stephanie K. |date=30 August 2017 |title=In nod to thriving population, West Covina looks to designate Filipino business area as 'Little Manila' |url=https://www.sgvtribune.com/2017/02/10/in-nod-to-thriving-population-west-covina-looks-to-designate-filipino-business-area-as-little-manila/ |work=[[San Gabriel Valley Tribune]] |access-date=3 January 2018}}<br />{{cite news |last=Shyong |first=Frank |date=8 January 2018 |title=A diverse L.A. suburb finds love and songs of celebration in 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-crazy-west-covina-20171012-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> In 2014, about a quarter of Historic Filipinotown's population was Filipino, however the population did not have a significant "visible cultural impact";<ref>{{cite news |last=Trinidad |first=Elson |date=2 August 2012 |title=L.A.'s Historic Filipinotown Turns Ten: What's Changed? |url=http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/commentary/los-angeles-historic-filipinotown-turns-ten-whats-changed.html |newspaper=KCET |access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> in 2007, Filipinos were 15% of the area's population.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wedner |first=Diane |date=18 March 2007 |title=A shared identity |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-re-guide18mar18-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> Within the city of Los Angeles, [[Eagle Rock, Los Angeles|Eagle Rock]] has over 6,000 Filipinos calling the neighborhood home;<ref>{{cite news |last=Gorman |first=Anna |date=22 August 2007 |title=Mall anchors thriving Filipino community |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-22-me-filipino22-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=15 July 2018}}<br />{{cite news |last=Barragan |first=Blanca |date=11 March 2016 |title=Eagle Rock's Philippine Village to Make Way for Little Houses |url=https://la.curbed.com/2016/3/11/11199056/eagle-rock-philippine-village-development |work= [[Curbed Los Angeles]] |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> additionally, as of 2000 the largest source of foreign-born individuals was the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/eagle-rock/ |title=Eagle Rock |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2018 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> [[Panorama City, Los Angeles|Panorama City]] is another Los Angeles neighborhood with a noticeable Filipino population.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Flory |date=11 September 2017 |title=Panorama City: Latinos and Filipinos |url=https://medium.com/@FloryRamirez/panorama-city-filipinos-and-latinos-7b02126d3236 |work=Medium |access-date=15 July 2018}}<br />{{cite news |last=Azores-Gunter |first=Tania |date=7 December 1992 |title=In The Neighborhood : FILIPINO-AMERICANS: Getting It Together, Raising Their Profile |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-07-me-1133-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=15 July 2018}}<br />{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Panorama City |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/panorama-city/ |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2018 |access-date=15 July 2018}}<br />{{cite report |last1=Leong |first1=Anthony |last2=Harrington |first2=Sherry |last3=Kwok |first3=Jae |date=12 November 2004 |title=The Filipino Culture in the San Fernando Valley |url=http://www.csun.edu/~smr78195/aas345/report/fall04/filipinosfv.htm |publisher=[[California State University, Northridge]] |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> In 2010, 32.4% of Asians in [[La Puente, California|La Puente]] were foreign-born Filipino.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Merlin Chowkwanyun |authorlink1=Merlin Chowkwanyun |author2=Jordan Segall |date=24 August 2012 |title=The Rise of the Majority-Asian Suburb |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-rise-of-the-majority-asian-suburb-20120824 |newspaper=[[National Journal]] |agency=Atlantic Cities |access-date=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210075837/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-rise-of-the-majority-asian-suburb-20120824 |archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Other significant concentrations of Filipino Americans in Los Angeles County are in [[Carson, California|Carson]],<ref name="Nadal2011-1"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Darryl V. Caterine|title=Conservative Catholicism and the Carmelites: Identity, Ethnicity, and Tradition in the Modern Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENZ_WUdI4QoC&pg=PA43|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34011-X|page=43}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Florante Peter Ibanez|author2=Roselyn Estepa Ibanez|title=Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ6tLcm9yK4C&pg=PA8|year=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7036-5|page=8}}<br />{{cite news |last=Ochoa |first=Cecile Caguingin |date=3 November 2013 |title=Carson, California commemoration caps Fil-Am history month |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/89415/carson-california-commemoration-caps-fil-am-history-month/ |newspaper=Inquirer |access-date=1 December 2014 |quote=After all, it is reputed to be the fourth city in the US with the highest percentage of Filipinos–approximately 20,000 out of its total 92,000 residents.}}<br />{{cite news |last=Texeira |first=Erin |date=27 November 2000 |title=Carson, a Model of Multiracial Politics, Hit by Discord |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-27-me-57847-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=1 December 2014 |quote= In recent decades, Filipino newcomers have arrived at a rapid rate, now making up about 20% of Carson's population and 24% of the teens at the high school, according to city estimates.}}</ref> where "[[Larry Itliong]] Day" was dedicated,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Xiaojian Zhao|author2=Edward J.W. Park PhD|title=Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA578|date=26 November 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-240-1|page=578}}</ref> [[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]],<ref name="OngBonacichCheng"/><ref name="ZhaoPhD2013"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Marich|title=Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies Used by Major Studios and Independents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ7cAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|date=18 April 2005|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-136-06862-1|page=267}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Rhonda Phillips|author2=Robert H. Pittman|title=An Introduction to Community Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw2UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA337|date=2 December 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-97722-1|page=337}}<br />{{cite book|author=Rhacel Salazar Parrenas|title=The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq_A_Tm-JdUC&pg=PA96|date=10 August 2008|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6789-4|page=96}}</ref> and [[Glendale, California|Glendale]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Levine |first=Brittany |date=26 April 2012 |title=Filipinos on the rise in Glendale, Census shows |url=http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-04-26/news/tn-818-0426-filipinos-on-the-rise-in-glendale-census-shows_1_local-filipino-community-glendale-memorial-hospital-census-data | work=[[Glendale News-Press]] |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321083004/http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-04-26/news/tn-818-0426-filipinos-on-the-rise-in-glendale-census-shows_1_local-filipino-community-glendale-memorial-hospital-census-data |url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite news |last=Levine |first=Brittany |date=26 April 2012 |title=Glendale sees rise in Filipino population |url=http://www.latimes.com/tn-gnp-0427-city-sees-shifts-in-population-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=20 March 2017}}<br />{{cite news |last=Levine |first=Brittany |date=14 October 2013 |title=Glendale acknowledges its Filipino population |url=http://www.latimes.com/tn-gnp-city-acknowledges-its-filipino-population-20131014-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] also has a sizable and growing Filipino population,<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Population in Orange County |author=Kathie Bozanich |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-16-me-1456-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=16 June 1991 |access-date=15 October 2012}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.anaheim.net/docs_agend/AnaheimProfileII.pdf |title=Census 2000 Demographic Profile II |date=August 2012 |work=Center for Demographic Research |publisher=City of Anaheim |access-date=15 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207231755/http://www.anaheim.net/docs_agend/AnaheimProfileII.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2012}}<br />{{cite news |title=O.C.'s top 10 immigrant populations |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/survey-335971-born-foreign.html?pic=10 |newspaper=Orange County Register |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> whose population grew by 178% in the 1980s;<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Asian Population in Orange County |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-16-me-1456-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=16 June 1991 |access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> by 2018 the population was estimated to be 89,000.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vo |first=Thy |date=29 January 2018 |title=Report: Asian Americans, Now One Fifth of OC's Population, Are More Complex Than You Think |url=https://voiceofoc.org/2018/01/report-asian-americans-now-one-fifth-of-ocs-population-are-more-complex-than-you-think/ |work=[[Voice of OC]] |location=Santa Ana, California |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Inland Empire]] also has a population of Filipinos, with an estimated 59,000 living in the region in 2003, a hundred years after the first Filipinos arrived in the area to attend [[Riverside Polytechnic High School|Riverside High School]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianamericanriverside.ucr.edu/NotableAsianAmericans/Filipinos/index.html |title=Filipina/os in Riverside |last=Trajano |first=Christian Arquillo |website=Asian American Riverside |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]] |access-date=3 January 2018 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518140604/http://www.asianamericanriverside.ucr.edu/NotableAsianAmericans/Filipinos/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> of those about 2,400 lived in [[Coachella Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Brambila |first=Nicole C. |date=30 November 2009 |title=A 'hidden minority' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23518756/the_desert_sun/ |work=[[The Desert Sun]] |location=Palm Springs, California |access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> By the early 2010s estimates were there were around 90,000 Filipinos living in the region—the largest group with Asian ancestry in the area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Olson |first=David |date=7 October 2014 |title=Asian-American community fastest growing group in Inland Empire, nation |url=https://www.pe.com/2014/10/07/asian-american-community-fastest-growing-group-in-inland-empire-nation/ |work=[[Press-Enterprise]] |location=Riverside County |access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref> [[West Long Beach]] also has a large Filipino American population.
Line 146 ⟶ 144:
====San Francisco Bay Area====
[[File:Elderly evicted tenants of the International Hotel in San Francisco - 4 August 1977.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of two elderly Filipino tenants who were evicted from the International Hotel in San Francisco| Elderly tenants who were evicted from the [[International Hotel (San Francisco)|International Hotel]] in San Francisco during the dawn hours of 4 August 1977]] One of the earliest records of a Filipino settling in the San Francisco Bay Area occurred in the mid-19th century, when a Filipino immigrant and his [[Miwok]] wife settled in [[Lairds Landing, California|Lairds Landing]]
The 2000 Census showed that the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to approximately 320,000 residents of Filipino descent,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosario |first1=Claudine del |last2=Gonzalez III |first2=Joaquin L. |year=2006 |title=Apathy to Activism through Filipino American Churches |journal=Asia Pacific: Perspectives |volume=VI |issue=1 |pages=21–37 |publisher=University of San Francisco |url=http://usf.usfca.edu/pac_rim/new/research/perspectives/app_v6n1_delrosario_gonzalez.pdf |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084038/http://usf.usfca.edu/pac_rim/new/research/perspectives/app_v6n1_delrosario_gonzalez.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> with the largest concentration living in [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Filipino American faith in action: immigration, religion, and civic engagement |last=Gonzalez |first=Joaquin Lucero |year=2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-3197-0 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxdJXdqPuuEC&pg=PA26}}</ref> In the mid-2000s Filipino Americans were between one fifth and one fourth of the total population of [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], having been drawn there by agriculture and [[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Steven A. Holmes |title=A Diverse City Exists Equal but Separate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/11/us/a-diverse-city-exists-equal-but-separate.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 May 2001 |access-date=20 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |author=Sarah Rohrs |title=Decades-long Filipino struggles resulted in strong roots in Vallejo |url=http://www.timesheraldonline.com/general-news/20130512/decades-long-filipino-struggles-resulted-in-strong-roots-in-vallejo |newspaper=[[Vallejo Times Herald|Times-Herald]] |location=Vallejo, California |date=12 May 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014}}<br />{{cite book|author=Joaquin Jay Gonzalez|title=Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxdJXdqPuuEC&pg=PA26|date=1 February 2009|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3297-7|page=26}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.vallejochamber.com/vallejo_chamber_of_commerce_demographics.php |title=Vallejo Demographics |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |publisher=Vallejo Chamber of Commerce |access-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221004208/http://www.vallejochamber.com/vallejo_chamber_of_commerce_demographics.php |archive-date=21 December 2014}}<br />{{cite book|author=Benito Vergara|title=Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtM9UK0_DAkC&pg=PA26|year=2009|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-664-3|page=26}}<br />{{cite book|author=Mel Orpilla|title=Filipinos in Vallejo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6xXcDel-PkC&pg=PA8|year=2005|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-2969-1|page=8}}<br />{{cite book|author=James E. Kern|title=Vallejo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkTsGqiu4JsC&pg=PA72|year=2004|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-2909-7|page=72}}<br />{{cite book|author=Sam Roberts|title=Who We Are Now: The Changing Face of America in the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZXWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156|date=22 October 2013|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|isbn=978-1-4668-5522-9|pages=156–157}}</ref> In 2007, there were about a hundred thousand Filipino Americans living in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] alone.<ref name="LuluguisenGaledo2008"/> By the time of the 2010 Census the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to 463,458 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans;<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/340M100US06488/popgroup~038 |work=2010 Census Summary File 2 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=9 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141210064848/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/340M100US06488/popgroup~038 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Santa Clara county continued to have the largest concentration in the area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/330M100US488.05000/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0500000US06085 |work=2010 Census Summary File 2 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=9 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141210064905/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/330M100US488.05000/popgroup~038?slice=GEO~0500000US06085 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, 9% of all Filipino immigrants to the United States reside in the [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco metropolitan area]], and an additional 3% resided in the [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Jose metropolitan area]].<ref name="MPIjun2013"/> [[Daly City]], in the San Francisco Bay Area, has the highest concentration of Filipino Americans of any municipality in the U.S.; Filipino Americans comprise 35% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/after-100-years-daly-city-reflects-on-history-of-diversity/Content?oid=2171599 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141126064206/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/after-100-years-daly-city-reflects-on-history-of-diversity/Content?oid=2171599|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2014 |title=After 100 years, Daly City reflects on history of diversity|work=San Francisco Examiner|author=Terrezas, Alexis|date=19 March 2011|access-date=25 November 2014}}<br />{{cite news |last=Fagan |first=Kevin |date=22 March 2012 |title=Asian population swells in Bay Area, state, nation |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Asian-population-swells-in-Bay-Area-state-nation-3425777.php |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=25 November 2014}}<br />{{cite book|author=Benito Vergara|title=Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtM9UK0_DAkC&pg=PA24|year=2009|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-664-3|page=24}}</ref> In 2016, although the number of Filipinos living within the City of San Francisco has been reduced, a heritage district was designated [[South of Market, San Francisco#SoMa Pilipinas|"SoMa Pilipinas"]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Yu |first=Brandon |date=16 August 2018 |title=Undiscovered SF aims to shed light on the area's thriving Filipino American community |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Undiscovered-SF-aims-to-shed-light-on-the-13158950.php#photo-16023796 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> [[South San Francisco]] and [[San Bruno]] also have significant Filipino populations.
Line 165 ⟶ 163:
According to the [[2000 United States Census|2000 Census]], the state of Hawaii had a Filipino population of over 275,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF2/DP1/0400000US15/popgroup~038 |title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 200 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2000 |website=Census 2000 Summary File 2 (SF 2) 100-Percent Data |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141223204416/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF2/DP1/0400000US15/popgroup~038 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AquinoMagdalena2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/cps/hawaii-filipinos.html |title=A Brief History of Filipinos in Hawaii |author=Belinda A. Aquino |author2=Federico V. Magdalena |date=2010 |work=Center for Philippine Studies |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> with over 191,000 living on the island of [[Oahu]];<ref name="AquinoMagdalena2010"/> of those, 102,000 were immigrants.<ref name="Sterngass2009-65"/> Furthermore, Filipinos made up the third largest ethnicity among [[Asian Pacific American]]s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Filipino Americans have rich isle history: The state will mark their centennial with a celebration in 2006 |author=Rosemarie Bernardo |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2002/06/07/news/story2.html |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |date=7 June 2002 |access-date=23 December 2014 |quote=In Hawaii, Filipinos are the third-largest population among Asians and Pacific Islanders to [[Japanese American]]s and [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiians]], respectively.}}</ref> while making up the majority of the populations of [[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai]] and [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui]] counties.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2004 |title=Ancestry:2000 |author=Angela Brittingham |author2=G. Patricia de La Cruz |date=June 2004 |work=U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2002, representatives from the [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Arroyo Administration]] and local leaders presided over the grand opening and dedication of the [[Filipino Community Center]] in [[Waipahu, Hawaii|Waipahu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=RP officials celebrate opening of community center in Hawaii |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.mvariety.com/community-bulletin-sp-595/8759-rp-officials-celebrate-opening-of-community-center-in-hawaii |newspaper=[[Marianas Variety]] |date=2 December 2012 |access-date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |title=A center of their own |author=Rosemarie Bernardo |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2002/06/06/news/story4.html |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=6 June 2002 |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> In the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], Filipino Americans became the largest Asian ethnicity in Hawaii, partially due to the declining population of the state's Japanese Americans.<ref>{{cite news |title=Census shows Hispanics grow presence in Hawaii |author=Jennifer Sinco Kelleher |url=http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/549652/Census-shows-Hispanics-grow-presence-in-Hawaii.html?nav=5031 |newspaper=[[The Maui News]] |agency=Associated Press |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/speeches/2011-08-05-kupuna-caucus-meeting.pdf |title=Hawaii 2010 Census |author=Richard Lim |date=5 August 2011 |website=State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism |publisher=State of Hawaii |access-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125101607/http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/speeches/2011-08-05-kupuna-caucus-meeting.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> In 2011, four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the U.S. resided in the Honolulu metro area, and were 43% of all immigrants in the Honolulu metro area as well. Filipino immigrants in Hawaii made up six per cent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.<ref name="MPIjun2013"/>
In 2020, there were 383,200 Filipino Americans in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://public.tableau.com/shared/QKK6KQX72?:display_count=n&:origin=viz_share_link&:embed=y |title=Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Hawaii |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 September 2023 |website=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> A quarter of the population of Hawaii are Filipino Americans.<ref>{{cite news |last=Natividad |first=Ivan |date=9 October 2023 |title=Why are there so many people from the Philippines in Hawaii? Colonialism. |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/10/09/why-are-there-so-many-people-from-the-philippines-in-hawaii |work=Berkeley News |location=Berkeley, CA |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=Lahaina2023>{{cite news |last1=Yam |first1=Kimmy |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Sakshi |date=7 September 2023 |title=Filipinos in Lahaina say they've been overlooked in wildfire response |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/filipinos-maui-hawaii-wildfires-rcna102375 |publisher=NBC News |location=New York City |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> In 2019 Filipino Americans were the second largest ethnicity in Hawaii, after European Americans.<ref name=May2022HBM /> Despite Filipino Americans in Hawaii having a slightly higher
===Texas===
Line 184 ⟶ 182:
Five Filipinos were documented in Nevada in 1920; the population increased to 47 in 1930.<ref name="CensusTruesdell1930"/> According to the [[Center of Immigration Studies]], the Filipino population in Nevada grew 77.8% from 7,339 in 1990, to 33,046 in 2000.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kim Potowski|title=Language Diversity in the USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uIC4wLNaeQC&pg=PA99|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49126-6|page=99}}</ref> In 2000, Nevada was home to two percent (31,000) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.<ref name="Sterngass2009-65"/> Nevada's Filipino American population grew substantially from 2000 to 2010, with a 142% increase for a 3.6% share of the state's total population by 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tagalog ballots to make voting more convenient for Las Vegas Fil-Ams |author=Dymphna Calica-La Putt |url=http://asianjournal.com/fil-am-news/3-filamnews/14064-tagalog-ballots-to-make-voting-more-convenient-for-las-vegas-fil-ams-.html |newspaper=Asian Journal |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707131758/http://asianjournal.com/fil-am-news/3-filamnews/14064-tagalog-ballots-to-make-voting-more-convenient-for-las-vegas-fil-ams-.html |archive-date=7 July 2012}}<br />{{cite news |title=U.S. 2010 Census: Filipinos in the U.S. Increased by 38%; Nevada has fastest growing population |author=Jon Mele |url=http://www.filipinopress.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226:-us-2010-census-filipinos-in-the-us-increased-by-38-nevada-has-fastest-growing-population&catid=48:local-news&Itemid=87 |newspaper=Filipino Press |access-date=8 January 2012}}<br />{{cite news |author=Tovin Lapan |title=As population surges, first Filipino-American organization launched in Nevada |url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/may/12/population-surges-first-filipino-american-organiza/ |newspaper=[[Las Vegas Sun]] |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> More than half of Asian Americans in Nevada in 2010 were Filipino,<ref>{{cite news |author=Steve Timko |title=Changing Face of America: Filipinos on the rise in Nevada |url=http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2014/10/22/changing-face-america-filipinos-rise-nevada/17688129/ |newspaper=[[Reno Gazette-Journal]] |publisher=Gannett |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> and are Nevada's largest group of Asian Americans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Wayne Bowers|title=The Sagebrush State: Nevada's History, Government, and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHjKxTAwdGIC&pg=PA32|year=2006|publisher=University of Nevada Press|isbn=978-0-87417-682-7|page=32}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In 2005, outside of [[Las Vegas Valley]], the only other area in Nevada with a significant population of Filipinos was [[Washoe County, Nevada|Washoe County]].<ref name="SimichWright2005-229"/> In 2012, about 124,000 Filipinos lived in Nevada, mostly in [[Las Vegas Valley]];<ref>{{cite news |author=Jason Margolis |title=Could Filipinos in Las Vegas Wield Political Power? |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-02/could-filipinos-las-vegas-wield-political-power |newspaper=Public Radio International |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=6 December 2014 |quote=Much of that growth was fueled by Filipino immigrants – some 124,000 Filipinos now call Nevada home, mostly in the Las Vegas area.}}</ref> by 2015, it had risen to more than 138,000.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoa |first=Sally |work=Associated Press News |date=1 May 2015 |title=Pacquiao a hero in Filipino communities ready to celebrate |url=https://apnews.com/article/manny-pacquiao-las-vegas-archive-boxing-70ea98f5f1104a528ed53efa9186711c |access-date=9 February 2024 |quote=Nearly 5 percent of Nevadans – more than 138,000 people – identify as Filipino, making the sparsely populated state home to the fifth-largest contingent in the country, according to Census data.}}</ref> In 2021, there were more than 200,000 Filipinos in Las Vegas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pattillo |first=Alicia |date=14 May 2021 |title=Filipinos are largest AAPI group in Las Vegas |url=https://www.ktnv.com/news/bridging-the-divide/filipinos-are-largest-aapi-group-in-las-vegas |work=KTNV |location=Las Vegas |access-date=9 February 2024 |quote=The Las Vegas Asian Chamber of Commerce says more than 200,000 Filipinos make up the AAPI community.}}</ref>
The first known Filipinos
===Florida===
Line 192 ⟶ 190:
===Illinois===
[[File:Musicians at Pin@yPalooza.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Filipino American musicians – six men and two women | Filipino American musicians in Chicago, 2010]]
Filipino migration to the Chicago area began in 1906 with the immigration of pensionados,<ref>{{cite book |title=The new Chicago: a social and cultural analysis |last=Koval |first=John Patrick |author2=Larry Bennett |author3=Michael I. J. Bennett |author4=Fassil Demissie |author5=Roberta Garner |author6=Kiljoong Kim |year=2006 |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia|isbn= 978-1-59213-088-7 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKHGOCFB10C&pg=PA152}}</ref> consisting predominantly of men. A significant number of them married non-Filipinos, mainly [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] or [[Southern European]] women.<ref name="OnoPosadas2008">{{cite book|author1=Kent A. Ono|author2=Barbara M. Posadas|title=A Companion to Asian American Studies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wAHjXRHN_gC&pg=PA226|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-3709-6|pages=226–234|chapter=Mestiza Girlhood: Interracial Families in Chicago's Filipino American Community since 1925*}}</ref> At one point, 300 of these early Chicago Filipinos worked for the [[Pullman Company]], and overall tended to be more educated than most men of their age.<ref name="OnoPosadas2008"/> During the 1930s, they were predominantly in the [[Near South Side, Chicago|Near South Side]] until the 1965 immigration reforms.<ref name="Chicago I Cutler">{{cite book |title=Chicago, metropolis of the mid-continent |last=Cutler |first=Irving |year=2006 |publisher=[[Southern Illinois University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8093-2702-7 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbLkURD3SesC&pg=PA191}}</ref> In 1930, there were 1,796 Filipinos living in Chicago. The population decreased to 1,740 in 1940 with men outnumbering women 25:1.<ref name="OnoPosadas2008"/> In the 1960s, there were 3,587 Filipinos in Illinois, the population increased to 12,654 in 1970 and 43,889 in 1980, growing at a pace greater than the national average, and made up largely of professionals and their families.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Elliott Robert Barkan|author2=Barbara M. Posados|author3=Roland L. Guyotte|title=Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration [4 volumes]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOvskj0HNt8C&pg=PT1410|date=17 January 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-220-3|page=1410|chapter=Filipinos and Filipino Americans, 1940-Present}}</ref> By the 1970s, Filipinas outnumbered Filipinos, with a total of 9,497 Filipinos in the Chicago Area;<ref name="AAI2011BP" /> the total population of Filipinos in Illinois was 12,654, of which 57% were college graduates.<ref name="Shepard1974"/> In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois, with a population of 64,224.<ref name="Atlas of American Diversity"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Elliott Robert Barkan|author2=Jon Cruz|title=A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/nationofpeopless00bark/page/213|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29961-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationofpeopless00bark/page/213 213]|chapter=Filipinos}}</ref> Outside the Chicago metropolitan area, there were fewer Filipinos
In 2000, 100,338 Filipino Americans lived in Illinois—<ref name="RBayor2011">{{cite book|author=Ronald H. Bayor|title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&pg=PA717|date=31 July 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35786-2|page=717}}</ref> 95,928 in the [[Chicago metropolitan area]].<ref name="KovalBennettDemissieGarnerKim2006">{{cite book |title=The new Chicago: a social and cultural analysis |last=Koval |first=John Patrick |author2=Larry Bennett |author3=Michael I. J. Bennett |author4=Fassil Demissie |author5=Roberta Garner |author6=Kiljoong Kim |year=2006 |publisher=[[Temple University press]] |location=Philadelphia|isbn= 978-1-59213-088-7 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKHGOCFB10C&pg=PA147}}</ref> In that same year, among ethnic groups in the Chicago metropolitan area, Filipinos had the highest proportion of foreign- born.<ref name="KovalBennettDemissieGarnerKim2006"/> By the 2010 Census, 139,090 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in Illinois,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0400000US17/popgroup~038 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212203931/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/0400000US17/popgroup~038 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2020 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 |work=2010 Census Summary File 2 |publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> 131,388 lived within the Chicago metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/330M100US176/popgroup~038 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212201546/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF2/SF2DP1/330M100US176/popgroup~038 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2020 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 |work=2010 Census Summary File 2 |publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> As of 2010, Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois after [[Indian American]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John P. Koval|author2=Yvonne M. Lau|title=The New Chicago: A Social and Cultural Analysis|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKHGOCFB10C&pg=PA144|year=2006|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-772-5|page=144|chapter=Re-Visioning Filipino American Communities: Evoloving Identities, Issues, and Organizations}}</ref> In 2011, five percent (84,800) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Illinois, the majority of whom (78,400) lived in the Chicago metropolitan area.<ref name="MPIjun2013"/> Although not as concentrated as other Asian American groups, they are the fourth-largest ethnicity currently immigrating to the Chicago metro area.<ref name="Chicago I Cutler"/> In 2011, the Chicago metropolitan area was home to four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.<ref name="MPIjun2013"/> A large concentration of Filipino Americans resides in the North and Northwest sides,<ref name="AAI2011BP">{{cite web |url=http://www.advancingjustice-chicago.org/sites/chicago/files/compass_aacommunityprofiles_1.pdf |title=Asian American Community Profiles |author=Dr. Barbara Posadas |author2=Estrella Alamar |author3=Justo Alamar |author4=Willi Buhay |author5=Romeo Munoz |year=2010 |work=Asian Americans Advancing Justice-Chicago |publisher=Asian American Institute |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223225225/http://www.advancingjustice-chicago.org/sites/chicago/files/compass_aacommunityprofiles_1.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> often near hospitals.<ref name="Chicago I Cutler"/>
===New York===
In 1970, there were 14,279 Filipinos in [[New York State]].<ref name="Shepard1974"/>
====New York City metropolitan area====
{{main|Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area}}
In the 1970s and 1980s, Filipinos in New York and New Jersey had a higher
=====New York City=====
[[File:PinoyDayParade.JPG|thumb|225px|alt=Photograph of young male and femal Filipinos dressed as Katipuneros in Midtown Manhattan. | Young Filipino Americans dressed as ''[[Katipunan|Katipuneros]]'' at the [[Philippine Independence Day Parade]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]].]]
Filipinos have resided in New York City since the 1920s.<ref name="EncNYC"/> In 1960, there were only 2,744 Filipinos in New York City.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pyong Gap Min|title=Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&pg=PA2|year=2006|publisher=[[Sage Publications]]|isbn=978-1-4129-0556-5|page=2}}</ref> In 1990, there were 43,229 Filipinos increasing to around 54,993 in 2000.<ref name="EncNYC">{{cite book|author1=Kenneth T. Jackson|author2=Lisa Keller|author3=Nancy Flood|title=The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT2105|date=1 December 2010|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-18257-6|pages=2105–2106}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/demonyc.pdf |title=Demographic Characteristics – New York City |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 2004 |website=Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning |publisher=[[New York City|City of New York]] |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806191724/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/demonyc.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2015
In the 1920s, Filipinos settled near [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|title=Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-939702-0|page=207}}<br/>{{cite book|last=Campanella|first=Thomas J.|title=Brooklyn: The Once and Future City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wWNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364|date=10 September 2019|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-19456-1|page=364}}<br/>{{cite magazine |last=Jamero |first=Peter |date=29 June 2019 |title=Salvatore Baldomar, Filipino-Italian Seafarer |url=http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/filipino-american-trailblazers |magazine=Positively Filipino |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> Woodside, Queens, is known for its concentration of Filipinos.<ref name=WoodsideLittleManila1>{{cite news |last=Marquez |first=Liaa |date=19 January 2011 |title=Little Manila rises in New York City's Queens borough |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/210966/pinoyabroad/little-manila-rises-in-new-york-city-s-queens-borough |newspaper=GMA News and Public Affairs|access-date=26 November 2014 |quote=Previously an Irish neighborhood, Woodside has grown to be one of the most diverse areas in the city. Amid Mexican-, Indian-, and Korean-owned stores lies a hefty sampling of the Philippines. The area now serves as home to the rising population of Filipinos in the city.}}</ref> Of Woodside's 85,000 residents, about 13,000 (or 15%) are of Filipino background.<ref name=WoodsideLittleManila1/> Due to a significant concentration of Filipino businesses, the area has become known as Little Manila.<ref name=WoodsideLittleManila1/><ref>{{cite news |author=Nicole Lyn Pesce |title=Your nabe: Little Manila in Woodside Queens; Surge of Filipino residents call Roosevelt Ave. home |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nabe-manila-woodside-queens-surge-filipino-residents-call-roosevelt-ave-home-article-1.132729 |newspaper=New York Daily News |date=26 June 2011 |access-date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |author=Vera Haller |title=Woodside, Queens: An Affordable, Convenient Triangle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/realestate/woodside-queens-an-affordable-convenient-triangle.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=LBC's 1st N.Y. branch now open for business |url=http://www.filipinoreporter.us/business-and-finance/business-a-travel/3168-lbcs-1st-ny-branch-now-open-for-business.html |newspaper=Filipino Reporter |location=New York City |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223105510/http://www.filipinoreporter.us/business-and-finance/business-a-travel/3168-lbcs-1st-ny-branch-now-open-for-business.html |url-status=usurped}}<br />{{cite book|author=Meg Cotner|title=Food Lovers' Guide to Queens: The Best Restaurants, Markets & Local Culinary Offerings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_j4Rn-b6WkC&pg=PA122|date=4 December 2012|publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press]]|isbn=978-0-7627-8118-8|page=122}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Along the [[IRT Flushing Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Flushing local}}), known colloquially as the ''[[Orient Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://queenswestvillager.com/about/detail/history_of_the_7_line|title=History of the #7 Line|publisher=Queens West Villager|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223092903/http://queenswestvillager.com/about/detail/history_of_the_7_line|archive-date=23 December 2014|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite news |author=Tamar Lewin |title=Long Island City, Woodside, Flushing: Stops Along the Way – No. 7 Line – The Orient Express |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/20/magazine/long-island-city-woodside-flushing-stops-along-way-no-7-line-orient-express.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 November 1988 |access-date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite news |author=Greg Donaldson |title=Gang Busters |url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/features/n_8118/ |newspaper=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] |location=New York City |date=16 December 2002 |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> the [[69th Street (IRT Flushing Line)|69th Street]] station serves as the gateway to Queens' largest Little Manila, whose core spans [[Roosevelt Avenue (Queens)|Roosevelt Avenue]] between 63rd and 71st Streets.<ref name=WoodsideLittleManila1/> Filipinos are also concentrated in [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]] and [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]] in Queens.<ref name="EncNYC"/> There are also smaller Filipino communities in [[Jamaica, Queens]], and parts of [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Ellen Freudenheim|title=Queens: What to Do, Where to Go (and How Not to Get Lost) in New York's Undiscovered Borough|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uT-FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189|date=10 September 2013|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-1-4668-5238-9|page=189|quote=Jamaica is the epicenter of New Yorks' Filipino community}}<br />{{cite book|author=Thomas F. Berner|title=The Brooklyn Navy Yard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEHt7obvosEC&pg=PA49|date=1 November 1999|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-5695-6|page=49|quote=By the 1930s, New York City's Filipino community was located near BNY, probably because at this time, most mess hall stewards in the navy were Filipino.}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.tenement.org/blog/yelling-for-an-egg-filipino-food-in-brooklyn/ |title=Yelling for an Egg: Filipino Food in Brooklyn |author=Sarah Lohman |date=3 September 2013 |website=tenement.org |publisher=[[Lower East Side Tenement Museum]] |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225012254/http://www.tenement.org/blog/yelling-for-an-egg-filipino-food-in-brooklyn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Benigno Aquino Jr.|Benigno Aquino]] Triangle is located on [[Hillside Avenue (Queens)|Hillside Avenue]] in [[Hollis, Queens]], to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/greenstreet-qz38/history |title=Greenstreet |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation |publisher=[[New York City|City of New York]] |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> it was dedicated in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philippinesnewyork.org/uploads/files/heritage_sites.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126101941/http://philippinesnewyork.org/uploads/files/heritage_sites.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2010 |title=Philippine Heritage Sites |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 2010 |publisher=Philippine Consulate General New York |access-date=3 January 2018}}<br/>{{USCongRec|1987|E15636|date=11, Jue 1987}}Br/>{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1987-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1987-pt12-1-3.pdf |title=The Dedcation of Benigno Aquino Triangle |last=Ackerman |first=Gary L. |author-link=Gary Ackerman |date=11 June 1987 |website= |publisher=Government Printing Office |access-date=9 February 2024 |quote=Mr. Speaker, I would like to bring to the attention of my colleagues an important event which will take place this Saturday, June 13th in Hollis, Queens County, NY. On that date, the intersection of Hillside Avenue with 184th Place and 185th Street will be dedicated as "Benigno Aquino Triangle."}}</ref> In 2022, a street sign was placed on Roosevelt Avenue to co-name the street at its intersection with 70th Street as "Little Manila Avenue".<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=6 January 2023 |title=Street corner in Queens, NY to be named 'Little Manila' |url=https://usa.inquirer.net/90789/street-corner-in-queens-ny-to-be-named-little-manila |work=Inquirer.net |location=Burlingame, CA |access-date=12 October 2023}}<br/>{{cite news |last=Andres |first=Czarinna |date=13 June 2022 |title=Filipinos in Queens Celebrate Unveiling of 'Little Manila Avenue' in Woodside |url=https://sunnysidepost.com/filipinos-in-queens-celebrate-unveiling-of-little-manila-avenue-in-woodside |work=Sunnyside Post |access-date=12 October 2023}}<br/>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=13 June 2022 |title=Little Manila Avenue in New York City now officially recognized |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/dispatch/834750/little-manila-avenue-in-new-york-city-now-officially-recognized/story/ |work=GMA |location=Quezon City, Philippines |access-date=12 October 2023}}<br/>{{cite web |url=https://ny.eater.com/2023/4/7/23674058/renees-kitchenette-woodside-restaurant |title=The Restaurant That Paved the Way for Little Manila |last=Shin |first=Caroline |date=7 April 2023 |website=Eater NY |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
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<gallery>
File:Income by race and ethnicity 2023 (Household and Per Capita).png|'''Income by race and ethnicity 2023 and Asian American Group (Household and Per Capita)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201.&t=-4000A:451:453:455:457:459 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
</gallery>Filipino Americans are largely middle class with of Filipino American households 62% being middle income.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2024/05/31/the-state-of-the-asian-american-middle-class/]</ref> However, only 21% of Filipino
Filipino Americans are more likely to live in larger, overcrowded (8.7% of Filipino housing units compared to 3.5% of total population), multi-generational (34%) households compared to the general population. The average household size for Filipino Americans in 2023 was 2.99 compared to 2.49 for the general population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201. |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201.&t=019:3797 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Budiman |first=Abby |date=2021-04-29 |title=Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-filipinos-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>
While
The impressive annual median household income and low poverty rates must be approached with caution, for median household income represents the combined earnings of several family or household members often living in crowded and less than adequate houses.<ref>Youth groups and youth savers - Gangs, crews, and the rise of Filipino American youth culture in Los Angeles.pdf</ref> Filipino American full-time, year-round workers were paid lower than the US average and had a lower average hourly wage of $29.35 then the US average of $29.95 and AAPI average of $30.73 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Understanding economic disparities within the AAPI community |url=https://www.epi.org/blog/understanding-economic-disparities-within-the-aapi-community/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Economic Policy Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Filipino American households in Los Angeles had a net worth of $243,000 with -$5,000 in debts compared to a net worth of $355,000 for White households, $595,000 for Japanese households, $408,500 for Chinese households and $460,000 for Indian American households.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles {{!}} Importance of Wealth |url=https://colorofwealth.org/los-angeles/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=colorofwealth.org |language=en}}</ref>
Filipino Americans had a significantly higher rate of
The representation of Filipino Americans employed in [[health care]] is high.<ref name="Arnesen2007" /><ref name="McBride2001">{{cite web |author=Melen McBride, RN |date=1 October 2001 |title=Health and Health Care of Filipino American Elders |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/ethnoger/filipino.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208223457/http://web.stanford.edu/group/ethnoger/filipino.html |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=Curriculum in Ethnogeriatrics, Second Edition |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Barbara Mercedes Posadas |url=https://archive.org/details/filipinoamerican00posa/page/78 |title=The Filipino Americans |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29742-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/filipinoamerican00posa/page/78 78]}}<br />{{cite book |author1=Grace J. Yoo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ccOtR4I8B4C&pg=PA54 |title=Handbook of Asian American Health |author2=Mai-Nhung Le |author3=Alan Y. Oda |date=4 June 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-2226-6 |page=54}}</ref> Other sectors of the economy where Filipino Americans have significant representation are in the [[public sector]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Barbara Mercedes Posadas |url=https://archive.org/details/filipinoamerican00posa/page/80 |title=The Filipino Americans |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29742-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/filipinoamerican00posa/page/80 80]}}<br />{{cite book |author1=Alan M. Kraut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8esNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Ethnic Historians and the Mainstream: Shaping America's Immigration Story |author2=David A. Gerber |date=6 November 2013 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-6226-1 |page=76}}<br />{{cite web |author=Michael D. Sumner |author2=Monique W. Morris |author3=Mary Louise Frampton |author4=Jessica Z. Borja |date=September 2008 |title=Proposition 209 and Public Employment in California: Trends in Workforce Diversity |url=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/September_2008_Proposition_209_and_Public_Employment_-_Workforce_Diversity.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225145233/http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/September_2008_Proposition_209_and_Public_Employment_-_Workforce_Diversity.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Berkeley Law |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref> and in the [[service sector]].<ref name="Danico2014" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Maria P. P. Root |title=Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity |author2=Jonathan Y. Okamura |author3=Amefil R. Agbayani |date=20 May 1997 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-4955-1 |pages=183–197 |chapter=Pamantasan: Filipino American Higher Education |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRZ1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185}}<br />{{cite book |author=Thanh Thuy Vo Dang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KnxdecDD78C&pg=PA26 |title=Anticommunism as Cultural Praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-56017-3 |page=26}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Compared to Asian American women of other ethnicities, and [[women in the United States]] in general, Filipina Americans are more likely to be part of the work force;<ref name="Kevin Nadal 107">{{cite book |author=Kevin Nadal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PT107 |title=Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice |date=23 March 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-01977-1 |page=107}}<br />{{cite book |author=Ronald H. Bayor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&pg=PA723 |title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans |date=31 July 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35786-2 |page=723}}</ref> a large population, nearly one fifth (18%), of Filipina Americans worked as registered nurses.<ref name="FilipinoDiasporaUS" /> There is also a large number of Filipino domestic workers and care-givers in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-04 |title=Exploitation of Filipino domestic workers ‘widespread’ in the US |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/3021312/exploitation-filipino-domestic-workers-widespread-us-new-report?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> More than 60% of Filipino Americans work in more than 60% work in low-wage and/or service-sector work.<ref>[https://filipinostudies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/buenavista.pdf]</ref>
Filipino Americans own a variety of businesses, making up 10.5% of all Asian owned businesses in the United States in 2007.<ref name="SBO2007Summary">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=29 September 2014 |title=Survey of Business Owners – Asian-Owned Firms: 2007 |url=https://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/getsof.html?07asian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210014914/https://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/getsof.html?07asian |archive-date=10 December 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=Survey of Business Owners |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> In 2002, according to the [[United States Economic Census|Survey of Business Owners]], there were over 125,000 Filipino-owned businesses; this increased by 30.4% to over 163,000 in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=28 April 2011 |title=Table 7. Summary Statistics for Asian-Owned Firms by Detailed Group (Percent Changes): 2002 to 2007 |url=http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/tables/asian_table7.pdf |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=Survey of Business Owners |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> By then, 25.4% of these businesses were in the [[retail]] industry, 23% were in the [[health care]] and social assistance industries,<ref name="FOF2011">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=28 April 2011 |title=Filipino-Owned Firms |url=http://www2.census.gov/econ/sbo/07/final/charts/asian_chart4.pdf |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=Survey of Business Owners |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> and they employed more than 142,000 people and generated almost $15.8 billion in revenue.<ref name="SBO2007Summary" /> Of those, just under three thousand (1.8% of all Filipino-owned businesses) were million dollar or more businesses. This means Filipino-owned businesses are significantly less likely to be million dollar or more than all Asians (5%).<ref name="SBO2007Summary" /><ref name="FOF2011" /> California had the largest number of Filipino-owned businesses, with the [[Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA|Los Angeles metropolitan area]] having the largest number of any metropolitan area in the United States.<ref name="SBO2007Summary" />
The Philippines is the largest exporters of Nurses and this is something that can be traced back to US colonialism, as a result there is brain drain in the Philippine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=The Mass Emigration of Filipino Nurses to the United States |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/from-us-reign-to-brain-drain-the-mass-emigration-of-filipino-nurses-to-the-united-states/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Harvard International Review |language=en}}</ref> America has been relying on Filipino nurses on the frontlines since the AIDs pandemic. Despite making up only 4% of registered nurses in the US, the make up nearly a third of Covid-related deaths among registered nurses.<ref>Filipino American caregivers reflect on COVID trauma and healing : Shots - Health News : NPR</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cachero |first=Paulina |date=2021-05-30 |title=How Filipino Nurses Have Propped Up America's Medical System |url=https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref>
American schools have also hired and sponsored the immigration of Filipino teachers and instructors.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2002 |title=Filipino Teachers Recruited to Meet U.S. Shortage |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cTkjAAAAIBAJ&pg=1306%2C1846770 |access-date=28 December 2012 |newspaper=The Sunday Gazette}}<br />{{cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Dana |date=2 May 2018 |title=Teacher Pay Is So Low in Some U.S. School Districts That They're Recruiting Overseas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/us/arizona-teachers-philippines.html |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=The New York Times}}<br />{{cite news |last=Sarmiento |first=Alice |date=5 December 2019 |title=Green cards for Filipino teacher the answer to U.S. shortage? |url=https://usa.inquirer.net/49081/green-cards-for-filipino-teacher-the-answer-to-u-s-shortage |access-date=14 November 2021 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |agency=NextDayBetter}}<br />{{cite magazine |last=Mabe |first=Rachel |date=25 August 2020 |title=Trafficking in Teachers |url=https://main.oxfordamerican.org/magazine/item/1963-trafficking-in-teachers |access-date=14 November 2021 |magazine=Oxford American |publisher=The Oxford American Literary Project, Inc. |location=Oxford, Mississippi |issue=109/110}}</ref> Some of these teachers were forced into labor outside the field of education, and mistreated by their recruiters.<ref>{{cite news |author=Robert Samuels |date=6 May 2011 |title=Filipino teachers in Pr. George's caught in middle of labor dispute |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/caught-in-the-middle-foreign-teachers-in-pr-georges-fight-to-stay-in-america/2011/04/14/AF9OPZ9F_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721065628/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-05-06/local/35265242_1_foreign-teachers-filipino-teachers-schools-recruiter |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=28 December 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}<br />{{cite news |author=Nimfa U. Rueda |date=4 March 2012 |title='Dream come true' turns to nightmare for Filipino teachers |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/27249/dream-come-true-turns-to-nightmare-for-filipino-teachers |access-date=28 December 2012 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}<br />{{cite news |last=Jablon |first=Robert |date=18 December 2012 |title=LA jury awards $4.5 million to Filipino teachers |url=https://news.yahoo.com/la-jury-awards-4-5-023537260.html |access-date=14 November 2021 |newspaper=Yahoo! News |agency=Associated Press}}<br />{{cite news |last=Pfeifer |first=Stuart |date=18 December 2012 |title=Jury awards $4.5 million to teachers recruited from Philippines |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-dec-18-la-fi-mo-jury-awards-millions-to-teachers-recruited-from-philippines-20121218-story.html |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times}}<br />{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=7 March 2017 |title=Filipino teachers still awaiting $4.5M from federal lawsuit |url=https://www.ksla.com/story/34680055/filipino-teachers-still-awaiting-45m-from-federal-lawsuit/ |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=KSLA |location=Shreveport, Louisiana}}</ref>
Among [[Overseas Filipino]]s, Filipino Americans are the largest remitters of U.S. dollars to the Philippines. In 2005, their combined dollar [[remittance]]s reached a record-high of almost $6.5 billion. In 2006, Filipino Americans sent more than $8 billion, which represents 57% of the total foreign remittances received by the Philippines.<ref name="OFW Remittances|">{{cite web|url=http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei/tab11.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716100855/http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei/tab11.htm|archive-date=16 July 2011 |title=Overseas Filipino Remittances| access-date=21 November 2006}}</ref> By 2012, this amount had reached $10.6 billion, but made up only 43% of total remittances.<ref name="PRCnov2013" /> In 2021, the United States was the largest source of remittances to the Philippines, making up 40.5% of the $31.4 billion remittances received by the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=15 February 2022 |title=Philippines 'modern-day heroes' sent record remittances last year |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-modern-day-heroes-sent-record-remittances-last-year |work=Nikkei Asia |location=Japan |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
Filipino Americans had a lower poverty rate (7%) than the total population, this correlates with the Filipino American unemployment rate being only 3% and a high labor force participation rate of 67%, and households with multiple earners.<ref>We the Americans: Asians</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Budiman |first=Abby |date=2021-04-29 |title=Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-filipinos-in-the-u-s/#demographic-characteristics-of-u-s-filipino-population-2019 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSSPP1Y2019.S0201?q=S0201. |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> This correlation is backed up by data from the report on Poverty in the United States: 2023, of all Americans, those who Worked full-time• year-round had a significantly lower poverty rate than the total population.<ref>Poverty in the United States: 2023</ref>
===Education===
Filipino Americans have
However, second generation Filipino Americans have trended to have a lower educational achievement than their first generation parents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aapr.hkspublications.org/2013/10/15/filipino-americans-and-educational-downward-mobility/ |title=Filipino Americans and Educational Downward Mobility |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=15 October 2023 |website=Asian American Policy Review |publisher=Harvard Kennedy School Student Publication |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012215653/https://aapr.hkspublications.org/2013/10/15/filipino-americans-and-educational-downward-mobility/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filipino Americans are 60% less likely to choose Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths(STEM) than other Asian groups.
Studies show that young Filipino American men are not encouraged to pursue college unlike some East and South Asian groups and are stereotyped as "Lazy" "delinquents" "failures" and "gang-members". 60% of Filipino American boys are bullied during middle school.<ref>U.S. Department of Education, 2016</ref><ref name=":2">RISE Report_Nadal.pdf</ref>
According to some studies only 39% of Filipino American men (ages 25-34) had attained a Bachelor’s degree, in comparison to 87% of Asian Indian American men, 69% of Chinese American men, 63% of Japanese American men, 62% of Korean American men, and 42 percent of Vietnamese American men. The same study showed that Filipino men with Bachelor's degrees have lower median wages of $30 an hour compared to Chinese and Indian immigrant men who had median wages of $40 an hour.<ref>Sanchez-Lopez et al ., 2017</ref><ref name=":2" />
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Due to the strong American influence in the Philippine education system, first generation Filipino immigrants are also at advantage in gaining professional licensure in the United States. According to a study conducted by the [[American Medical Association]], Philippine-trained physicians comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained [[physician]]s in the United States (20,861 or 8.7% of all practicing international medical graduates in the U.S.).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/international-medical-graduates/imgs-in-united-states/imgs-country-origin.page |title=IMGs by Country of Origin |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 2007 |website=2007 AMA Masterfile |publisher=[[American Medical Association]] |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> Other physicians, in order to immigrate from the Philippines, re-licensed as nurses.<ref name="FilNurseChoy2014"/> In addition, Filipino American [[dentist]]s trained in the Philippines comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained dentists in the United States. An article from the ''[[Journal of the American Dental Association]]'' asserts that 11% of all foreign-trained dentists licensed in the U.S. are from the Philippines; India is ranked first with 25.8% of all foreign dentists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sweis |first1=Luciana E. |last2=Guay |first2=Albert H |date=February 2007 |title=Foreign-trained dentists licensed in the United States: Exploring their origins |url=http://jada.ada.org/cgi/content/full/138/2/219?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=foreign+dentists&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710020932/http://jada.ada.org/cgi/content/full/138/2/219?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=foreign+dentists&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |publisher=[[American Dental Association]] |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=219–224 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0140 |pmid=17272378 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
The significant drop in the percentage of Filipino nurses from the 1980s to 2000 is because of the increase in the number of countries recruiting Filipino nurses (European Union, the Middle East, Japan), as well as the increase in the number of other countries sending nurses to the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brush |first1=Barbara L. |last2=Sochalski |first2=Julie |last3=Berger |first3=Anne M. |date=May 2004 |title=Imported Care: Recruiting Foreign Nurses To U.S. Health Care Facilities |journal=[[Health Affairs]] |publisher=Project HOPE: The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=78–87 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.78 |issn=1544-5208 |pmid=15160805 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Even with the significant drop, in 2005 Filipino American nurses made up 3.7% of the total United States nursing population, and were 40% of all foreign-trained nurses in the United States.<ref name="FilNurseChoy2014"/>
==See also==
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