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{{Short description|Peninsula in Europe}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:
{{legend|#791b1b|[[Northern Jutland]] (Denmark)}}
{{legend|#c93434|[[South Jutland County|South Jutland]] or Northern Slesvig (Denmark)}}
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{{legend|#ffe781|[[Holstein]] (Germany)}}]]
'''Jutland''' ({{
Jutland's geography is flat
==Etymology==
Jutland is known by several different names, depending on the language and era, including {{
== Geography ==
[[File:Sandy cliff beach at North Sea, Denmark 2004 ubt.jpeg|thumb|Dunes on Jutland's northwest coast.]]
=== Distinction between the Jutland peninsula and Jutland ===
The Jutland peninsula reaches from the sandbar spit of [[Grenen]] on the [[North Jutlandic Island]] in the north, to the banks of the [[Elbe]] in the south. The peninsula is also called the ''Cimbric peninsula''.
Jutland as a cultural-geographical term mostly only refers to the Danish part of the peninsula, from [[Grenen]] to the Danish-German border. Sometimes, the northern part of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] down to the [[Eider (river)|Eider]] ([[Southern Schleswig]]), is also included in the cultural-geographical definition of Jutland, because the Eider was historically the southern border of Denmark and the cultural and linguistic boundary between the [[Nordic countries]] and Germany from {{circa}} 850 to 1864.
In Denmark, the term ''Jylland'' can refer both to the whole peninsula and to the region between Grenen and either the Danish-German border or the Eider.
In Germany, however, the peninsula as a whole is only referred to as ''Kimbrische Halbinsel'' or ''Jütische Halbinsel'', while the term ''Jütland'' is reserved solely for the cultural-geographical definition of Jutland.
===
The Jutland [[peninsula]] is bounded by the [[North Sea]] to the west, the [[Skagerrak]] to the north, the [[Kattegat]] to the northeast, and the [[Baltic Sea]] to the southeast. The peninsula's Kattegat and Baltic coastline stretches from [[Grenen]] down to the mouth of the [[Trave]] in [[Lübeck]]-[[Travemünde]], and its Skagerrak and North Sea coastline runs from Grenen until down to the [[Geesthacht]] barrage east of [[Hamburg]], which is defined as the point where the [[Lower Elbe]] (''Unterelbe'') and the estuary of the Elbe, that are subject to the tides, begin. The part of the Baltic Sea the peninsula is bounded by is referred to as [[:da:Bælthavet]] in Danish and [[:de:Beltsee]] in German, a designation deriving from the [[Great Belt|Great]], [[Little Belt|Little]], and [[Fehmarn Belt|Fehmarn]] belts, while the Baltic Sea as a whole is called ''Østersøen'' and ''Ostsee'', respectively.
=== Land border ===
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=210 |header=The peninsula's land border
|image1= Region Lübeck.png
|image2= Schilde Schaale Sude Schmaar Zare Schaalsee Ratzeburger See.png
|image3= Schmilau Schaalseekanal 2011-07-16 063.JPG
|image4= Schaalelauf bei Kiekut.jpg
|caption1= natural border 1
|caption2= nat. border 2
|caption3= Schaalseekanal
|caption4= [[Schaale]]
}}
The peninsula's land border in the southeast and south is constituted by a string of several rivers and lakes: from the mouth of the [[Trave]] at [[Lübeck]]-[[Travemünde]] up to the mouth of the [[Wakenitz]] into the Trave (in Lübeck), from there up the Wakenitz until its outflow from lake [[Ratzeburger See]], then through lake Kleiner Küchensee to the mouth of the [[:de:Schaalseekanal]] into lake Großer Küchensee, from there along the canal through lakes Salemer See, Pipersee and Phulsee to lake [[Schaalsee]], on from [[Zarrentin am Schaalsee]] along the outflow of lake Schaalsee, the [[Schaale]], until its mouth into the [[Sude (river)|Sude]] at [[Teldau]], then along the Sude until its confluence with the Elbe at [[Boizenburg]], and further on along the Elbe, until the [[Geesthacht]] barrage east of [[Hamburg]], where the tide-dependent estuary of the Elbe begins.
[[Travemünde]]→[[Trave]]→[[Wakenitz]]→[[Ratzeburger See]]→Kleiner Küchensee→Großer Küchensee→Schaalsee canal→Salemer See→Pipersee→Phulsee→[[Schaalsee]]→[[Schaale]]→[[Sude (river)|Sude]]→[[Elbe]] at [[Boizenburg]]→beginning of the estuary of the Elbe at the [[Geesthacht]] barrage
=== Subregions (from south to north) ===
==== Lauenburg ====
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=210
|image1= Schleswig-Holstein RZ.svg
|image2= Uebersicht-RZ.svg
}}
Lauenburg is the southeasternmost area of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. It exists administratively as the district of [[Herzogtum Lauenburg]] (''Duchy of Lauenburg''), the surface of which is equal to the territory of the former [[Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg]], which historically did not belong to Holstein. The Duchy of Lauenburg existed since 1296, and when it was absorbed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and became part of the Prussian [[Province of Schleswig-Holstein]] in 1876, the new district was allowed to keep the name "duchy" in its name as a reminiscence to its ducal past, and today it is the only district in Germany with such a designation. The region is named for its former capital, the town of [[Lauenburg|Lauenburg on the Elbe]], but its seat is now at [[Ratzeburg]]. Lauenburg is crossed by the [[Elbe–Lübeck Canal]], that connects the Elbe at Lauenburg to the Baltic at Lübeck, and there are over 50 lakes in the area, many of which are part of the [[Lauenburg Lakes Nature Park]].
==== Hamburg ====
Hamburg is its own city-state and does not belong to Schleswig-Holstein. The north[[Elbe|elbish]] districts of [[Hamburg]] that are on the Jutland peninsula are historically part of the region of [[Stormarn (gau)|Stormarn]]. The former border rivers of Stormarn are the [[Stör]] and [[Krückau]] in the northwest, the [[Trave]] and [[Bille (Elbe)|Bille]] in the east, and the [[Elbe]] in the south. There exists also a [[Stormarn (district)|district of Stormarn]] northeast of Hamburg in Schleswig-Holstein. But this district does not cover the entire area of the historic region of Stormarn, and while those parts of Stormarn now lying in Schleswig-Holstein are nowadays considered parts of Holstein, the areas of Stormarn today in the city-state of Hamburg, are not.
==== Holstein ====
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=210
|image1= Meyer‘s Zeitungsatlas 106 – Holstein mit Lauenburg, Hamburg und Lübeck.jpg
|image2= Map of the Kiel Canal.png
|image3= Dieksee Blick.jpg
|image4= Großer-Segeberg-See2.jpg
|caption1= Holstein and [[Saxe-Lauenburg|Lauenburg]]
|caption2= [[Kiel Canal]]
|caption3= [[Dieksee]]
|caption4= [[Großer Segeberger See|Segeberger See]]
}}
The bulk of the southernmost areas of the Jutland peninsula belongs to [[Holstein]], stretching from the Elbe in the south to the [[Eider (river)|Eider]] in the north. Subregions of Holstein are [[Dithmarschen]] on the North Sea side, [[Stormarn (gau)|Stormarn]] at the centre, and [[Wagria]] on the Baltic side. There is an area in Holstein called [[Holstein Switzerland]] because of its comparable higher hills. The largest amount of lakes on the Jutland peninsula can be found in Holstein, the ten largest lakes being the [[Großer Plöner See]] (which is also the largest lake on the whole Jutland peninsula), [[Selenter See]], [[Kellersee]], [[Dieksee]], [[Lanker See]], [[Behler See]], [[Postsee]], [[Kleiner Plöner See]], [[Großer Eutiner See]], and the Stocksee. One of the world's most frequented artificial waterways, the [[Kiel Canal]], runs through the Jutland peninsula in Holstein, connecting the North Sea at [[Brunsbüttel]] to the Baltic at [[Kiel]]-[[Holtenau]]. The [[Eider (river)|Eider]] is the longest river of the Jutland peninsula. Holstein is one of the most populated subregions of the Jutland peninsula because of the densely populated area around Hamburg, which in large parts lies in Holstein.
==== Southern Schleswig ====
[[File:Danewerk Landenge.png|thumb|Course of the [[Danevirke]] through Southern Schleswig.]]
Between the [[Eider (river)|Eider]] and the Danish-German border stretches [[Southern Schleswig]]. Notable subregions of Southern Schleswig are the peninsula of [[Eiderstedt]] and [[North Frisia]] on the North Sea side, and the peninsulas of [[Danish Wahld]], [[Schwansen]], and [[Anglia (peninsula)|Anglia]] on the Baltic side. There is a considerable North Frisian minority in [[North Frisia]], and [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] is an official language in the region. In [[Anglia (peninsula)|Anglia]] and [[Schwansen]] on the other hand, there exist indigenous Danish minorities, with Danish being the second official language there. The [[Danish Wahld]] once formed a border forest between Danish and Saxon settlements. A system of Danish fortifications, the [[Danevirke]], runs through Southern Schleswig, overcoming the drainage divide between Baltic ([[Schlei]]) and North Sea ([[Rheider Au]]). At the Baltic end of the Danevirke is [[Hedeby]], a former important Viking town.
==== Southern Jutland (''Sønderjylland'') ====
Between the Danish-German border and the [[Kongeå]] lies Southern Jutland (the [[South Jutland County]]), historically also known as Northern Schleswig. Northern and Southern Schleswig once formed the territory of the former [[Duchy of Schleswig]]. The region is called ''Sønderjyllands Amt'' in Danish, and it is regarded as the northern part of ''Sønderjylland'', which refers to the combined territory of Northern and Southern Schleswig.
==== Northern Jutland (''Nørrejylland'') ====
[[File:Lake Julsø from Himmelbjerget 2017-08-19 1.jpg|thumb|View over the Julsø in the [[Søhøjlandet]] from [[Himmelbjerget]].]]
[[Northern Jutland]] is the region between the [[Kongeå]] and Jutland's northernmost point, the [[Grenen]] spit. In Danish, it is called ''Nørrejylland'', and also encompasses the [[North Jutlandic Island]] (Danish: ''Nørrejyske Ø'' or ''Vendsyssel-Thy''). Northern Jutland is traditionally subdivided into South Jutland (''Sydjylland''), West Jutland (''Vestjylland''), East Jutland (''Østjylland''), and North Jutland (''Nordjylland''). More recent is the designation Central Jutland (''Midtjylland'') for parts of traditionally West and East Jutish areas. Subregions of Northern Jutland include the peninsulas of [[Djursland]] with [[Mols]], and [[Salling]]. Also in Northern Jutland is the [[Søhøjlandet]], which is the highest elevated Danish region, and at the same time, the region with the highest density of lakes in Denmark. Denmark's longest river, the [[Gudenå]], flows through Northern Jutland.
===== South Jutland (''Sydjylland'') =====
South Jutland (''Sydjylland'') is the southernmost part of Northern Jutland. It is not to be confused with Southern Jutland (''Sønderjylland''), which is adjacent to South Jutland in the south. South Jutland stretches between ''Sønderjylland'' in the south, and the border between the two administrative regions of [[Region of Southern Denmark|Southern Denmark]] and [[Central Jutland Region|Central Jutland]] in the north.
===== West Jutland (''Vestjylland'') =====
West Jutland (''Vestjylland'') is the central western part of Northern Jutland. It lies between [[Blåvandshuk]] in the south, and the [[Nissum Bredning]] in the north. It is north of South Jutland and west of East Jutland.
===== East Jutland (''Østjylland'') =====
East Jutland (''Østjylland'') is the central eastern part of Northern Jutland. It lies between [[Skærbæk, Fredericia Municipality|Skærbæk]] on the [[Kolding Fjord]] in the south, and the end of the [[Mariager Fjord]] in the north. [[Aarhus]], the largest city completely on the Jutland peninsula, is in East Jutland.
===== Central Jutland (''Midtjylland'') =====
The concept of Central Jutland (''Midtjylland'') is of recent date, since a few decades ago it was usual to divide Northern Jutland into the traditional East and West Jutland (in addition to North and South Jutland), only. However, the term has been used in and around [[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]], so that the people of Viborg could differentiate themselves from the populations to the east and west. The majority of what is today called Central Jutland is actually the traditional West Jutish culture and dialect area, i.e. [[Herning]], [[Skive, Denmark|Skive]], [[Ikast]], and [[Brande]]. By contrast, [[Silkeborg]] and the other areas east of the Jutish ridge are traditionally part of the East Jutish cultural area. A new meaning of Central Jutland is the entire area between North and South Jutland, corresponding roughly to the [[Central Jutland Region]].
===== North Jutland (''Nordjylland'') =====
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=210
|image1= Region Nordjylland.png
|image2= NorthJutland.png
|image3= Grenen (35756882064).jpg
|caption3= The [[Grenen]] spit, northernmost tip of the Jutland peninsula.
}}
While the term Northern Jutland (Danish: ''Nørrejylland'') refers to the whole region between [[Kongeå]] and [[Grenen]], North Jutland (Danish: ''Nordjylland'') only refers to the northernmost part of Northern Jutland, and encompasses the largest part of [[Himmerland]], the northernmost part of Crown Jutland (''Kronjylland''), the island of [[Mors (island)|Mors]] (''Morsø''), and Jutland north of the [[Limfjord]] (the [[North Jutlandic Island]], which is subdivided into the regions of [[Thy (district)|Thy]], [[Hanherred]], and [[Vendsyssel]], the northernmost region of Jutland and Denmark). ''Nordjylland'' is congruent with the [[North Jutland Region]] (''Region Nordjylland'').
==== Offshore Islands ====
The largest Kattegat and Baltic islands off Jutland are [[Funen]], [[Als (island)|Als]], [[Læsø]], [[Samsø]], and [[Anholt (Denmark)|Anholt]] in Denmark, as well as [[Fehmarn]] in Germany.
The islands of [[Læsø]], [[Anholt (Denmark)|Anholt]], and [[Samsø]] in the [[Kattegat]], and [[Als (island)|Als]] at the rim of the [[Baltic Sea]], are administratively and historically tied to Jutland, although the latter two are also regarded as traditional districts of their own. Inhabitants of Als, known as ''Alsinger'', would agree to be South Jutlanders, but not necessarily Jutlanders.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
The largest North Sea islands off the Jutish coast are the [[Danish Wadden Sea Islands]] including [[Rømø]], [[Fanø]], and [[Mandø]] in Denmark, and the [[North Frisian Islands]] including [[Sylt]], [[Föhr]], [[Amrum]] and [[Pellworm]] in Germany. On the German islands, some [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] dialects are still in use.
=== Human Geography ===
Administratively, the Jutland peninsula belongs to three German states and three Danish regions:
* most of the city-state of [[Hamburg]] except the boroughs south of the [[Elbe]]
* almost the entire German state of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] except some parts of the [[Herzogtum Lauenburg]] district east of [[Ratzeburger See]], [[:de:Schaalseekanal]], and [[Schaalsee]]
* a very small part west of the [[Schaale]] and north of the [[Sude (river)|Sude]] belongs to the district of [[Ludwigslust-Parchim]] in the state of [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]
* the [[Region of Southern Denmark]] (''Region Syddanmark'') except [[Funen]] and the islands surrounding it
* the [[Central Jutland Region]] (''Region Midtjylland'')
* the [[North Jutland Region]] (''Region Nordjylland'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Region Nordjylland|url=http://www.rn.dk/Service/English|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref>
==== Largest cities ====
[[File:Aarhus rooftops from ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, 2017-04-12.jpg|thumb|[[Aarhus]] is the largest city completely on the Jutland peninsula and the second-largest city in Denmark.]]
The ten largest cities on the Jutland peninsula are:
#[[Hamburg]] (boroughs north of the [[Elbe]]) 1,667,035
#[[Aarhus]] 290,598
#[[Kiel]] 247,717
#[[Lübeck]] 218,095
#[[Aalborg]] 120,914
#[[Flensburg]] 92,550
#[[Norderstedt]] 81,880
#[[Neumünster]] 79,502
#[[Esbjerg]] 71,921
#[[Randers]] 64,057
===== Largest cities in the Danish part =====
[[File:Aalborg 2010 - 100 ubt.JPG|thumb|[[Aalborg]] is the largest city in North Jutland. It is the fourth-largest city of Denmark and the northernmost large Danish city. It is on the mainland side of the [[Limfjord]], opposite the town of [[Nørresundby]] in [[Vendsyssel]].]]
#[[Aarhus]] 290,598
#[[Aalborg]] 120,914
Line 41 ⟶ 142:
#[[Silkeborg]] 50,866
#[[Fredericia]] 41,243
[[Aarhus]], [[Silkeborg]], [[Billund, Denmark|Billund]], [[Randers]], [[Kolding]], [[Horsens]], [[Vejle]], [[Fredericia]] and [[Haderslev]], along with a number of smaller towns, make up the suggested [[East Jutland metropolitan area]], which is more densely populated than the rest of Jutland, although far from forming one consistent city.
===== Largest cities in the German part =====
[[File:Hamburg Subdivisions.svg|thumb|The [[Hamburg]] boroughs north of the [[Elbe]] are on the Jutland peninsula.]]
1. [[Hamburg]] (boroughs north of the [[Elbe]]) 1,667,035
* [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] 280,034, [[Bergedorf]] 132,901, [[Eimsbüttel]] 274,901, [[Hamburg-Nord]] 322,564, [[Wandsbek]] 453,086, and the quarters of [[Hamburg-Mitte]] north of the Elbe:
** [[Altstadt, Hamburg|Altstadt]] 3,182, [[Billbrook]] 1,791, [[Billstedt]] 71,789, [[Borgfelde]] 8,569, [[HafenCity]] 6,950, [[Hamm, Hamburg|Hamm]] 10,189, [[Hammerbrook]] 5,990, [[Horn, Hamburg|Horn]] 38,425, [[Neustadt, Hamburg|Neustadt]] 12,649, [[Rothenburgsort]] 9,641, [[St. Georg, Hamburg|St. Georg]] 12,318, [[St. Pauli]] 22,056
2. [[Kiel]] 247,717<br>
3. [[Lübeck]] 218,095<br>
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[[File:Cimbrians and Teutons.png|thumb|right|Military stratagem in the maneuver against the Romans by [[Cimbri]] and Teutons {{Circa|100 B.C.}}]]
[[File:Denmark regions map1.png|thumb|right|Regions of Denmark; Jutland is highlighted in [[green]].]]
[[File:Landskabslove.png|thumb|The old [[Codex Holmiensis|Code of Jutland]].]]
Jutland has historically been one of the three [[lands of Denmark]], the other two being [[Scania]] and [[Zealand]]. Before that, according to [[Ptolemy]], Jutland or the ''Cimbric Chersonese'' was the home of [[Teutons]], [[Cimbri]], and [[Charudes]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
Many [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]] and [[Jutes]] migrated from [[Continental Europe]] to [[Great Britain]] starting around 450 AD. The Angles gave their name to the new emerging kingdoms called England (i.e., "Angle-land"). The [[Kingdom of Kent]] in [[South East England|south east England]] is associated with Jutish origins and [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|migration]], also attributed by [[Bede]] in the [[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|''Ecclesiastical History''.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26404222 |title=Kings and kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England |date=1990 |publisher=Seaby |isbn=1-85264-027-8 |location=London |pages=26 |oclc=26404222}}</ref> This is also supported by the archaeological record, with extensive Jutish finds in [[Kent]] from the [[5th century BC|fifth]] and [[Sixth century|sixth centuries]].<ref name=":0" />
Saxons and [[Frisii]] migrated to the region in the early part of the Christian era. To protect themselves from invasion by the Christian [[Franks|Frankish]] emperors, beginning in the [[5th century]], the [[paganism|pagan]] Danes initiated the [[Danevirke]], a defensive wall stretching from present-day [[Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig]] and inland halfway across the Jutland Peninsula.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
The pagan Saxons inhabited the southernmost part of the peninsula, adjoining the Baltic Sea, until the [[Saxon Wars]] in 772–804 in the [[Iron Age Scandinavia|Nordic Iron Age]], when [[Charlemagne]] violently subdued them and forced them to be Christianised. [[Old Saxony]] was politically absorbed into the [[Carolingian Empire]] and [[Obotrites|Abodrites]] (or [[Obotrites]]), a group of [[Wends|Wendish]] [[Slavs]] who pledged allegiance to Charlemagne and who had for the most part [[Christianization|converted to Christianity]], were moved into the area to populate it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nugent |first=Thomas |date=1766 |title=The History of Vandalia, Vol. 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOw-AAAAcAAJ&q=obotrites+old+saxony+charlemagne&pg=PA165 |access-date=6 January 2017 |location=London |pages=165–66}}</ref> Old Saxony was later referred to as [[Holstein]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
In medieval times, Jutland was regulated by the [[Codex Holmiensis|Law Code of Jutland]] (''Jyske Lov''). This civic code covered the Danish part of the Jutland Peninsula, i.e., north of the [[Eider (river)]], [[Funen]] as well as [[Fehmarn]]. Part of this area
During the industrialisation of the 1800s, Jutland experienced a large and accelerating [[urbanisation]] and many people from the countryside chose to emigrate. Among the reasons was a high and accelerating population growth; in the course of the century, the Danish population grew two and a half times to about 2.5 million in 1901, with a million people added in the last part of the 1800s. This growth was not caused by an increase in the [[fertility rate]], but by better nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, and health care services. More children survived, and people lived longer and healthier lives. Combined with falling grain prices on the international markets because of the [[Long Depression]], and better opportunities in the cities due to an increasing industrialisation, many people in the countryside relocated to larger towns or emigrated. In the later half of the century, around 300,000 Danes, mainly unskilled labourers from rural areas, emigrated to the US or Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/webfeature/udvandrerne|title=Da danskerne udvandrede |trans-title=When the Danes emigrated |publisher=[[Danmarks Radio]] (DR)|author=Karen Lerbech |language=da |date=9 November 2019|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> This amounted to more than 10% of the then total population, but some areas had an even higher emigration rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkivthy.dk/index.php/da/historisk-arbog-artikler/31-aarbog/368-haa2009|title=Udvandringen fra Thisted amt 1868-1910|trans-title=The emigration from Thisted county 1868-1910|publisher=Historisk Årbog for Thy og Vester Hanherred 2009|author=Henning Bender |language=da |date=20 November 2019|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/assc/article/download/2754/2788|title=Mass Emigration from Denmark to the United States 1868-1914|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia (Vol.5, No.2)|publisher=[[Copenhagen Business School]]|author=Kristian Hvidt |date=1972|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> In 1850, the largest Jutland towns of Aalborg, Aarhus and Randers had no more than about 8,000 inhabitants each; by 1901, Aarhus had grown to 51,800 citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/perioder/det-unge-demokrati-1848-1901/befolkningsudviklingen/ |title=Det unge demokrati, 1848-1901 - Befolkningsudviklingen |trans-title=The young democracy, 1848-1901 - The population trends |publisher=Aarhus University |author=Erik Strange Petersen |language=da |access-date=17 January 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
To speed transit between the Baltic and the North Sea, canals were built across the Jutland Peninsula, including the [[Eider Canal]] in the late 18th century, and the [[Kiel Canal]], completed in 1895 and still in use.
Line 103 ⟶ 189:
=== World War I and Battle of Jutland ===
Denmark was neutral
=== World War II ===
Line 111 ⟶ 195:
[[File:Bunker verschoben - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Bunker remnants from WWII in Thyborøn. German fortifications remain along the entire west coast of Jutland.]]
{{main|Denmark in World War II}}
Denmark had declared itself neutral, but was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany within a few hours on 9 April 1940. Scattered fighting took place in South Jutland and in Copenhagen. Sixteen Danish soldiers were killed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
Some months before the invasion, Germany had considered only occupying the northern tip of Jutland with Aalborg airfield, but Jutland as a whole was soon regarded as of high strategic importance. Work commenced on extending the [[Atlantic Wall]] along the entire west coast of the peninsula. Its task was to resist a potential allied attack on Germany by landing on the west coast of Jutland. The [[Hanstholm]] fortress at the northwestern promontory of Jutland became the largest fortification of Northern Europe. The local villagers were evacuated to [[Hirtshals]]. Coastal areas of Jutland were declared a military zone where Danish citizens were required to carry identity cards, and access was regulated.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
The small Danish airfield of Aalborg was seized as one of the first objects in the invasion by German paratroopers. The airfield was significantly expanded by the Germans in order to secure their traffic to Norway, and more airfields were built. Danish contractors and 50,000–100,000 workers were hired to fulfill the German projects. The alternative for workers was to be unemployed or sent to work in Germany. The fortifications have been estimated to be the largest construction project ever performed in Denmark at a cost of then 10 billion kroner, or 300-400 billion DKK today (45-60 billion USD or 40-54 billion euro in 2019). The Danish National Bank was forced to cover most of the cost.<ref>[http://vhm.dk/museerne/bunkermuseet/historien-bag-10-batteri Historien bag 10. batteri (in Danish)] (History behind 10th battery), Vendsyssel Historic Museum</ref> After the war, the remaining German prisoners of war were recruited to perform extensive [[mine clearance]] of 1.4 million mines along the coast.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
Line 123 ⟶ 207:
== Culture ==
{{See also|Culture of Denmark}}
Up until the [[History of Denmark#19th century|industrialisation]] of the 19th century, most people in Jutland lived a rural life as farmers and fishers. Farming and herding have formed a significant part of the culture since the late [[Nordic Stone Age|Neolithic Stone Age]], and fishing ever since humans first populated the peninsula after the last Ice Age, some 12,000 years ago.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Thorvald Niss - Mark med korntraver - KMS3458 - Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|thumb|Art tied to Jutland specifically, in particular paintings and literature, boomed during the industrialisation in the later half of the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s. [[Thorvald Niss]], part of Skagen Painters collective.]]
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[[File:Frederik Vermehren - A Jutland Sheperd on the Moors - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Until the late 19th century, West Jutland was marked by vast moors covered with heather, a small population and low-intensive agriculture. (Frederik Vermehren: A Jutish shepherd on the moors, 1855)]]
When the industrialisation began in the 19th century, the social order was upheaved and with it the focus of the intelligentsia and the educated changed as well. [[Søren Kierkegaard]] (1818–1855) grew up in Copenhagen as the son of a stern and religious West Jutlandic wool merchant who had worked his way up from a frugal childhood. The very urban Kierkegaard visited his sombre ancestral lands in 1840, then a very traditional society. Writers like [[Steen Steensen Blicher]] (1782-1848) and [[Hans Christian Andersen|H.C. Andersen]] (1805–1875) were among the first writers to find genuine inspiration in local Jutlandic culture and present it with affection and non-prejudice.<ref name=Inge />
Blicher was of Jutish origin and, soon after his pioneering work, many other writers followed with stories and tales set in Jutland and written in the homestead dialect. Many of these writers are often referred to as the [[Jutland Movement]], artistically connected through their engagement with public [[social realism]] of the Jutland region. [[Danish Golden Age|The Golden Age painters]] also found inspiration and motives in the natural beauty of Jutland, including [[P. C. Skovgaard]], [[Dankvart Dreyer]], and art collective of the [[Skagen Painters]]. Writer [[Evald Tang Kristensen]] (1843-1929) collected and published extensive accounts on the local rural Jutlandic [[folklore]] through many interviews and travels across the peninsula, including songs, legends, sayings and everyday life.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
Peter Skautrup Centret at [[Aarhus University]] is dedicated to collect and archive information on Jutland culture and dialects from before the industrialisation. The centre was established in 1932 by Professor in Nordic languages [[Peter Skautrup]] (1896-1982).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jysk.au.dk/|title=Peter Skautrup Centret |language=da |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
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The distinctive [[Jutlandic dialect|Jutish (or Jutlandic)]] [[dialect]]s differ substantially from the standard [[Danish language]], especially those in the West Jutland and South Jutland parts. The Peter Skautrup Centre maintains and publishes an official dictionary of the Jutlandic dialects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jysk.au.dk/jyskordbog/|title=Jysk Ordbog |language=da |publisher=Peter Skautrup Centret |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> Dialect usage, although in decline, is better preserved in Jutland than in eastern Denmark, and Jutlander speech remains a stereotype among many [[Copenhagen]]ers and eastern Danes.
Musicians and entertainers [[Ib Grønbech]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Beatleshår og behagesyge: bogen om Ib Grønbech |author=Evanthore Vestergard |publisher=Lindtofte |language=da |date=2007|isbn=978-87-92096-08-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.appetize.dk/musik-og-kaerlighed-paa-nordjysk/|title=Musik og kærlighed på nordjysk |publisher=Appetize |language=da |date=14 May 2018|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>Ib Grønbechs whole catalog of songs are performed in his homestead dialect of ''Vendelbomål''. ({{cite web |url=https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/groenbechs-genstart/31cf9c22-74bc-44e3-b4c9-abc0bf714c40 |title=Grønbechs genstart |author=Maria Præst |publisher=Nordjyske |language=da |date=1 April 2007 |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075746/https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/groenbechs-genstart/31cf9c22-74bc-44e3-b4c9-abc0bf714c40 |url-status=dead }})</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/hvad-med-en-onsdag-aften-med-ib-groenbech-i-den-musiske-park/dcd600cc-d97d-4649-8e38-74152c0217e0|title=Hvad med en onsdag aften med Ib Grønbech i Den Musiske Park?|trans-title=What about a Wednesday evening with Ib Grønbech in Den Musiske Park?|author=Palle W. Nielsen
In the southernmost and northernmost parts of Jutland, there are associations striving to conserve their respective dialects, including the [[North Frisian language]]-speaking areas in [[Schleswig-Holstein]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.dw.com/en/thirteen-languages-in-germany-are-struggling-to-survive-unesco-warns/a-14849471 |newspaper= Deutsche Welle |title= Thirteen languages in Germany are struggling to survive, UNESCO warns |date= 17 February 2011 |first= David |last= Levitz |access-date= 4 February 2020}}</ref>
===Literature===
In the Danish part of Jutland, literature tied to Jutland, and Jutland culture, grew significantly in the
[[Steen Steensen Blicher]] wrote about the Jutland rural culture of his times in the early 1800s. Through his writings, he promoted and preserved the various Jutland dialects, as in ''E Bindstouw'', published in 1842.
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