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The Oyate capital is the unincorporated town of [[Rosebud, South Dakota|Rosebud]] where the tribal headquarters is located. It was established when the [[Spotted Tail]] Indian Agency territory extended to the banks of Rosebud Creek near its [[confluence]] with the [[Little White River (South Dakota)|Little White River]]. It was previously located in northwestern Nebraska.
The largest town on the reservation is [[Mission, South Dakota|Mission]], served by the intersections of US Highways 18 and 83. Mission's near neighbor of [[Antelope, South Dakota|Antelope]] is one of the many tribal band communities established in the late 1870s. Another major town in the reservation is [[St. Francis, South Dakota|Saint Francis]], located southwest of Rosebud. Saint Francis, with a current population of about 469 [[2020 United States Census|(2020 census)]].<ref name=USCensus>{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau: St. Francis town, South Dakota |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US4657140 |website=www.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>, is the largest incorporated town in South Dakota without a [[state highway]] for access {{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}.
Located on the [[Great Plains]], just north of the [[Nebraska Sandhills]], Rosebud Indian Reservation has large areas of [[Ponderosa Pine]] forest scattered in its grasslands. Deep valleys are defined by steep hills and ravines, often with lakes dotting the deeper valleys.
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