Academic journal: Difference between revisions

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Soon after, the [[Royal Society]] established ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'' in March 1665, and the {{lang|fr|[[Académie des Sciences]]}} established the ''{{lang|fr|[[Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences]]}}'' in 1666, which focused on scientific communications.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Philosophical Transactions – The Secret History of the Scientific Journal |url=https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophicaltransactions/brief-history-of-phil-trans/ |publisher=University of St Andrews |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2019-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517055533/https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophicaltransactions/brief-history-of-phil-trans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of the 18th century, nearly 500 such periodicals had been published,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kronick |first1=David A. |title=A history of scientific and technical periodicals:the origins and development of the scientific and technological press, 1665–1790 |date=1962 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=New York |chapter=Original Publication: The Substantive Journal |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76 |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226102156/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76 |url-status=live }}</ref> the vast majority coming from [[Germany]] (304 periodicals), [[France]] (53), and [[England]] (34). Several of those publications, in particular the German journals, tended to be short-lived (under five years). A.J. Meadows has estimated the proliferation of journals to reach 10,000 journals in 1950, and 71,000 in 1987. Michael Mabe wrote that the estimates will vary depending on the definition of what exactly counts as a scholarly publication, but that the growth rate has been "remarkably consistent over time", with an average rate of 3.46% per year from 1800 to 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mabe |first1=Michael |date=1 July 2003 |title=The growth and number of journals |journal=Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=191–197 |doi=10.1629/16191 |issn=1475-3308 |doi-access=free |s2cid=904752}}</ref>
 
In 1733, ''[[Medical Essays and Observations]]'' was established by the [[Medical Society of Edinburgh]] as the first fully [[peer-review]]ed journal.<ref name="Mudrak"/> Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase the quality and pertinence of submissions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Preface |journal=Medical Essays and Observations |date=1737 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLRTGMkfZIMC&pg=PR5 |edition= 2nd |pages=v–xvi |publisher=Philosophical Society of Edinburgh}}</ref> Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' (1869) and ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' (1880), the establishment of ''[[Postmodern Culture]]'' in 1990 as the first [[online journal|online-only journal]], the foundation of [[arXiv]] in 1991 for the dissemination of [[preprint]]s to be discussed prior to publication in a journal, and the establishment of ''[[PLOS One]]'' in 2006 as the first [[megajournal]].<ref name="Mudrak"/>
 
==Scholarly articles==