The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 was an Act of Parliament (26 Geo. 2. c. 26) which allowed Jews resident in Britain to become naturalised by application to Parliament. It received royal assent on 7 July 1753 but was repealed in 1754 (27 Geo. 2. c. 1) due to widespread opposition to its provisions.[1][2][3]
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act to permit Persons professing the Jewish Religion to be naturalized by Parliament; and for other Purposes therein mentioned. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 26 Geo. 2. c. 26 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 7 July 1753 |
| Repealed | 20 December 1753 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Naturalization of Jews Act 1754 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Naturalization of Jews Act 1754 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| |
| Long title | An Act to repeal an Act of the Twenty-sixth Year of His Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act to permit Persons professing the Jewish Religion to be naturalized by Parliament; and for other Purposes therein mentioned." |
| Citation | 27 Geo. 2. c. 1 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 20 December 1753 |
| Repealed | 15 July 1867 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1867 |
Status: Repealed | |
History
editDuring the Jacobite rising of 1745, the Jews had shown particular loyalty to the government. Their chief financier, Sampson Gideon, had strengthened the stock market, and several of the younger members had volunteered in the corps raised to defend London. Possibly as a reward, Henry Pelham in 1753 brought in the Jew Bill of 1753, which allowed Jews to become naturalised by application to Parliament. It passed the Lords without much opposition, but on being brought down to the House of Commons, the Tories made protest against what they deemed an "abandonment of Christianity." The Whigs, however, persisted in carrying out at least one part of their general policy of religious toleration, and the bill was passed and received royal assent (26 Geo. 2. c. 26). The public reacted with an enormous outburst of antisemitism, and the Bill was repealed in the next sitting of Parliament, in 1754.[4]
Horace Walpole, a contemporary observer, said that the Act removed "such absurd distinctions, as stigmatized and shackled a body of the most loyal, commercial and wealthy subjects of the kingdom"; the affair demonstrated that "the age, enlightened as it is called, was still enslaved to the grossest and most vulgar prejudices".[5] The political economist Josiah Tucker defended the Act in A Letter to A Friend Concerning Naturalizations (1753), where he pointed to the economic benefits of granting naturalisation to Jewish people:
As to the Bill itself, it only empowers rich Foreigners to purchase Lands, and to carry on a free and extensive Commerce, by importing all Sorts of Merchandise and Raw Materials, allowed by Law to be imported, for the Employment of our own People, and then Exporting the Surplus of the Produce, Labour, and Manufactures of our own Country, upon cheaper and better Terms than is done at present. This is all the Hurt that such a Bill can do.[6][7]
German Jews
editWhile the Sephardim chiefly congregated in London as the centre of international commerce, Jews immigrating from Germany and Poland settled for the most part in the seaports of the south and west, such as Falmouth, Plymouth, Liverpool, Bristol, etc., as pawnbrokers and small dealers. From these centres it became their custom to send out hawkers every Monday with packs to the neighbouring villages, whereby connections were made with some of the inland towns, where they began to settle, such as Canterbury, Chatham, Cambridge, Manchester, and Birmingham. Traders of this type, while not of such prominence as the larger merchants of the capital, came in closer contact with ordinary English people and may have helped to allay some of the prejudice which had been manifested so strongly in 1753.
See also
edit- History of the Jews in England
- History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)
- Edict of Expulsion
- History of the Marranos in England
- Resettlement of the Jews in England
- Menasseh Ben Israel (1604–1657)
- Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom
- Early English Jewish literature
- Rothschild family
- History of the Jews in Scotland
References
edit- ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 316. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Perry, TW (1962). Public Opinion, Propaganda, and Politics in 18th-Century England: A Study of the Jew Bill of 1753. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Pres.
- ^ Katznelson, Ira (11 May 2021). "Measuring Liberalism, Confronting Evil: A Retrospective". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-042219-030219. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ^ Appelbaum, Diana Muir (14 November 2012). "Jacob's Sons in the Bishop's Palace". Jewish Ideas Daily. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ Horace Walpole, Memoirs of King George II. I: January 1751–March 1754, ed. John Brooke (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), p. 238.
- ^ Josiah Tucker, A Letter to A Friend Concerning Naturalizations (London: Thomas Trye, 1753), pp. 6-7.
- ^ Alan H. Singer, 'Great Britain or Judea Nova? National Identity, Property, and the Jewish Naturalization Controversy of 1753', in Sheila A. Spector (ed.), British Romanticism and the Jews: History, Culture, Literature (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 32.
Further reading
edit- Crome, Andrew. "The 1753 ‘Jew Bill’ Controversy: Jewish Restoration to Palestine, Biblical Prophecy, and English National Identity." English Historical Review 130.547 (2015): 1449-1478 online
- Katz, David S. Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603-1655 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982)
- Katz, David S. The Jews in the History of England, 1485-1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)
- Rabin, Dana Y. "The Jew Bill of 1753: Masculinity, virility, and the nation." Eighteenth-century studies 39.2 (2006): 157–171.
- Yuval-Naeh, Avinoam. "The 1753 Jewish Naturalization Bill and the Polemic over Credit." Journal of British Studies 57.3 (2018): 467-492. online[dead link]
Jacobs, Joseph (1903). "England". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 161.
External links
edit- The text of the act.
- England-related articles in the Jewish Encyclopedia