Juan Guaidó

(Redirected from Juan Guaido)

Juan Gerardo Antonio Guaidó Márquez[a] (born 28 July 1983) is a Venezuelan opposition politician. He belonged to the social-democratic party Popular Will,[2] and was a federal deputy to the National Assembly representing the state of Vargas.

Juan Guaidó
Official portrait, 2019
Interim President of Venezuela
In office
23 January 2019 – 5 January 2023
Disputed with Nicolás Maduro
Preceded byNicolás Maduro
Succeeded byNicolás Maduro
10th President of the National Assembly of Venezuela
In office
5 January 2019 – 5 January 2023
Vice PresidentEdgar Zambrano
Juan Pablo Guanipa
Preceded byOmar Barboza
Succeeded byDinorah Figuera
Majority Leader of the National Assembly of Venezuela
In office
5 January 2018 – 5 January 2019
Preceded byStalin González
Succeeded byCarlos Prosperi
Member of the National Assembly of Venezuela
In office
5 January 2016 – 5 January 2021
ConstituencyVargas
Personal details
Born
Juan Gerardo Guaidó Márquez

(1983-07-28) 28 July 1983 (age 41)
La Guaira, Venezuela
Political partyIndependent (since 2020)
Popular Will (2009–2020)
Spouse
(m. 2013)
[1]
Children2
EducationAndrés Bello Catholic University
George Washington University
ProfessionEngineer, politician
Signature

On 23 January 2019, the National Assembly declared that he was acting president of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente encargado de Venezuela) and Guaidó swore himself into office,[3] starting the Venezuelan presidential crisis by challenging Nicolás Maduro's presidency. In December 2022, opposition parties voted to dismiss Guaidó as interim president, choosing Dinorah Figuera as a successor on 5 January 2023 and ending Guaidó's presidential claim. Guaidó's political career began when he emerged as a student leader in the 2007 Venezuelan protests. He then helped found the Popular Will party with Leopoldo López in 2009,[4] and was elected to be an alternate deputy in the National Assembly one year later in 2010.[4][5] In 2015, Guaidó was elected as a full-seat deputy.[6] Following a protocol to annually rotate the position of President of the National Assembly among political parties, Popular Will nominated Guaidó for the position in 2019.[4] Guaidó was a key figure in the Venezuelan presidential crisis, which began when the National Assembly, considering the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election illegitimate, refused to recognize the inauguration of Maduro to a second presidential term on 10 January 2019. Guaidó announced, on 23 January 2019, that he was formally assuming the role of interim president under Article 233 of the Constitution of Venezuela, with the backing of the National Assembly, until free elections could be held.[7][8][9]

At one point Guaidó received formal recognition of legitimacy from almost 60 governments worldwide, including the United States, Canada and various Latin American and European countries,[10] although the European Union stopped recognizing his presidency on 6 January 2021.[11] Following the 5 January dissolution of Guaidó's interim government, the United States confirmed that it stopped its recognition. Other nations, including Russia, China, Iran, Syria, Cuba and Turkey consistently rejected his claim to the presidency and continued to recognize Maduro as the legitimate president without interruption. Guaidó failed to remove Maduro from power.[12]

The Maduro administration has frozen Guaidó's Venezuelan assets, has launched a probe accusing Guaidó of foreign interference,[13] and has threatened violence against him.[14][15][16] In April 2019, Guaidó called for an uprising against Maduro as part of "Operation Freedom", which ultimately failed. Following the failed uprising, representatives of Guaidó and Maduro began mediation, with the assistance of the Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution.[17] In January 2020, security forces prevented Guaidó and other congress members from entering the legislative palace during an internal election to choose the board of directors. A majority of lawmakers held an "emergency meeting" and voted to re-elect Guaidó as their leader,[18] while the remaining lawmakers at the legislative palace elected Luis Parra.[19][20] Security forces denied Guaidó and opposition lawmakers access to parliament many times since.[21]

After the announcement of regional elections in 2021, Guaidó announced a "national salvation agreement" and proposed negotiation with Maduro with a schedule for free and fair elections, with international support and observers, in exchange for lifting international sanctions.[22]Domestically, Guaidó's actions included a proposed Plan País (Country Plan), an amnesty law for military personnel and authorities who turn against the Maduro government,[23] attempts to deliver humanitarian aid to the country,[24] and social bonuses for health workers during COVID-19 pandemic.[25][26] Internationally, Guaidó gained control of some Venezuelan assets and property in the United States,[24] had success in a legal battle for control of £1.3 billion of Venezuelan gold reserves in the United Kingdom,[27][28][29] and appointed diplomats which had been recognized by supportive governments.[7]

In December 2022, three of the four main opposition political parties (Justice First, Democratic Action, and A New Era) backed and approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the next Venezuelan presidential election scheduled for 2024,[30][31] stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set.[32] The New York Times reported that the actions from the opposition to remove Guaidó as their leader signified that it has lost faith in "Guaidó's ability to oust President Nicolás Maduro".[33]

In April 2023 he fled to the United States citing fears of his arrest, living in exile in Miami, Florida.[34][35] On 6 October 2023, the Maduro administration charged Guaidó with money laundering, treason, and usurping public functions, issued an arrest warrant and asked the international community to cooperate with an arrest of Guaidó, requesting a red notice be issued by Interpol.[34][35] Guaidó has denied the charges made against him in the arrest warrant.[35]

Early life and education

edit
 
Juan Guaidó with his wife and his daughter after he denounced the presence of FAES forces outside his family home

Guaidó was born on 28 July 1983.[36] Part of a large family,[b] he was raised in a middle-class home in the outskirts of La Guaira; his parents are Wilmer and Norka.[39][4] His father was an airline pilot[c] and his mother, a teacher.[37] One grandfather was a sergeant of the Venezuelan National Guard while another grandfather was a captain in the Venezuelan Navy.[40] His parents divorced when he was at a young age, with his father emigrating to the Canary Islands and working as a taxi driver.[4]

Guaidó lived through the 1999 Vargas tragedy, a series of mudslides in his home state, which killed some of his friends while also destroying his school and home, leaving him and his family homeless.[36][4][41] The mudslide and its response, which he cites regularly in speeches, influenced his political views; colleagues say that the "feckless" response of the then-new government of Hugo Chávez is what drove him to activism.[4][42]

He and his family stayed in a makeshift home in Caracas where he earned his high school diploma in 2000. Guaidó would continue to live in Caracas where he would earn his undergraduate degree in 2007 in industrial engineering from Andrés Bello Catholic University,[4][43] working at Compu Mall, a Venezuelan chain of computer and electronics stores, to pay for his studies.[44] He also participated in two postgraduate programs of public administration in Caracas: at the UCAB with the partnership of the George Washington University and at the Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (IESA).[36][43]

Activism

edit

Guaidó stated, after "it became clear that under Chávez the country was drifting toward totalitarianism,"[41] he was part of the student-led political movement that protested the Venezuelan government's decision to shut down the independent television network RCTV[45] with other prominent student leaders in 2007—the year he graduated from Andrés Bello Catholic University.[46] They also protested broader attempted government reforms by Chávez, including the 2007 constitutional referendum, which Chávez lost.[47]

Along with Leopoldo López and other politicians, Guaidó was a founding member of the Popular Will political party in 2009;[48] the party is affiliated with Socialist International.

By 2014, Guaidó was the party's national coordinator.[49] López, one of Venezuela's main opposition politicians, "mentored Guaidó for years" according to a January 2019 CNN report,[50] and the two spoke several times daily.[1] As Lopez's protégé, Guaidó was well known in his party and the National Assembly, but not internationally;[51] López named Guaidó to lead the Popular Will party in 2019.[52]

National Assembly

edit
 
Guaidó behind Leopoldo López and María Corina Machado, presenting the protests initiative La Salida (The Exit) in 2014

In the 2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election, Guaidó was elected as an alternate national deputy.[5] He was one of several politicians who went on a hunger strike to demand parliamentary elections in 2015[50] and was elected to a full-seat in the National Assembly in the 2015 elections with 26% of the vote.[6][53] Vargas, an impoverished area, was home to many state-run companies that employed the majority of the population; until Guaidó's 2015 election, chavista candidates had run unchallenged.[42]

In 2017, he was named head of the Comptroller's Commission of the National Assembly and in 2018, he was named head of the legislature's opposition.[43] He contributed to research at the University of Arizona, giving testimony to analysts on the working conditions of Latin American politicians and, specifically, institutional crisis and political change.[49]

In the National Assembly, Guaidó investigated corruption cases involving the Maduro administration, and worked with independent organizations to recover money allegedly stolen from the Venezuelan public.[42] He participated in the 2017 Venezuelan protests, where one time security forces fractured his arm[54] and he was shot with rubber bullets,[15] which he has stated left scars on his neck.[52] In January 2018 he was sworn in as the Leader of the Majority in the National Assembly.[55][56]

President of the National Assembly

edit
 
Guaidó in a 1 February 2019 Voice of America interview

A rotating presidency of the National Assembly of Venezuela agreement resulted with Popular Will attaining leadership and due to the party's head officials being imprisoned or exiled,[57] Guaidó was chosen as president in December 2018 by the Assembly,[d] and was sworn in on 5 January 2019.[59] Relatives of imprisoned politicians were invited to the inauguration.[40] At 35, Guaidó was the youngest to have led the opposition.[38] Shortly after assuming the presidency of the legislature, Guaidó began advocating for a law to form a transitional government.[60][61]

Two politicians were primarily responsible for the strategy that brought Guaidó to prominence: Julio Borges (in exile)[62] and Leopoldo López (under house arrest). The plan was developed after the failed 2017 negotiations during the Venezuelan crisis between representatives of chavismo and the opposition, and that took more than a year to develop.[63] Ricardo Hausmann and politicians from different political parties were also involved. Borges was involved in external efforts, such as with the Lima Group, along with Antonio Ledezma and Carlos Vecchio, who operated in the United States; María Corina Machado and López operated in Venezuela.[63] David Smolansky and Freddy Guevara also supported Guaidó, along with Henrique Capriles, who had initially been distant.[63] Javier Corrales, professor and author,[e] stated that Guaidó's rise as a presidential figure began within Venezuela, not by foreign pressure.[65] López and Guaidó contacted the United States Department of State, presenting a plan to declare Guaidó interim president and that the United States could lead other nations to support his recognition in order to remove Maduro; United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo supported the plan.[66] López and Guaidó promoted this initiative to the United States without the knowledge of the National Assembly, according to Neuman.[66]

Upon taking office, Guaidó vowed to oppose Maduro, and elaborated an action plan.[40][67][68] The plan, approved by the National Assembly, comprised three phases (end of usurpation, transitional government, and free elections), with eight key points.[69]

Detention and release

edit

While on his way to a 13 January 2019 public assembly, Guaidó was briefly detained by members of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN),[70] and released 45 minutes later.[37] The Lima Group[71] and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), Luis Almagro, condemned the act.[72] The Maduro government said the detention was carried out unilaterally by the SEBIN personnel,[73] and twelve SEBIN officials were charged for their actions.[74]

Guaidó declared that the events demonstrated that there was a break in the chain of command in the Armed Forces, and that Maduro was not in control.[75]

Re-election

edit

The 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election of 5 January, to elect the Board of Directors of the National Assembly, was disrupted; there were two claims for the presidency of the National Assembly, by Guaidó and Luis Parra, an independent legislator.[76] Parra was formerly a member of Justice First, but was expelled from the party on 20 December 2019 based on corruption allegations, which he denied. Parra declared himself president of the National Assembly – a move that was welcomed by the Maduro administration.[77] The opposition disputed this outcome, saying that quorum had not been achieved and no votes had been counted.[77] Police forces had blocked access to parliament to some opposition members, including Guaidó, and members of the media. Later in the day, a separate session was carried out at the headquarters of El Nacional newspaper, where 100 of the 167 deputies voted to re-elect Guaidó as president of the parliament.[77] In his speech, Guaidó announced his resignation from Popular Will.[2]

Guaidó was sworn in on 7 January after forcing his way in through police barricades. On the same day, Parra reiterated his claim to the presidency of the parliament.[78]

Claim to presidency

edit

Swearing-in

edit

After what he and critics of the Maduro administration described as the "illegitimate" inauguration of Maduro on 10 January 2019, Guaidó challenged Maduro's claim to the presidency.[79] The National Assembly declared Guaidó was willing to assume the responsibilities of the presidency.[80][81][38] They called for demonstrations on 23 January,[82][83] the 61st anniversary of the overthrow of dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez.[84][85] Prior to Guaidó's declaration, Vice President of the United States Mike Pence called Guaidó on 22 January and told him that the United States would support his initiative.[66]

On 23 January, Guaidó declared he assumed the functions as acting president and took the presidential oath at a rally in Caracas.[86] Within minutes of Guaidó's swearing-in, the United States recognized him as president, followed shortly thereafter by Canada and other Latin American and European countries; Russia, China, Iran, Syria, Cuba and Turkey supported Maduro.[87][12][88] Maduro accused the United States of backing a coup and said he would cut ties with the country.[86] Guaidó denied the coup allegations, saying peaceful volunteers backed his movement.[89] In December 2018, Guaidó had traveled to Washington, D.C., where he met with OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro, and then on 14 January to Colombia for a Lima Group meeting, in which Maduro's mandate was rejected.[90] The fragmented opposition later unified around Guaidó.[91][92]

Spanish newspaper El País described U.S. president Donald Trump's election—coinciding with the election of conservative presidents in Colombia and Brazil, along with deteriorating conditions in Venezuela—as "a perfect storm," influenced by hawks in the Trump administration.[90] Opposition members Carlos Vecchio, Julio Borges and Gustavo Tarre were consulted, and the Trump administration decision to back Guaidó formed on 22 January, according to El Pais.[90] U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, National Security Adviser John R. Bolton, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and others met with Trump that day, and Vice President Mike Pence called Guaidó that night to express U.S. support, according to The Wall Street Journal.[93] According to El País, the January Lima Group meeting and the stance taken by Canada, represented by Chrystia Freeland, were key factors leading Donald Trump, known for being an isolationist, to become involved in Venezuela.[90]

The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) rejected the National Assembly's decisions,[87] while the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile welcomed Guaidó as acting president.[94]

On 29 January 2019, the TSJ launched a probe of Guaidó, froze his assets, and prohibited him from leaving the country.[95] According to Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers for the United Nations Diego García Sayán, the measures were "not adopted in accordance with constitutional requirements, normal legal procedures and international human rights standards."[96]

As of 1 April 2021, Guaidó was no longer recognized as Venezuela's rightful President by the European Union's 27 member-states after he lost his position as head of parliament. Although the United States and the United Kingdom continued to recognize him as the legitimate leader of Venezuela in 2021,[97][98][99][100] the United States stopped recognizing Guaidó in January 2023 when the opposition party vote to dissolve Guaidó's interim government took effect.[101]

Personnel

edit
 
Mike Pence meets with Carlos Vecchio, Julio Borges, and other Washington-based Venezuelan representatives on 29 January 2019

According to El País, Guaidó had help, along with National Assembly vice-presidents Stalin González and Edgar Zambrano, from young representatives of several political parties: Miguel Pizarro for humanitarian aid, Carlos Paparoni heading a Finance Commission, and Marialbert Barrios working with embassies.[63] Delsa Solórzano worked with Luisa Ortega Díaz on the Amnesty Law.[63] David Smolansky was the OAS coordinator for the Venezuelan Migrant and Refugee crisis.[102]

Carlos Vecchio was accepted by Pompeo as the Guaidó administration's diplomatic envoy to the US.[103] Julio Borges was named to represent Venezuela in the Lima Group.[104] The National Assembly made more than a dozen[105][106][107] other diplomatic appointments, including Elisa Trotta Gamus to Argentina,[108][109] María Teresa Belandria to Brazil,[110] and Humberto Calderón Berti to Colombia.[111][112] Diplomats to Europe and the Dominican Republic were named on 19 February.[113]

Gustavo Tarre Briceño was named Venezuela's Permanent Representative to the Organization of American States (OAS) on 29 January 2019,[114] and ratified by the National Assembly according to the constitution.[115][116] On 9 April, the OAS voted 18 to 9, with six abstentions, to accept Tarre Briceño as the ambassador from Venezuela. Maduro's Foreign Ministry called Tarre a "political usurper." The nomination was accepted 20 days before the deadline on Venezuela leaving the union, after they triggered the process in 2017, suggesting that the nation will remain in the OAS against the wishes of the Maduro administration. Venezuela's previous ambassador voted against Tarre. According to The Washington Post, the OAS vote undermined Maduro's presence internationally and marked a step in the official recognition of Guaidó's government.[117]

The National Assembly authorized Guaidó's appointment of a new ad hoc directors board of Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), of Citgo, Pdvsa Holding Inc, Citgo Holding Inc. and Citgo Petroleum Corporation. The appointed members of PDVSA were Simón Antúnez, Gustavo J. Velasquez, Carlos José Balza, Ricardo Prada and David Smolansky. Likewise, the appointed members of Citgo Holding and Citgo Petroleum Corporation were Luisa Palacios, Edgar Rincón, Luis Urdaneta, Ángel Olmeta, Andrés Padilla and Rick Esser.[118] With Citgo under the control of Guaidó's administration, the US Department of Treasury extended its license to operate in spite of US sanctions.[119]

Guaidó named José Ignacio Hernández as special solicitor, making Hernández the first official named with state power.[120] Ricardo Hausmann was named as Venezuela's representative to the Inter-American Development Bank,[121] who recognized Hausmann as a replacement for Maduro's representative.[122]

The Maduro administration's prosecutor general, Tarek William Saab, said the "appointments by Guaidó and his National Assembly are part of an illegal power grab backed by foreign governments"[123] and opened a probe into the ambassador and oil industry appointees; a magistrate of "Venezuela's pro-Maduro Supreme Court later read a statement ... nullifying the appointments and accusing the National Assembly of overstepping its constitutional powers."[123]

Arrest attempt

edit

On 12 July 2021, Special Action Forces (FAES) officials went to Guaidó's residence and besieged him for twenty minutes in the building's garage, and used explosives against him as Guaidó took refuge in an armored vehicle. The intended arrest was foiled due to the vehicle and his neighbors and supporters, who opposed Guaidó's detention. Guaidó said that the officers did not identify themselves nor did they show any judicial order. On the same day, former deputy Freddy Guevara was detained while he was driving his vehicle.[124][125][126][127]

Interim government dismissal

edit

After a preliminary vote on 22 December 2022 to remove the interim government,[128] on 30 December 2022, three of the four main political parties (Justice First, Democratic Action and A New Era) backed a reform of the Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets,[129][30][130] stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set.[32] The amendment was voted by the opposition National Assembly as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential elections scheduled for 2024. The reform was approved with 72 votes in favor, 29 against and 8 abstentions.[129][30][130]

Domestic affairs

edit
 
Guaidó and wife, Fabiana Rosales at a 2 February demonstration

In a 30 January 2019 New York Times editorial, Guaidó stated that Venezuela had "one of the highest homicide rates in the world", prompting the "largest exodus in Latin American history" and that "Under Mr. Maduro at least 240 Venezuelans have been murdered at marches, and there are 600 political prisoners."[41] His response to these problems was three-fold: restore the democratic National Assembly, gain international support, and allow for the people's right to self-determination.[41]

Amnesty law

edit

On 25 January 2019, Guaidó offered the Amnesty Law (Spanish: Ley de Amnistía a nombre de la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela) approved by the National Assembly, for military personnel and authorities who help unseat Maduro.[23] He suggested that if Maduro gave up power, he may receive amnesty.[131] He held a public assembly, asking supporters to disseminate the Amnesty Law throughout the country to military, police and other functionaries.[132][133] On 30 January, demonstrators took to the streets across the country to encourage the military to allow humanitarian aid and reject Maduro.[134] Maduro also held meetings with the military; top military command remained loyal to Maduro as of February 2019.[134]

In a 30 January editorial published by The New York Times, Guaidó explained that the law would only apply to individuals who were not found to have committed crimes against humanity.[135]

According to Colombian immigration authorities, as of 24 April 2019, about 1,400 Venezuelan military personnel had broken ranks and crossed the border into Colombia since the border clashes began on 23 February,[136] in addition to 60 that crossed into Brazil, according to the Brazilian Army.[136]

Elections

edit

Guaidó told CNN in February 2019 that he would call elections 30 days after Maduro left power.[137] He did not state if he would run for president when elections occur,[89] but said discussing running for president was "premature".[138]

The Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy to Re-establish the Validity of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Estatuto que Rige la Transición a la Democracia para Restablecer la Vigencia de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana De Venezuela) was approved on 5 February,[139] and the National Assembly second vice-president Stalin González announced that a commission to set a route towards elections was established on 6 March 2019.[140]

Finance and economy

edit

Guaidó asked the Bank of England and British Prime Minister Theresa May not to return to the Maduro administration the £1.2 billion in gold reserves the UK holds for Venezuela, and to allow the opposition to access it instead.[141][142] In the same week, the US Treasury levied sanctions against PDVSA[143] and transferred control of some Venezuelan assets to Guaidó.[24]

Guaidó said the Maduro administration was attempting to move some of the country's assets to Uruguay, "to keep stealing from the people of Venezuela."[144] On 5 February, Paparoni announced that the transfer from Portugal to Uruguay had been stopped.[145]

Guaidó sought to open up the economy by allowing foreign, private oil companies greater participation in ventures with PDVSA[146] by dropping the requirement for 51% PDVSA ownership in joint ventures.[147] Pledging to honor "legal" and "financial" debt, Carlos Vecchio said that agreements in which Venezuela pays debt with oil (signed by the Maduro administration) might not be honored.[146]

Humanitarian aid

edit
 
Guaidó and Sebastián Piñera, on 22 February 2019 at Venezuela Aid Live

In a Euronews interview, Guaidó said that hospitals in Venezuela lacked basic supplies and that "children were dying due to malnutrition."[89] He made bringing humanitarian aid to Venezuelans who could die if aid does not arrive a priority, and a test of the military's allegiance.[148] The day after assuming the acting presidency, Guaidó requested humanitarian aid for Venezuela from the US and from the United Nations. He said Venezuela's neighbors, in a "global coalition to send aid to Venezuela", would help get humanitarian aid and medicine into the country; products would be shipped to neighboring ports and brought overland via convoys.[149] He said that the 250,000 people whose lives were in danger would be the recipients of the first phase of the effort.[150] He traveled to Cúcuta on 22 February to be present as the aid entered Colombia; Maduro administration security forces clashed with demonstrators and blocked the aid from entering.[151]

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies announced in March 2019 that the Red Cross was preparing to bring humanitarian aid to the country in April to help ease both the chronic hunger and the medical crisis.[152] The Wall Street Journal said that the acceptance of humanitarian shipments by Maduro was his first acknowledgement that Venezuela is "suffering from an economic collapse."[153] Guaidó said the acceptance of humanitarian aid was the "result of our pressure and insistence",[153] and called on Venezuelans to "stay vigilant to make sure incoming aid is not diverted for 'corrupt' purposes".[154] Following the joint report from Human Rights Watch and Johns Hopkins in April 2019, increasing announcements from the United Nations about the scale of the humanitarian crisis, and the softening of Maduro's position on receiving aid, the Red Cross tripled its budget for aid to Venezuela.[155]

Media

edit

On 23 April 2019, Guaidó named Alberto Federico Ravell, former CEO and co-founder of the news channel Globovisión, as his spokesman and director of the National Center of Communications of Venezuela, Guaidó's information and media board.[156][157][158] In January 2020, Guaidó announced the appointment of an ad hoc directors board of the National Commission of Telecommunications (CONATEL), saying that "Telesur will no longer be a propaganda tool of the regime."[159]

Plan País

edit

Guaidó announced on 31 January at the Central University of Venezuela[160] that the National Assembly had approved a commission to implement a plan for the reconstruction of Venezuela.[161][162] Called Plan País (Plan for the Country), it had been under elaboration for some time, and was initially developed through a series of public and private meetings in the US and Venezuela.[163][164] According to Guaidó, the aims of the plan were to "stabilize the economy, attend to the humanitarian emergency immediately, rescue public services, and overcome poverty."[165] It had provisions to revitalize PDVSA, restore the health sector, and offer assistance to the most poverty-stricken.[160] Implementation of the plan required Maduro's exit.[163]

Plans to oust Maduro

edit

Operation Freedom

edit

Guaidó announced he would embark on a tour of the country beginning 16 March to organize committees for Operación Libertad (trans. Operation Freedom or Operation Liberty) with the goal to claim the presidential residence, Miraflores Palace.[166] As part of the ongoing tour, he visited Petare,[167] regarded as one of the world's largest slums, on 12 April.[168]

In an open assembly celebrating the anniversary of the 19 April 1810 date when the Venezuelan Independence Movement began, Guaidó offered the example that organized protests in Sudan led to the replacement of Omar al-Bashir, and called for "the greatest march" in history on 1 May, to "once and for all end this tragedy".[169] Coinciding with his speech, NetBlocks stated that state-run CANTV again blocked access to social media in Venezuela.[170]

On 30 April, Guaidó live-streamed a video of himself beside opposition leader Leopoldo López, freed from house arrest after being imprisoned for five years,[171] with the two flanked by members of the Venezuelan armed forces,[172] announcing the "final phase" of Operation Freedom.[173] He stated: "People of Venezuela, it is necessary that we go out together to the street, to support the democratic forces and to recover our freedom. Organized and together, mobilize the main military units. People of Caracas, all to La Carlota."[172][174] The Associated Press reported that López "had been released from house arrest by security forces adhering to an order from Guaidó."[175] Several dozen military personnel[176] and civilians joined Guaidó in his call for an uprising.[176]

The head of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service, Manuel Cristopher Figuera, denounced the Maduro government and was dismissed from his position[177] before going into hiding.[178] Expected military defections did not happen.[173] By the end of the day, one protester had died[179] and at least 100 were injured;[180][181] López was at the Spanish embassy,[182] while 25 military personnel sought asylum in the Brazilian embassy in Caracas.[183] On 1 May, Guaidó's call for the largest march in history did not materialize and his supporters were forced to retreat by security forces using tear gas.[184] Guaidó acknowledged he had received insufficient military backing,[173] and called for strikes beginning on 2 May, with the aim of a general strike later in May.[184]

Guaidó's support began to drop following the incident.[185] In the Miami Herald, Jim Wyss wrote that the "failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro."[185]

Strategic Committee

edit

According to a report by The Washington Post, in August 2019 Guaidó tasked J.J. Rendón and a committee to investigate scenarios for achieving the removal of Maduro.[186][187] Members of the Strategic Committee argued that the Venezuelan Constitution, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and other treaties justified action against Maduro.[186]

Rendón stated that the Strategic Committee had contacted numerous groups about removing Maduro from office, but they demanded payments up to US$500 million.[186][187] He then made contact with Jordan Goudreau, owner of Silvercorp USA, where Goudreau presented an offer for the capture or extraction of Maduro from Venezuela for US$212.9 million. Rendón signed an agreement in Washington, D.C., on behalf of the Guaidó government with Silvercorp on 16 October 2019. An amount of US$1.5 million was later demanded by Goudreau to initiate "Operation Resolution". Guaidó representatives ultimately removed themselves from Goudreau's proposal.[188][186] Goudreau was later responsible for the foiled 3–4 May 2020 Venezuelan Operation Gideon.[186]

Following the raid, Guaido's team initially said they had "no relationship with any company in the security and defense branch"; Rendón later admitted that an "exploratory agreement" with Silvercorp had been signed to seek the capture of members of Maduro's government.[189]

When interviewed by BBC Mundo, risk consultant Dimitris Pantoulas, and head of the Datanálisis consultant firm Luis Vicente León agreed that Guaidó's reputation was damaged due to the incident, with León stating "the opposition seems to have exhausted the routes".[190] In an analysis for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Patricio Zamorano wrote that the event demonstrated that "Guaidó is politically immature and inept", that such scandals had "led to a significant withering of his support" and that Guaidó was willing to resort to violence to remove Maduro from power.[191]

Dialogue with Maduro

edit

In response to calls from Mexico, Uruguay, and CARICOM for negotiations, Guaidó said that the National Assembly would not participate in dialogue with Maduro, on the grounds that negotiations had already been attempted, "within and outside of Venezuela, in private and in public, alone and with international companions."[192] Guaidó said that the result of all previous negotiations was more repression, with Maduro taking advantage of the process to strengthen his position.[192] Offering as examples Leopoldo López, the detention of Juan Requesens, Julio Borges (in exile) and others, he said that if Maduro really wanted dialogue, he would release political prisoners.[192] He asked Uruguay and Mexico to join him.[193] Guaidó characterized Uruguay as failing to defend democracy, saying that Uruguay's stance was surprising given Venezuela has 300,000 starving people at risk of dying.[192]

After Maduro wrote to Pope Francis, asking for assistance with negotiations, Guaidó refused the Vatican's offer to mediate, calling the attempt a "false dialogue," and saying that by mediating, the Vatican would assist those who "refused to see the Venezuelan reality."[194] Guaidó said that Maduro did not respect conditions of 2016 negotiations, and suggested the Pope should encourage Maduro to allow an orderly transition of power.[195] Corriere della Sera cited a 7 February 2019 reply from Pope Francis addressed to "Mr. Maduro," in which Pope Francis also stated that what had been agreed in earlier negotiations (open a channel for humanitarian aid, hold free elections, free political prisoners, and re-establish the constitutionally-elected National Assembly)[196] had not been followed, and that he would back only constructive dialogue "when all conflicting parties put the common good above any other interest."[197][198]

Following the failed uprising, representatives of Guaidó and Maduro began mediation, with the assistance of the Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution. Jorge Rodríguez and Héctor Rodríguez Castro served as representatives for Maduro while Gerardo Blyde [es] and Stalin González were representatives for Guaidó. Guaidó confirmed that there was an envoy in Norway, but said that the opposition would not take part in false negotiations.[17] After the second meeting in Norway, no deal was reached.[199]

On 9 July 2019 negotiations started in Barbados with representatives of Maduro and Guaidó.[200][201][202] Several theories arose from the negotiations, including potential elections agreed upon between the government and the opposition, having Héctor Rodríguez as the main government candidate.[203][204][205] On 15 September, Guaidó announced that the opposition concluded the dialogue after the absence of the government in the negotiations for forty days as a protest to the recent sanctions by the United States.[citation needed]

In February 2020, the coordinator of the Lima Group, Hugo de Zela, announced that Argentina, Canada and Peru were attempting to negotiate with the Cuban government to find a solution to the crisis.[206]

In late March 2020, the United States relaxed its position and proposed a transitional government that would exclude both Maduro and Guaidó from the presidency.[207] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that sanctions did not apply to humanitarian aid during the coronavirus pandemic health emergency and that the United States would lift all sanctions if Maduro agreed to organize elections that did not include himself in a period of six to twelve months.[208] The deal would enforce a power-sharing scenario between the different government factions. Elections would have to be held within the year, and all foreign militaries would have to leave the country. The US was still seeking Maduro's arrest at the time of the announcement.[209] Other aspects of the US deal would include releasing all political prisoners and setting up a five-person council to lead the country; two members each chosen by Maduro and Guaidó would sit on the council, with the last member selected by the four. The EU also agreed to remove sanctions if the deal went ahead.[210]

Guaidó accepted the proposal,[211] while Venezuela's foreign minister, Jorge Arreaza, rejected it and declared that only parliamentary elections would take place that year.[212]

Reuters reported that during the COVID-19 pandemic, allies of both Maduro and Guaidó had secretly begun exploratory talks, according to sources on both sides.[213] Guaidó and U.S. Special Representative for Venezuela Elliott Abrams denied that negotiations had taken place.[214][215]

After the announcement of regional elections in 2021, Guaidó announced a "national salvation agreement" and proposed the negotiation with Maduro with a schedule for free and fair elections, with international support and observers, in exchange for lifting international sanctions.[22]

On 5 August 2021, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced that Mexico would host negotiations talks between Maduro and the opposition, including Guaidó, who stated that he would push for guarantees for what he called free and fair elections.[216]

Foreign affairs

edit
 
Juan Guaidó with Colombian president Ivan Duque and U.S. Vice President Mike Pence in February 2019

Guaidó said there was room for long-term Chávez/Maduro allies such as Russia and China in Venezuela, adding that legal security under a new plan for the country would benefit all businesses, including theirs.[160][217] He approached China to establish diplomatic ties, stating "China's support will be very important in boosting our country's economy and future development."[218] According to Euronews, he said he had been "working to convince China and Russia that it was in their economic interest to withdraw support from Maduro."[89] Bloomberg published a 14 April editorial from Guaidó, "Why China should switch sides in Venezuela," in which Guaidó appealed to China and stated that it is in China's interest to support a peaceful transition, rule of law, and economic reconstruction in Venezuela.[219]

According to CNN, following a long history of Fidel Castro's interest in the country, "Venezuelan oil is the lifeblood of Cuban economy, under a barter system where Cuba receives billions of dollars of crude in exchange for Cuban doctors, teachers, sports trainers, and military and intelligence advisers."[220] Guaidó vowed that Cuban influence in Venezuela would end.[220] Referring to Cubans as "brothers," he said that Cuban individuals are welcome to stay in the country, but not in decision-making positions, and not in the armed forces.[221] On 12 March 2019, the National Assembly voted to cut Venezuela's oil supply to Cuba, which would save about US$2.6 million daily, according to Guaidó,[222] who asked other nations to help implement the measure.[223]

 
Guaidó with U.S. President Donald Trump in Washington, D.C., February 2020
 
Guaidó with U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft, February 2020

Guaidó sought restored relations with Israel; Chávez had severed relations with Israel more than ten years prior, favoring support for Palestine during Operation Cast Lead.[224]

Guaidó has supported Venezuela's sovereignty claim in the Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute throughout his political career.[225]

In June 2019, the United Nations reported that four million Venezuelans had left the country,[226] many without a valid passport.[227] Associated Press has reported that getting an extension is an expensive and lengthy ordeal for many Venezuelans.[227] The National Assembly decided accordingly to release a decree, signed by Guaidó, to extend Venezuelan passports' lifespan.[227] The decision was accepted by the United States and Canada, which recognized the validity of the Venezuelan passports for five years beyond the printed expiration date.[227][228]

In September 2019, Guaidó announced the designation as terrorist organizations of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), National Liberation Army (ELN), Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL), ordering all state security forces to protect "our sovereignty and territorial integrity" against the threat posed by these groups.[229] Following an American airstrike that killed Iranian Quds Force Commander Qasem Soleimani in January 2020, Guaidó said that Soleimani "led a criminal and terrorist structure in Iran that for years caused pain to his people and destabilized the Middle East, just as Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis did with Hezbollah." Guaidó also accused Nicolás Maduro of allowing him and his Quds Forces to incorporate their sanctioned banks and their companies in Venezuela.[230]

Diplomatic officials

edit

As of July 2019, the National Assembly had approved Juan Guaidó's appointment has named 37 ambassadors and foreign representatives to international organizations and nations abroad.[231][232][233][234]

Organization/country Official
  OAS Gustavo Tarre Briceño
Inter-American Development Bank Alejandro Plaz[f]
Lima Group Julio Borges
  Andorra Carmen Alguindingue
  Argentina Elisa Trotta Gamus (2019–2020)[235]
  Australia Alejandro Martínez
  Belgium Mary Ponte [es]
  Brasil María Teresa Belandria
  Bulgaria Estefanía Meléndez [es]
  Canada Orlando Viera Blanco
  Chile Guarequena Gutiérrez [es]
  Colombia Vacant[g]
  Costa Rica María Faría
  Czech Republic Vacant[h]
  Denmark Enrique Ser Horst
  Dominican Republic Eusebio Carlino
  Ecuador René de Sola
  France Isadora Zubillaga
  Germany Otto Gebauer
  Greece Eduardo Fernando Massieu
  Guatemala María Teresa Romero [es]
  Honduras Claudio Sandoval
  Hungary Enrique Alvarado
  Israel Pynchas Brener
  Luxembourg Angelina Jaffe
  Malta Felipe Zoghbi
  Morocco José Ignacio Guédez
  Netherlands Gloria Notaro
  Panama Fabiola Zavarce
  Paraguay David Olsen
  Peru Carlos Scull
  Poland Ana Medina
  Portugal José Rafael Cotas
  Romania Memo Mazzone
  Spain Antonio Ecarri Bolívar [es]
  Sweden León Poblete
   Switzerland María Alejandra Aristeguieta [es]
  United Kingdom Vanessa Neumann
  United States Carlos Vecchio

On 9 April, the OAS voted 18 to 9, with six abstentions, to accept Guaidó's envoy, Gustavo Tarre Briceño, as the ambassador from Venezuela until new elections can be held. The permanent council approved a text stating that "Nicolas Maduro's presidential authority lacks legitimacy and his designations for government posts, therefore, lack the necessary legitimacy." Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Dominica, Grenada, Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela voted against the change.[238] Maduro's administration responded calling Tarre a "loud-mouth political usurper" and the decision a "criminal and rampant violation of international law and the OAS Charter," saying they do not intend to respect decisions made by Tarre.[239] The nomination was accepted 20 days before the deadline on Venezuela leaving the organization, after they triggered the process in 2017. According to The Washington Post, this acceptance undermined Maduro's presence internationally and marked a step in the official recognition of Guaidó's government.[240] An effort by some OAS member states to remove Guaidó's OAS envoy in October 2022 failed, obtaining a majority but falling short of the two-thirds supermajority required.[241]

In January 2020, Guaidó announced that he would appoint diplomatic representatives to Bolivia, El Salvador, and Uruguay.[159]

The European Union (EU) announced on 6 January 2021, that it could no longer legally recognize Guaidó as interim president after he lost his position as head of parliament, without recognizing Maduro as the legitimate president. It also threatened new sanctions against the Maduro administration.[242][243]

In January 2022, opposition parties voted to extend Guaidó's term as interim president for another year and to create a committee of opposition lawmakers to take over his management of foreign affairs, as well as to authorize the appointment of ambassadors in opposition allied countries. After the vote, Guaidó's role consisted in "defending democracy" and managing Venezuela's overseas assets, including oil refiner Citgo and $1 billion in gold lodged in the Bank of England. Guaidó required to keep the committee informed of how he had spent funds under his control.[244]

In September 2022, Colombian President Gustavo Petro described Guaidó as a "non-existent" president with no control over the country and announced that his government would recognize only the Maduro government.[245] Guaidó criticized Petro's reversal of recognition from the policy of prior Colombian President Iván Duque, saying that Maduro "sheltered world terrorism in Venezuela".[246]

Military involvement

edit

In an interview with Christiane Amanpour, Guaidó did not rule out accepting support from the US armed forces, but said that pressure was being applied in every other way possible to avoid armed conflict.[247]

According to Giancarlo Fiorella, writing in Foreign Affairs, "calls for intervention" are coming from "some members of the Venezuelan opposition and from residents of the country desperate for a solution—any solution—to their years-long plight";[248] he adds that talk of foreign intervention "has become commonplace" in Venezuela, and that "the push for a military intervention in Venezuela is most intense not among hawks in Washington but inside the country itself."[248] In every demonstration summoned by Guaidó, there are numerous signs demanding the approval of Article 187(11) of the Constitution, which allows the National Assembly to authorize the deployment of foreign missions in Venezuela.[249] A March poll showed 87.5% support for foreign intervention.[i][248] Guaidó has said he will call for intervention "when the time comes," but in media interviews, he has not stated he supports removing Maduro by force.[248] He has said that the decision "cannot be taken lightly," and has appeared to "temper hopes ... [of] a magical solution to the country's problems," according to Fiorella.[248]

Latin American tour

edit
 
Juan Guaidó with Brazil's vice president Hamilton Mourão

Guaidó defied the restriction imposed by the Maduro administration on him leaving Venezuela, and attended Richard Branson's February 2019 Venezuela Live Aid concert in Cúcuta, Colombia,[250] whose purpose was to raise funds and awareness for humanitarian aid to Venezuela. In a move that tested Maduro's authority, Guaidó was met by Colombian president Iván Duque, and welcomed by a crowd chanting, "Juan arrived!"[250] Amid continuing tension, and having failed to get humanitarian aid into Venezuela, Guaidó and US vice president Pence attended a 25 February meeting of the Lima Group in Bogotá.[251][252] From there, he embarked on a regional tour to meet with the presidents of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Ecuador,[253] and discuss ways to rebuild Venezuela and defeat Maduro.[254]

Guaidó's trip was approved by Venezuela's National Assembly, as required by the Constitution of Venezuela.[255] Because he left the country under a travel restriction placed upon him by the Maduro administration, he faced the possibility of being imprisoned upon his return to Venezuela.[253] Maduro said that Guaidó was welcome to return to Venezuela, but would have to face justice in the courts for breaching his travel ban.[256] Guaidó announced that he planned to return to Venezuela despite the threats of imprisonment, and said Maduro's "regime" was "weak, lacking support in Venezuela and international recognition."[257]

Guaidó returned to Caracas from Panama via a commercial flight;[258] The Washington Post described his "triumphant return" to "wild cheers from supporters" at Venezuela's main airport at Maiquetía, Vargas state on 4 March.[259] He proceeded from the airport to an anti-government demonstration—organized in advance on social media—in Las Mercedes, Caracas, where he addressed a crowd of thousands,[258] offered a tribute to people who had lost their lives in the border clashes beginning on 23 February, and said that immigration officials had "greeted him at the airport with the words 'welcome, president'."[260] He added: "It is evident that after the threats, somebody did not follow orders. Many did not follow orders. The chain of command [in the government security forces] is broken," according to BBC.[260]

Following Guaidó's Latin American tour in February 2019, Elvis Amoroso, comptroller for the Maduro administration, alleged in March that Guaidó had not explained how he paid for the trip, and stated there were inconsistencies between his level of spending and income.[261] Amoroso said that Guaidó's 90 trips abroad had cost $94,000, and that Guaidó had not explained the source of the funds.[262] Based on these alleged financial discrepancies, Amoroso said Guaidó would be barred from running for public office for the maximum time allowed by law—fifteen years.[261][263] Leopoldo López and Henrique Capriles had been prohibited from holding office by the Maduro administration on similar pretexts.[263]

Guaidó responded that "The only body that can appoint a comptroller is the legitimate parliament."[263] The comptroller general is not a judicial body; according to constitutional lawyer José Vicente Haro, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled in 2011, after Leopoldo López was barred from holding office, that an administrative body cannot disallow a public servant from running. Constitutional law expert Juan Manuel Raffalli stated that Article 65 of Venezuela's Constitution provides that such determinations may only be made by criminal courts, after judgment of criminal activity. The decision would also breach Guaidó's parliamentary immunity.[264]

Investigation of representatives in Colombia

edit

In June 2019, the PanAm Post reported that Guaidó's representatives in Colombia had allegedly used money allocated to pay for defecting soldiers' accommodations for personal purchases,[265][266][267] such as "parties and nightclubs."[268] The representatives, Rossana Barrera and Kevin Rojas, are accused of embezzling up to $60,000; both deny the allegations and have not been charged.[268]

Guaidó's presidential office dismissed Barrera and Rojas from their positions and requested the cooperation of the Colombian government, multilateral agencies and other organizations to clarify the events with an impartial investigation.[269][266] The Venezuelan embassy in Colombia issued a statement informing that Guaidó and the appointed ambassador, Humberto Calderón, agreed to carry out an audit.[269] Venezuelan political parties, including Popular Will, Justice First, Democratic Action and A New Era, supported the start of the investigation of the events.[270][271][272][273] Colombian Foreign Minister, Carlos Holmes Trujillo, condemned the reported act of corruption and urged the authorities to advance the investigations to determine if any wrongdoings occurred.[274] According to NPR's Philip Reeves, Guaidó's envoy in Colombia "began looking into this two months ago after being tipped off by Colombian intelligence," leading to "speculation that Guaidó may actually have known about this for a while."[275] Guaidó has declared that the preliminary investigations started two months before the publication of the article.[276]

Political views

edit

Guaidó was a member of the social-democratic Popular Will, now independent, and although his peers characterize Guaidó as a centrist, Maduro places him on the right of the political spectrum.[277][278] Regarding politics in the United States, Guaidó stated that he was unfamiliar with the subject but has commented: "What they refer to as socialist in the United States is what we'd call a Social Democrat here."[4]

Domestic response

edit

While announcing Plan País at the Central University of Venezuela on 31 January, Guaidó said special forces had come to his home and asked for Fabiana, his wife. He then gave a general warning, saying that he would hold anyone who threatened his 20-month-old daughter personally accountable for such actions.[279] Journalists in the place confirmed that FAES officials surrounded his mother-in-law's house in the Baruta municipality and reported that neighbors tried to prevent the security forces from entering.[280]

Maduro said Guaidó was a "clown," asking whether he would call elections or continue his "virtual mandate" until he was imprisoned by order of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.[281] During a speech given at the start of the judicial year, Maduro said that he was considering sending his assistant to kill Guaidó, adding seconds later that the remark was a joke.[16]

Top: Diosdado Cabello, Chavismo leader
middle: Leopoldo López and Freddy Guevara, both taking refuge in embassies
bottom: Julio Borges (in exile) and
Henrique Capriles (banned from holding office)

In a discussion before the Constituent National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, the body's president, asked how far Guaidó was willing to go, saying that unlike the military, Guaidó had never experienced "the whistle of a bullet" nearby, and did not know "how it feels to have a bullet hit three centimetres from your head."[15] Guaidó responded that "lamentably, the Venezuelan people have had to listen to a lot of whistling in these years," but that "we're not going anywhere" and "we're not afraid."[15]

After Guaidó called for protests on 23 January 2019 against Maduro and in favor of "an interim government," the minister for Prison Services, Iris Varela, said that she had picked out a prison cell for Guaidó and asked him to be quick in naming his cabinet so she could prepare prison cells for them as well.[282] In April 2019, Varela called Guaidó "garbage" on Twitter, saying that he assumes the direction of "a criminal gang that grotesquely steals money from the Venezuelan people with the gringos." She also said that warm cell and many years in jail were waiting to pay "for his crimes."[283]

On 10 February, Guaidó said that his grandmother-in-law was threatened by colectivos.[284] Guaidó told Euronews: "I am not worried about this costing my life or my freedom. If I give my life to serve the people. We know the risks we face. Our biggest fear is that what's happening in Venezuela becomes normal."[89]

The Lima Group has stated that Guaidó and his family face "serious and credible threats" in Venezuela. Colombian Foreign Minister Carlos Holmes Trujillo said that "any violent actions against Guaidó, his wife, or family" would be met by all "legal and political mechanisms."[285]

In an interview with the Mexican GQ magazine, Guaidó said that he has been persecuted and has received direct death threats from the Maduro government.[14]

On 29 February 2020, colectivos shot at Guaidó and his supporters in Barquisimeto, Lara state, during a demonstration, leaving five injured.[286][287]

During the March 2019 Venezuelan blackouts, Tarek William Saab called for an investigation of Guaidó, saying that he had "sabotaged" the electric sector; Guaidó said that Venezuela's largest-ever power outage was "the product of the inefficiency, the incapability, the corruption of a regime that doesn't care about the lives of Venezuelans."[288]

Roberto Marrero, Guaidó's chief of staff, was arrested by SEBIN during a raid on his home in the early morning hours of 21 March.[289] His attorney said he was to be charged with treason, usurpation of functions, and conspiracy.[290] The US had repeatedly warned Maduro not to go after Guaidó; Haaretz reported that the arrest of Guaidó's number-two person was a test of the US.[289] A risk consultant for London's IHS Markit, Diego Moya-Ocampos, said to Bloomberg that "the regime is testing the international community and its repeated warnings against laying a hand on Maduro's rival [Guaidó] ... if they can't touch him, they'll go after those close to him."[291] Nicholas Watson of Teneo Intelligence told The Wall Street Journal that "Marrero's arrest looks like a desperate attempt to break Guaidó's momentum .. The weakness in the regime's position is visible in the fact that arresting Guaidó himself would be seen as a step too far."[292] Guaidó called it a "vile and vulgar kidnapping," adding "Either Nicolas Maduro doesn't dare to arrest me, or he's not the one giving orders."[291] According to The Wall Street Journal, Guaidó said he had received calls from security force officials disclaiming any involvement in the arrest; he replied that they need say no more, per the 2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law; he said the "incident was indicative of divides within the Maduro regime."[292]

On 1 April 2019, TSJ supreme justice Maikel Moreno (a political ally of Maduro)[293] asked that the Constituent National Assembly (ANC) controlled by Chavismo remove Guaidó's parliamentary immunity as president of the National Assembly;[294] that is, he asked that they "strip [him] of immunity from prosecution," which moves the Maduro administration a step closer towards arresting and prosecuting Guaidó.[293][295] Maduro officials say that "Guaidó is under investigation for inciting violence against the government and receiving illicit funds."[293] Moreno said the request is based upon Guaidó having attended the Venezuela Aid Live concert on 23 February, after the Maduro administration prohibited him from leaving the country;[294] the trip was approved by the National Assembly.[255] Supporters of Guaidó disagree that the Maduro-backed institutions have the authority to ban Guaidó from leaving the country, and consider acts of the ANC "null and void."[294] The Venezuelan Constitution provides that only the National Assembly can bring the president to trial by approving the legal proceeding in a "merit hearing";[294] Venezuela's constitution requires "authorization in advance from the National Assembly."[j][297] Constitutional lawyer Juan Manuel Raffalli said there is no breach to prosecute unless the National Assembly first approves one; he said the proceedings were intended to distract attention from the protests and collapse of public services, referencing the 2019 Venezuelan blackouts.[298]

Bypassing the National Assembly,[297] Moreno sent Guaidó's file to the president of the ANC, Diosdado Cabello—described by BBC Mundo as "one of the most belligerent Chávez leaders against the opposition"—for the decision to be made by that body.[294]

On 2 April, in a speech before the ANC, member María León proposed creating popular tribunals for trying "traitors," which the Miami Herald compared to those used during the Cuban revolution;[295] she argued that "for me stripping him of his immunity is very little. What do you do with traitors?"[297] ANC members "responded with shouts of al paredón ("put him up against a wall"),[297] referring to a firing squad.[295][299] Votes were not counted, rather voting was by a show of hands.[295] In record time (less than 30 hours from the TSJ proceedings),[300] the ANC voted to remove Guaidó's immunity from prosecution.[299] Following the decision, Guaidó promised to continue fighting "Maduro's 'cowardly, miserable and murderous' regime."[301] He said, "What if the regime intends to kidnap us? Well, of course, we know that they only have brute force left ... But we are left with audacity, intelligence, soul, strength of heart, hope and confidence in this country, in ourselves."[295]

On 5 September, Vice President Delcy Rodríguez released a purported months-old recording in which Guaido's envoy to United Kingdom, Vanessa Neumann, and a Guaido's advisor, Manuel Avendaño, discuss that Guaidó should "drop the topic" on Venezuela's claim for Guayana Esequiba (Essequibo), a disputed territory between Guyana and Venezuela.[302] Attorney general Tarek William Saab, announced that Guaidó would be prosecuted for "high treason" for the alleged negotiations to hand over the Esequibo.[303] Since April, Norway mediated talks between Guaido and Maduro's commissions, but Maduro paused the discussion due to new US sanctions. In September, Maduro announced that his administration would not resume the talks due to the Esequibo investigation.[302] Avendaño immediately sought refuge in Chilean embassy in Caracas.[302] During a rally in Anzoátegui, Guaidó dismissed the accusations as a distraction,[302] and reaffirmed that the Esequibo belongs to Venezuela.[304]

Masked men carrying rifles broke and into the Popular Will office in the eve of the return of rallies in November, demanding the party members to handover their phones.[305] The group identified as part of the special police forces (FAES), according to a legislator.[305] Guaidó referred to the raid as an act of government intimidation.[305]

On 21 January 2020, after the disrupted 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election, Guaidó's campaign headquarters were raided by police intelligence forces SEBIN.[306]

On 4 June 2020, the Venezuelan Foreign minister Jorge Arreaza accused Juan Guaidó of hiding in the French Embassy in Caracas, demanding for him to be handed over to the "Venezuelan justice." However, the Foreign Ministry spokeswoman of France, Agnes von der Muhll denied the claims on 5 June that Guaido had taken refuge in any of the French diplomatic sites in Caracas.[307]

After the Parliamentary Committee of Electoral Candidacies, in charge of appointing a new National Electoral Council of Venezuela (CNE), announced that it would suspend its meetings because of the COVID-19 pandemic,[308] the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ), loyal to Nicolás Maduro, declared in June that the National Assembly had not named rectors for the CNE. The opposition to Maduro administration denounced it as attempt to obstruct the procedure for the elections.[309][310] The TSJ decided on 12 June 2020 to name the electoral board that would oversee the parliamentary elections. Indira Alfonzo was declared as the new chief of the CNE through Facebook. Members of the National Assembly argue that the TSJ is not authorized to choose the board, according to the Venezuelan constitution.[311] On 13 June 2020, Juan Guaidó said the opposition would not recognize a "false" electoral body named by the Supreme Tribunal, while his allies pledged to extend the term of the current legislature.[312]

Exile

edit

On the eve of an international conference to discuss the crisis in Venezuela and host by Colombia, Guaidó was expelled from the country on 25 April 2023 after entering Colombia. After Colombia initially considered deporting him back to Venezuela, Guaidó was eventually exiled to the United States.[313][314][315] He has since lived in Miami, Florida.[34] In September 2023, Guaidó was hired as a visiting professor by the Florida International University.[316]

Guaidó also became senior leadership fellow at the Adam Smith Center for Economic Freedom at Florida International University[317] for which he will be paid $40,000 for one semester.[318]

Arrest warrant

edit

On 6 October 2023, Maduro's Attorney General Tarek William Saab issued an arrest warrant against Guaidó in Venezuela, announcing charges of money laundering, treason and usurping public functions against him, and accusing him of profiting from the funds of Monómeros [es] and Citgo.[34][35][319] Saab said Guaidó had used the resources of the state-owned oil company Petróleos de Venezuela and his actions cost Venezuela $19 billion.[320]

The Maduro administration also requested that Interpol issue a red notice for the arrest of Guaidó, though the international police agency has not issued such notices against opposition officials in the past.[34][35] Guaidó responded to the arrest warrant by denying all charges.[35] The Washington Post wrote that "Guaidó's interim government has long been accused by Maduro and even independent observers of mismanaging the public funds under its control".[35] Senior fellow at the Atlantic Council Geoff Ramsey responded to the issued warrant stating "the government has now officially placed Guaidó in the same category as other exiled opposition politicians: effectively banned from returning but no longer relevant enough to be seen as untouchable."[35] Elliott Abrams, who was the US Special Representative for Venezuela during Guaidó's interim presidency, called the charges "nonsense" and "completely false"; he stated that Venezuelan assets were overseen by the US Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, and denied any funds were directed to Guaidó or misused, and questioned the timing of the arrest warrant.[321]

Personal life

edit

Guaidó is married to journalist Fabiana Rosales since 2013.[322] They have two daughters: Miranda and Mérida Antonieta.[323][324] Guaidó is also a Freemason.[325][326]

Public perception

edit
 
Guiadó, alongside US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, speaks to the press in Bogotá, Colombia in January 2020

Prior to becoming the leader of the National Assembly, Guaidó was an unfamiliar figure to both the Venezuelan and international communities,[8][327] with the BBC reporting that he was a compromise candidate selected as leader by opposition parties.[327] Venezuelan lawyer and columnist Gustavo Tovar-Arroyo [es], who was active with Guaidó in the early days of the student protests against Hugo Chávez, described Guaidó as one of the "conciliators" of the student movement, saying that Guaidó had been a force for conciliation in the defeat of Chávez's 2007 constitutional referendum and the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election in which the PSUV was defeated by the MUD, and that he was named acting president at a time when Venezuela needed conciliation.[328]

According to a Bloomberg article, he is known for "building unity among fellow legislators."[1] Michael Shifter said that he "has tried to reach out to the military, tried to unify the opposition and tried to reach Chavista folks as well."[38]

In April 2019, Guaidó was named to Time magazine's list of 100 most influential people in the world for that year.[329] Former Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos wrote the profile for Time, which described Guaidó as "young, energetic, articulate, determined" and in possession of "the mother of all virtues: courage." Santos said that "by being in the right place at the right time, [Guaidó] was able to finally unite the opposition and become a beacon of hope for a country that is yearning for a rapid and peaceful change."[329] Hetland wrote that Guaidó was initially popular domestically, though he increasingly participated in desperate actions to remove Maduro, with each attempt failing and resulting with decreased support.[330][undue weight?discuss]

Polls

edit

Following the failed uprising on 30 April 2019, recognition and support for Guaidó declined while attendance at his demonstrations subsided.[331][185] After plans to remove Maduro from power failed in May 2020, Guaidó saw his support decrease further.[332] With Maduro retaining control of the country's security forces, Datanálisis surveys in October 2021 showed Guaidó's support within Venezuela had dropped to 16%, partly due to accusations of corruption against some of his representatives outside of the country.[244]

Polling company Dates Location Number
polled
Results
Meganálisis[333] 5–9 May 2020 Venezuela 957 88.3% of respondents believed that Guaidó was incapable of governing Venezuela, 4.1% thought that he was able to govern and 7.5% did not know.
Meganálisis[334] 2–13 March 2020 Venezuela 1,350 71.0% recognized Maduro as president, 23.7% saw neither as president, 3.0% recognized Guaidó as president and 2.2% did not know who to recognize as president
Meganálisis[335] 23 January–7 February 2020 Venezuela 1,480 63.8% of respondents did not support Guaidó, 13.3% did not know if they supported him, 12.1% never supported him and 10.7% supported Guaidó
Meganálisis[336] 25 November–2 December 2019 Venezuela 1,580 Guaidó had an approval rating of 10.3% and disapproval rating of 68.5%. Maduro had an approval rating of 8.7% and a disapproval rating of 40.8%.
Hercon Consultores[337] September 2019 Venezuela 1,200 72.9% of respondents recognized Guaidó as president while Maduro was seen as president by 18.3% of those polled
Datincorp[338] 2 June 2019 Venezuela 1,200 36% recognized Guaidó as president, 41% recognized Maduro as president, 2% recognized both equally, 18% recognized neither, and 4% did not know or had no opinion.

In the case of early elections, 33% would vote for Guaidó, 24% would choose another candidate, 18% would not vote, 16% would vote for Maduro, and 7% had no opinion.

Hercon Consultores[339] 8–17 May 2019 Venezuela 1,000 70.3% recognized Guaidó as president, 12.1% recognized Maduro as president, 8.8% were undecided and 8.7% did not answer
Meganálisis[185][340] 2–4 May 2019 16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
1,120 49.8% recognized Guaidó as president, 35.4% do not know who is president, 10.5% recognized neither Guaidó nor Maduro as president, 4.2% recognized Maduro as president
Datanálisis[331] May 2019 Venezuela 56.7% approved of Guaidó while 10.1% approved of Maduro
Hercon Consultores[341] 1–4 April 2019 Venezuela 1,000 77.9% recognized Guaidó as president, 14.5% said Maduro was president, 7.5% undecided
Meganálisis[342] 28–30 March 2019 16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
1,040 54.9% recognized Guaidó as acting president, 26.1% do not know who is president, 12.3% recognized neither Guaidó nor Maduro as president, 6.6% say Maduro is president
Meganálisis[342][343] 11–14 March 2019 16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
1,100 63.3% recognized Guaidó as acting president, 22.5% do not know who is president, 9.1% recognized neither Guaidó nor Maduro as president, 5.0% say Maduro is president
Datanálisis[344] Published
2 March 2019
Venezuela Guaidó approval at 61%; Maduro approval at 14%

In an election, Guaidó would win 77% to Maduro's 23%

Hercon Consultores[345] Published March 2019 Venezuela 1,000 73.4% recognized Guaidó as president, 15.7% did not recognize Guaidó as president, 10.8% undecided
Hercon Consultores[346] 24–27 February 2019 Venezuela 1,000 80.3% recognized Guaidó as president, 14.3% did not recognize Guaidó as president, 5.3% undecided
Consultores 21[347] 19–20 February 2019 8 Venezuelan states, Capital District 300 54% recognized Guaidó as the legitimate president, 35% recognized Maduro as legitimate president, 11% we undecided
Meganálisis[342][348][349] 13–16 February 2019 16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
1,250 78.9% recognized Guaidó as acting president, 16.8% undecided, 4.2% say Maduro is president
Datincorp[350] 10 February 2019 Venezuela 1,200 49.33% recognized Guaidó as acting president, 33.81% say Maduro is president
Meganálisis[342][351] 4–6 February 2019 16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
1,020 82.9% recognized Guaidó as acting president, 13.5% undecided, 3.5% say Maduro is president
Meganálisis[352][353] 30 January –
1 February 2019
16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
1,030 84.6% recognized Guaidó as acting president, 11.2% undecided, 4.1% say Maduro is president
Hercon Consultores[354] 25–30 January 2019 Venezuela 999 81.9% recognized Guaidó as president, 13.4% said Maduro was president, 4.6% undecided
Meganálisis[355] 24–25 January 2019 16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
870 83.7% recognized Guaidó as president, 11.4% undecided, 4.8% recognized Maduro as president
Meganálisis[356] 19–20 January 2019 16 Venezuelan states,
32 cities
900 81.4% hoped that Guaidó would be sworn in on 23 January, 84.2% supported a transitional government to replace Maduro's government
Hercon Consultores[357] 15–19 January 2019 Venezuela 1,100 79.9% agreed with Maduro leaving the presidency. To the National Assembly swearing in Guaidó as acting president, 68.6% agreed and 19.4% disagreed.

Electoral history

edit

2015 parliamentary vote

edit
Candidate Party Votes % Result
Milagros Eulate MUD 98,530
26.29%
Deputy
Juan Guaidó MUD 97,492
26.01%
Deputy
María Carneiro PSUV 84,872
22.64%
Not elected
José Pinto PSUV 83,462
22.27%
Not elected
Jesús Sánchez DR 2,098
0.55%
Not elected
Estela Romero DR 1,886
0.55%
Not elected
Disqualified votes 35,569
8.66%
Total valid votes 374,773
74.64%

2012 MUD primary

edit
Candidate Party Votes % Result
José Manuel Olivares PJ 17,547
61.1%
Nomination
Juan Guaidó VP 5,184
18.1%
Not elected
Salomón Bassim PJ 2,280
7.9%
Not elected
Arquímides Rivero GDV 1,819
6.3%
Not elected
Ramón Díaz Ind. 1,625
5.7%
Not elected
Luis Pino CC 264
0.9%
Not elected
Total valid votes 28,719

2010 parliamentary vote

edit
Candidate Party Votes % Result
Oswaldo Vera PSUV 84,241
54.82%
Deputy
Simón Escalona Reserve deputy
Bernardo Guerra MUD 66,553
43.31%
Deputy
Juan Guaidó Reserve deputy
Others 2,865
1.81%
Disqualified votes 4,352
2.75%
Total valid votes 153,659
63.86%

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Spanish pronunciation: [xwaŋ xeˈɾaɾðo ɣwajˈðo ˈmaɾkes].
  2. ^ The Washington Post says Guaidó is one of eight siblings;[37] Bloomberg says he is one of seven;[1] The Wall Street Journal says he is one of six.[38]
  3. ^ The Washington Post says his father was an airline pilot;[37] The Wall Street Journal says his father was a cab driver;[38] La Patilla says his father, Wilmer Guaidó, escaped from Venezuela's chavismo and worked driving a taxi in Tenerife, Spain, but that he was an airline pilot in Venezuela.[39]
  4. ^ In 2018, it was the Popular Will Party's turn to hold the leadership in a position that is rotated among the opposition coalition.[58]
  5. ^ Professor of Political Science at Amherst College, author, and journal editor.[64]
  6. ^ In August 2019, ambassador to the Czech Republic, Tamara Sujú, resigned. On September, Ricardo Hausmann also resigned as the Venezuelan representative to the Inter-American Development Bank.[citation needed]
  7. ^ On 26 November 2019, Guaidó dismissed his ambassador in Colombia, Humberto Calderón, citing plans to change foreign policy.[236] Venezuelan diplomat Diego Arria condemned the dismissal, calling it a "huge mistake."[237]
  8. ^ In August 2019, ambassador to the Czech Republic, Tamara Sujú, resigned. On September, Ricardo Hausmann also resigned as the Venezuelan representative to the Inter-American Development Bank.[citation needed]
  9. ^ Foreign Affairs states "this figure is likely inflated—the surveys do not define what a military intervention under 187(11) would look like.[248]
  10. ^ See Article 200 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.[296]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d Rosati, Andrew and Alex Vasquez (23 January 2019). "Who Is Juan Guaido? A Quick Look at the Young Venezuelan Leader". Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Juan Guaidó renunció a su partido Voluntad Popular para dedicarse a la presidencia interina de Venezuela". Infobae (in Spanish). 5 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  3. ^ Daniels, Joe Parkin (23 January 2019). "Venezuela: who is Juan Guaidó, the man who declared himself president?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anderson, Jon Lee (3 June 2019). "Venezuela's Two Presidents Collide". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  5. ^ a b Rodriguez Rosas, Ronny (20 December 2018). "Voluntad Popular confirma que propondrá a Juan Guaidó para presidir la AN en 2019" (in Spanish). Efecto Cocuyo. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Diputado Juan Guaidó ingresó al Palacio Federal Legislativo en compañía de su familia #5Ene" (in Spanish). El Impulso. 5 January 2019. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  7. ^ a b "Venezuela's Guaido vows protests as Norway talks produce no deal". Al Jazeera. News agencies. 30 May 2019.
  8. ^ a b  • Specia, Megan (30 April 2019). "What Is Happening in Venezuela and Why It Matters". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2019. Just two weeks after Mr. Maduro was sworn in for a second term in January, Mr. Guaidó declared himself the interim president, directly challenging the country's leadership*Daniels, Joe Parkin (23 January 2019). "Venezuela: who is Juan Guaidó, the man who declared himself president?". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2019. Juan Guaidó declares himself the country's 'acting president'
  9. ^ DeYoung Karen (4 April 2019). "Diseases surge in Venezuela under health system in 'utter collapse', report says". The Independent. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  10. ^ "Venezuelan bishops denounce Maduro's new presidential term as illegitimate". Catholic News Agency. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  11. ^ "EU no longer acknowledges Venezuela's Guaido as interim president". Reuters. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Maduro faces off with U.S. over Venezuela rival's power claim". PBS. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  13. ^ "Venezuela targets Guaido with probe, travel ban, asset freeze". Reuters. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  14. ^ a b "Juan Guaidó denuncia amenazas de muerte y persecución" [Guiadó reports threat of death and persecution] (in Spanish). El Pitazo. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d "Guaido says Venezuela's opposition is 'not going anywhere' in CBC interview". CBC Canada. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  16. ^ a b Soto, Claudio (24 January 2019). ""Estaba pensando enviar a mi asistente al autoproclamado, a que le acabe la vida": El comentario sobre Guaidó que Maduro calificó como "chiste"" (in Spanish). La Tercera. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  17. ^ a b "Guaidó confirma contactos y anuncia la 'liberación' de Simonovis" (in Spanish). Euronews. 17 May 2019.
  18. ^ "Venezuela's Guaido sworn in as parliament speaker after stand-off". France 24. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  19. ^ "Venezuela's Guaido says parliament access blocked by police". DW. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  20. ^ "Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido says police stopped him entering parliament building". South China Morning Post. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  21. ^ "Office of Venezuela's Guaidó raided during his trip abroad". AP NEWS. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  22. ^ a b "Juan Guaidó abre la puerta a la negociación con Nicolás Maduro al invocar un acuerdo de salvación nacional". El Mundo. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Guaido Amnesty for Venezuelan Army Stalls in His Own Legislature". Bloomberg. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  24. ^ a b c "US gives Juan Guaido control over some Venezuelan assets". Al Jazeera. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  25. ^ Goodman, Joshua (21 August 2020). "Online exchange blocked in Venezuela ahead of health bonuses". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  26. ^ Sequera, Brian Ellsworth, Vivian (12 November 2020). "Funds seized in U.S. help Venezuela health workers survive crisis". Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Wintour, Patrick (20 December 2021). "Guaidó closer to £1.3bn in Venezuelan gold after UK court ruling". The Guardian.
  28. ^ "Venezuelan opposition government wins another round in U.K. gold dispute". Law.com International. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  29. ^ "Bank of England $1 Billion Gold Cache Not Maduro's, Says Judge". Bloomberg. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  30. ^ a b c Armas, Mayela (31 December 2022). "Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido". Reuters. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  31. ^ Martínez, Deisy (30 December 2022). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  32. ^ a b "Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino". Tal Cual (in Spanish). 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022. Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.
  33. ^ Habeshian, Sareen (31 December 2022). "Venezuelan opposition removes interim leader Juan Guaidó". Axios. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d e Yoon, John; Mayorquin, Orlando (6 October 2023). "Venezuela Seeks Arrest of Juan Guaidó, Former Opposition Leader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Schmidt, Samantha (6 October 2023). "Venezuela issues arrest warrant against opposition leader Juan Guaidó". The Washington Post. ProQuest 2873102533. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  36. ^ a b c "Diputado por Vargas Juan Guaidó" (in Spanish). Popular Will Party. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  37. ^ a b c d "Venezuela's opposition is gambling it all on a young and untested activist named Juan Guaidó". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  38. ^ a b c d e Castro, Maolis and Juan Forero (24 January 2019). "From Quiet Beginnings, Maduro's Challenger Raises Voice in Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  39. ^ a b "El padre de Juan Guaidó desde Tenerife: "Siempre adelante, hijo"" (in Spanish). LaPatilla.com. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  40. ^ a b c Long, Gideon (13 January 2019). "Venezuela's opposition vows to help end Maduro's rule". Financial Times. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  41. ^ a b c d Guaidó, Juan (30 January 2019). "Juan Guaidó: Venezuelans, Strength Is in Unity". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  42. ^ a b c Zubillaga, Guillermo (9 January 2019). "Meet the New Face of Venezuela's Opposition". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  43. ^ a b c Sanchez, Fabiola and Scott Smith (14 January 2019). "Guaidó, político de poca experiencia que asume rol crucial". La Patilla (in European Spanish). Associated Press. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  44. ^ "Pasado del presidente Juan Guaidó como empleado de Compu Mall genera controversia en Twitter". El Nacional. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  45. ^ "Juan Guaidó, el presidente más joven de la Asamblea que deberá tomar la decisión más difícil" (in Spanish). NTN 24. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  46. ^ "The day that Chávez and Guaidó crossed destinies". El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  47. ^ Romero, Simon (3 December 2007). "Venezuela Hands Narrow Defeat to Chávez Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  48. ^ "Voluntad Popular will propose Juan Guaidó as president of the National Assembly and ratifies his ignorance of Nicolás Maduro". Voluntad Popular. 20 December 2018. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  49. ^ a b Cyr, Jennifer (9 June 2017). The fates of political parties: institutional crisis, continuity, and change in Latin America. New York, NY, USA: University of Cambridge Press. p. 259. ISBN 9781107189799. OCLC 986236528.
  50. ^ a b Chavez, Nicole and Rafael Romo (24 January 2019). "Who is Venezuela's Juan Guaido?". CNN. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  51. ^ Rosati, Andrew and Alex Vasquez (15 January 2019). "Venezuela's Moribund Opposition Stirs With Lawmaker's Emergence". Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  52. ^ a b Parkin Daniels, Joe; Mariana Zúñiga (15 January 2019). "Who is Juan Guaidó, the opposition leader challenging Maduro's rule?". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  53. ^ "Elecciones a la Asamblea Nacional 2015" (in Spanish). National Electoral Council of Venezuela. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  54. ^ Iriarte, Daniel (24 February 2019). "La hora de Juan Guaidó: el superviviente del lodo que un día decidió cambiar Venezuela". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 February 2022. En una ocasión recibió una paliza a manos de una decena de policías, y en otra le partieron un brazo.
  55. ^ "Guaidó: Ante propuesta de realizar los comicios presidenciales debe prevalecer la unidad". Asamblea Nacional. Retrieved 1 February 2019. El jefe de la fracción parlamentaria de la Asamblea Nacional (AN) diputado Juan Guaidó (Unidad/Vargas)
  56. ^ "Juan Guaidó: El Viernes asumí la responsabilidad de llevar la jefatura de fracción mayoritaria de la unidad". 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  57. ^ Neuman 2022, pp. 210.
  58. ^ Rendon, Moises (24 January 2019). "Juan Guaidó: Venezuela's Interim President". CSIS. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  59. ^ "Maduro's long standoff against Venezuela's parliament". France 24. 2 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  60. ^ "Asamblea Nacional arranca proceso para Ley de Transicion". Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  61. ^ Smith, Scott (10 January 2019). "Isolation greets Maduro's new term as Venezuela's president". AP News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  62. ^ Phillips, Tom and Joe Parkin Daniels (9 August 2018). "Venezuela: Maduro critic rejects 'absurd' claim he plotted to kill president". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  63. ^ a b c d e Moleiro, Alonso and Javier LaFuente (30 January 2019). "La estrategia coral que resucitó a la oposición y echa el pulso más firme a Maduro". El Pais. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  64. ^ "Javier Corrales: About me". Amherst College. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  65. ^ Corrales, Javier (30 January 2019). "Opinion: Foreign Forces Did Not Start Venezuela's Transition. Venezuela Did". National Public Radio. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  66. ^ a b c Neuman 2022, pp. 211–217.
  67. ^ "Venezuela's parliament rejects legitimacy of Maduro second term". Agence France-Presse. ABS CBN News. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  68. ^ Smith, Scott (5 January 2019). "Venezuela's congress names new leader, vows to battle Maduro". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  69. ^ "AN: Los ocho puntos claves propuestos por Juan Guaidó". El Nacional (in Spanish). 7 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  70. ^ "Juan Guaidó: Venezuela's opposition leader briefly detained". BBC. 13 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  71. ^ "Panama and the Lima Group condemn the arrest of National Assembly President, Mr. Juan Guaido" (Press release). Embassy of Panama. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  72. ^ "Almagro: Detención de Guaidó enfatizó el amedrentamiento y la coacción". El Nacional Web (in Spanish). 13 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  73. ^ "Privan de libertad a funcionarios del Sebin que detuvieron a Juan Guaidó". El Universal (in Spanish). 16 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  74. ^ "Venezuela: 12 charged in detention of opposition leader". The Washington Post. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  75. ^ "Presidente de Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela detenido brevemente por SEBIN". Voz de American Noticias (in Spanish). 13 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  76. ^ "Two Venezuela lawmakers declare themselves Speaker". 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  77. ^ a b c Sánchez, Fabiola (5 January 2020). "Guaidó blocked from congress as Venezuelan conflict deepens". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  78. ^ Sanchez, Fabiola (7 January 2020). "Venezuela opposition leader takes new oath amidst standoff". Associated Press. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  79. ^ Phillips, Tom (11 January 2019). "Venezuela: opposition leader declares himself ready to assume presidency". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  80. ^ "Prensa de la AN rectifica comunicado que proclama a Juan Guaidó Presidente de la República" [NA press (office) rectifies communication proclaiming Juan Guaidó President of the Republic]. Efecto Cocuyo. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  81. ^ "Juan Guaidó: Me apego a los artículos 333, 350 y 233 para lograr el cese de la usurpación y convocar elecciones libres con la unión del pueblo, FAN y comunidad internacional" (Press release). National Assembly (Venezuela). 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  82. ^ "La Asamblea Nacional llama hoy a tomar las calles contra Nicolás Maduro" [National Assembly calls to take to the streets against Nicolás Maduro today] (in Spanish). El Mundo (Spain). 23 January 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  83. ^ "AN anunció los puntos de concentración para este 23 de enero" [NA announces concentration points for this 23 January]. El Nacional (in Spanish). 21 January 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  84. ^ "Protestas en Venezuela: miles de personas participan en manifestaciones masivas contra el gobierno de Maduro" [Protests in Venezuela: thousands of people participate in mass demonstrations against the Maduro government]. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 23 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  85. ^ "Las 50 fotos de las masivas marchas contra la dictadura de Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela y Latinoamérica". Infobae (in Spanish). 24 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  86. ^ a b Sanchez, Ray and Nicole Chavez (23 January 2019). "Maduro defiant as Venezuelan opposition leader declares himself acting president". CNN. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  87. ^ a b "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?". CNBC. Reuters. 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  88. ^ "Trump recognizes Venezuela opposition leader Guaido as 'interim president'". AFP. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  89. ^ a b c d e Borges, Anelise (18 February 2019). "'I'm ready to die for my country's future,' Juan Guaido tells Euronews". Euronews. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  90. ^ a b c d Mars, Amanda (3 February 2019). "Así se lanzó Trump al derribo de Maduro". El Pais (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  91. ^ Nugent, Ciara (23 January 2019). "Who is Juan Guaidó, the opposition leader Trump just recognized as Venezuela's president?". Time. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  92. ^ Moleiro, Alonso and Javier LaFuente (30 January 2019). "La estrategia coral que resucitó a la oposición y echa el pulso más firme a Maduro". El Pais. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  93. ^ Donati, Jessica; Vivian Salama; Ian Talley (30 January 2019). "U.S. push to oust Venezuela's Maduro marks first shot in plan to reshape Latin America". The Wall Street Journal – via ProQuest.
  94. ^ "Maduro vs. Guaido: Who is backing whom?". France24. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  95. ^ "Venezuela top court curbs opposition leader Juan Guaidó". BBC. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  96. ^ "Travel ban on Venezuela's Guaido breaches legal standards: U.N. expert". Reuters. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  97. ^ "Who's in charge of Venezuela? EU stops recognizing Juan Guaidó". The Christian Science Monitor. 25 January 2021.
  98. ^ Fabian, Jordan (26 February 2021). "Biden Still Backs Guaido in Venezuela, Despite EU Downgrade". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  99. ^ Pompeo, Secretary Mike (6 January 2021). "The United States Continues To Recognize Interim President Guaidó and the Last Democratically Elected National Assembly in Venezuela". U.S. Embassy in Georgia. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  100. ^ "EU states no longer recognise Guaido as Venezuela's interim president". Reuters. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  101. ^ Lawler, Dave (4 January 2023). "U.S. no longer recognizes Guaidó as Venezuela's president, Biden official confirms". Axios. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  102. ^ Macías, Basyl (11 February 2019). "Guaidó y diputados de la AN lideran Conferencia Mundial de la Crisis Humanitaria en Venezuela". El Carbobeño (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  103. ^ "Trump administration accepts Guaido ally as Venezuela envoy in U.S." Reuters. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  104. ^ "Venezuelan Parliament OKs Guaido's diplomatic appointments". Alianza News. 29 January 2019. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  105. ^ "Asamblea Nacional designa 11 representantes diplomáticos en el mundo". NTN24 (in Spanish). 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  106. ^ "El Parlamento de Venezuela nombra "representantes diplomáticos" ante una decena de países y el Grupo de Lima". Europa Press. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  107. ^ "AN designó nuevos embajadores de Venezuela en Brasil, Paraguay y Guatemala". Noticiero 52 (in Spanish). 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  108. ^ Guaidó, Juan (29 January 2019). "Venezolanos en #Argentina: a partir de hoy cuentan con una representante oficial y legítima. A esta hora, la Diplomática designada, Elisa Trotta Gamus, es recibida por el Presidente @mauriciomacri. Al Gob. de Argentina ¡Gracias por su reconocimiento y compromiso con Venezuela!pic.twitter.com/6ZKTUeK9jA". @jguaido (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  109. ^ "Quién es Elisa Trotta Gamus, la representant nombró Guaidó en Argentina". www.perfil.com. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  110. ^ "AN nombró a tres nuevos representantes de Venezuela en el exterior". El Nacional (in Spanish). 5 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  111. ^ Trujillo, Carlos Holmes (29 January 2019). "El Gobierno Nacional reconoce a Humberto Calderón Berti, designado como representante diplomático de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela en Colombia". @CarlosHolmesTru (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  112. ^ "Colombia reconoció a Humberto Calderón Berti como representante diplomático de Venezuela". Noticias Caracol (in Spanish). 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  113. ^ Rodriguez Rosas, Ronny (19 February 2019). "Guaidó nombra representantes diplomáticos para Europa". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  114. ^ "A Conversation with Venezuela's New Permanent Representative to the OAS, Special Ambassador Gustavo Tarre". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  115. ^ "De Grazia respaldó a Tarre Briceño como representante del país ante la OEA". El Nacional (in Spanish). 22 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  116. ^ "Este es Gustavo Tarre Briceño, representante de Venezuela ante la OEA". Lapatilla (in Spanish). 22 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  117. ^ "OAS recognizes opposition envoy as Venezuelan ambassador". The Washington Post. 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  118. ^ De Vita, Antonella (13 February 2019). "El Universal". El Nacional. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  119. ^ Wethe, David and Lucia Kassai (15 March 2019). "Citgo avoids a shutdown With U.S. Treasury deadline extension". Yahoo News. Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  120. ^ Marchán, Victor (27 February 2019). "¿Quién es José Ignacio Hernández, el procurador summa cum laude designado por Guaidó?". Caraota Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 March 2019.[permanent dead link]
  121. ^ "Venezuela's Guaido names Hausmann as Inter-American Development Bank rep". Thomson Reuters Foundation Trust. Reuters. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  122. ^ Wroughton, Lesley (15 March 2019). "Latam lender replaces Venezuela's Maduro representative with Guaido economist". Reuters. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  123. ^ a b Smith, Scott (14 February 2019). "Venezuelan prosecutor to investigate Guaido appointments". Associated Press News. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  124. ^ "La Policía venezolana intentó detener a Guaidó en su casa". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 January 2022. 'salió ileso del ataque gracias a su furgón blindado y a la llegada masiva de los vecinos', 'Guaidó explicó que le salvó su vehículo blindado, contra el que utilizaron incluso explosivos en el garaje del edificio donde se encuentra su vivienda, y la llegada masiva de los vecinos'
  125. ^ "Guaidó denuncia que los cuerpos de seguridad lo intentaron arrestar". CNN (in Spanish). 12 July 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022. Guaidó dijo a los medios que acudieron al lugar que los funcionarios no se identificaron y tampoco mostraron ningún tipo de orden judicial.
  126. ^ "Guaidó asegura que evitó ser detenido gracias a la intervención de vecinos de su domicilio". Europa Press. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022. Tras ser interceptado y rodeado el vehículo, varios vecinos de la zona y medios de comunicación apostados en el lugar se presentaron en la entrada del edificio para conocer qué estaba pasando, lo que habría forzado la retirada de los asaltantes.
  127. ^ "Guaidó sigue libre y dice que el "amedrentamiento" policial no le detendrá". Ultima Hora (in Spanish). 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  128. ^ "Venezuela opposition vote to remove Guaido's interim government". Reuters. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  129. ^ a b Herrera, Isayen; Glatsky, Genevieve (30 December 2022). "Juan Guaidó Is Voted Out as Leader of Venezuela's Opposition". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  130. ^ a b Martínez, Deisy (30 December 2022). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  131. ^ "Venezuela's Maduro 'could get amnesty'". BBC. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  132. ^ Vinogradoff, Ludmila and David Alandete (28 January 2019). "Guaidó difunde su ley de amnistía en los cuarteles para conseguir adhesiones". ABC International (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  133. ^ "Guaidó aumenta presión contra Maduro con amnistía a militares y marcha". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 27 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  134. ^ a b "Venezuela's Guaido, protesters urge military to reject Maduro". Agence France Press. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  135. ^ Specia, Megan; Casey, Nicholas (31 January 2019). "Juan Guaidó Says Venezuelan Opposition Had Secret Talks With Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  136. ^ a b Boadle, Anthony (24 April 2019). "Disaffected Venezuelan military tell of rising desertions to Brazil". Reuters. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  137. ^ Cullinane, Susannah and Jackie Castillo (24 February 2019). "Mike Pompeo calls Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro a 'sick tyrant' over aid blockage". CNN. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  138. ^ "Guaidó quiere un gobierno de transición antes que las elecciones presidenciales" (in Spanish). El Periódico. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  139. ^ Brito, Estefani (8 February 2019). "El estatuto que rige la transición entró en vigencia el martes" [The statute governing the transition took effect on Tuesday]. El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  140. ^ "Stalin González: Se instaló comisión para fijar ruta electoral en el país". El Nacional (in Spanish). 6 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  141. ^ Buitrago, Deisy (27 January 2019). "Venezuela opposition leader urges UK not to give gold to Maduro". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  142. ^ Wintour, Patrick (28 January 2019). "Bank of England urged to give Juan Guaidó Venezuela's gold". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  143. ^ DiChristopher, Tom (28 January 2019). "Treasury sanctions Venezuela state-owned oil firm in bid to transfer control to Maduro opposition". CNBC. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  144. ^ "Juan Guaidó denunció que el régimen de Nicolás Maduro quiere transferir 1.200 millones de dólares a Uruguay". InfoBAE (in Spanish). 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019. Guaidó no dio más detalles de su denuncia pero sí agregó que, además, el chavismo "planea robar" la ayuda humanitaria que está recolectando con colaboración de la comunidad internacional. "En este momento el régimen trata de seguir robándonos el dinero, están tratando de mover desde el Bandes (El Banco de Desarrollo Económico y Social de Venezuela) 1.200 millones de dólares a Uruguay," denunció Juan Guaidó cuando la conferencia de prensa ya estaba terminando. Y agregó: "Entre 1000 y 1200 millones de dólares, pretende la dictadura, trasladar al Bandes se Uruguay, con el objeto de seguir robando al pueblo Venezolano."
  145. ^ "Diputado venezolano dice que se detuvo una transferencia del gobierno de Maduro a Uruguay". El Observador (in Spanish). 5 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  146. ^ a b Embury-Dennis, Tom (5 February 2019). "Venezuela: Juan Guaido will open up oil deals to foreign private companies, opposition leader's US envoy says". Independent. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  147. ^ Paraskova, Tsvetana (5 February 2019). "Guaido Set To Open Venezuela's Oil Sector To Private Firms". Oilprice.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  148. ^ "Venezuela opposition warns military against preventing entry of aid". France24. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  149. ^ Rueda, Manuel and Clbyburn Saint John (31 January 2019). "AP Interview: Venezuela's Guaido vows to defy ban on aid". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  150. ^ "Guaidó pedirá una "gran movilización" para resguardar el ingreso de la ayuda humanitaria al país". El Universal (in Spanish). 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  151. ^ Friedman, Uri and Kathy Gilsinan (22 March 2019). "The U.S. Is Running Low on Options to Force Maduro Out". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  152. ^ Pons, Corina and Brian Ellsworth (29 March 2019). "International Red Cross ready for Venezuela humanitarian aid operation". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  153. ^ a b Dube, Ryan (29 March 2019). "Red Cross announces Venezuelan aid effort". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones Institutional News – via ProQuest. Also available online.
  154. ^ Torchia, Christopher. (29 March 2019). "Red Cross ready to aid Venezuela, warns against politics". The Washington Post. Associated Press – via ProQuest. Also available online.
  155. ^ Beaumont, Peter (12 April 2019). "Red Cross aid to Venezuela to triple as Maduro stance softens". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  156. ^ "Alberto Federico Ravell dirigirá Centro de Comunicación Nacional del "gobierno legítimo"". Efecto Cocuyo. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  157. ^ "Alberto Ravell, vocero de Juan Guaidó: "El gobierno le teme a la movilización"". infobae (in European Spanish). 2 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  158. ^ "El misterioso mensaje de Ravell sobre Directv". NTN24 (in Spanish). 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  159. ^ a b Castillo, Laura Helena (12 January 2020). "La foto de la reja, anuncios y acciones de calle: la segunda oportunidad de Juan Guaidó" (in Spanish). RunRun.es.
  160. ^ a b c Phillips, Tom (31 January 2019). "'¡Sí se puede!' shouts rapturous crowd at Juan Guaidó rally". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  161. ^ "En vivo: Juan Guaidó presenta su Plan País para rescatar a Venezuela". El Comercio. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  162. ^ "Instalada Comision Plan Pais de la Asamblea Nacional". Caraboboes Noticia (in Spanish). 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  163. ^ a b Adams, David and Tamoa Calzadilla (30 January 2019). "Venezuela's Guaidó to announce national reconstruction plan 'for the day after'". Univision. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  164. ^ "Plan País" (in Spanish). Plan País, Inc. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  165. ^ Adams, David and Tamoa Calzadilla (30 January 2019). "Guaidó presentará este jueves el 'Plan País': te contamos de qué se trata". Univision (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  166. ^ "Guaidó anuncia la creación de comités por la libertad para pronto 'ir a Miraflores'" [Guaidó announces the creation of freedom committees to soon 'go to Miraflores']. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). 16 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  167. ^ Ramirez, Alejandro (12 April 2019). "Juan Guaidó visitará el estado Zulia este fin de semana" [Juan Guaidó will visit Zulia State this weekend] (in Spanish). Caraota Digital. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  168. ^ "Venezuela parliament rejects Russian 'interventionist communique'". UPI. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  169. ^ Quintero, Luisa (19 April 2019). "Guaidó convoca a 'la marcha más grande de la historia' para el 1° de mayo" [Guaidó calls 'the biggest march in history' for May 1] (in Spanish). Tal Cual. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  170. ^ "Social media restricted in Venezuela as Guaido speaks from Caracas". NetBlocks. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  171. ^ "Leopoldo López y su familia ingresaron como huéspedes a la residencia del embajador de Chile". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  172. ^ a b "Guaidó le habla a Venezuela desde la Base Aérea La Carlota (VIDEO)". La Patilla (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  173. ^ a b c Berlinger, Joshua (2 May 2019). "As Guaido admits he needs more military support, Trump warns of worse to come in Venezuela". CNN. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  174. ^ Sequera, Vivian and Angus Berwick (30 April 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido calls on troops to join him in uprising against Maduro". Reuters. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  175. ^ Smith, Scott and Christopher Torchia (30 April 2019). "Clashes rock Venezuela as Guaido urges opposition uprising". Associated Press. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  176. ^ a b Sequera, Vivian and Angus Berwick (30 April 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido calls on troops to join him in uprising against Maduro". Reuters. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  177. ^ Nicolás Maduro destituyó a Manuel Ricardo Cristopher Figuera, director del Servicio Bolivariano de Inteligencia, que denunció la corrupción del régimen. Publicado el 1 de mayo de 2019. Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2019.
  178. ^ "Tras escapar de Maduro, exjefe del Sebin revela quienes se niegan a dejar el poder". NTN24 (in Spanish). 5 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  179. ^ Zuñiga, Mariana (30 April 2019). "Venezuela's Maduro denies Pompeo's claim that he sought to escape to Cuba after day of clashes that left 1 dead, dozens hurt". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  180. ^ "Maduro claims victory over 'coup' attempt". BBC News. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  181. ^ "At least 71 injured in clashes". CNN. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  182. ^ "Leopoldo López se refugia en la Embajada de España" (in Spanish). ABC International. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  183. ^ "Últimas noticias de Venezuela, en vivo: Chile confirma que Leopoldo López está en su Embajada en Caracas" [Latest news from Venezuela, live: Chile confirms that Leopoldo López is in their Embassy in Caracas]. El Pais (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  184. ^ a b Casey, Nicholas (1 May 2019). "Rival protests grip Venezuela after Guaidó's failed effort to beckon military". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  185. ^ a b c d  • Rodríguez, Jesús A (8 May 2019). "We are going to take over the premises". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 10 May 2019. In Venezuela, though the number of people who say they recognize Guaidó as the legitimate president has dwindled to about 50 percent since January, his approval remains much stronger than Maduro's abysmal 4 percent.
    • Wyss, Jim (6 May 2019). "As Guaido's popularity in Venezuela begins to dwindle, what's next for the opposition?". Miami Herald. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 May 2019. ... last week's failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro ... A poll released Monday by Caracas-based Meganalisis found that Guaido's approval ratings dropped to 50 percent, down from 84 percent in January. He's still far more popular than Maduro whose approval rating is at 4 percent but the precipitous drop can't be ignored ...
    • Casoni, Giampiero (7 May 2019). "Venezuela, il gradimento di Guaidò cala a picco: meno 34% in soli tre mesi". Ci Siamo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019. The popularity of Juan Guaidò is in sharp decline and the 'liberator' of Venezuela seems to have exhausted the original propulsive thrust ... At the center of this drop in consensus, especially the failure (because of its failure) of the coup in recent weeks ...
  186. ^ a b c d e Faiola, Anthony (6 May 2020). "From a Miami condo to the Venezuelan coast, how a plan to 'capture' Maduro went rogue". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  187. ^ a b "Inside the operation to overthrew Maduro that Venezuela thwarted". The Independent. 7 May 2020.
  188. ^ Joshua Goodman (1 May 2020). "Ex-Green Beret led failed attempt to oust Venezuela's Maduro". AP. Guaidó's envoys, including Toledo, ended contact with Goudreau after the Bogota meeting because they believed it was a suicide mission, according to three people close to the opposition leader.
  189. ^ Brian Ellsworth; Angus Berwick (6 May 2020). "Detained American claims he plotted Maduro's capture in Venezuela TV statement". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020.
  190. ^ Olmo, Guillermo D. (19 May 2020). "Cómo afecta al liderazgo de Juan Guaidó en la oposición venezolana el fracaso de la Operación Gedeón contra Nicolás Maduro". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  191. ^ Zamorano, Patricio (5 May 2020). "Guaidó and the Failed Military Operation against Venezuela: A Story of Betrayal and Financial Corruption". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  192. ^ a b c d Correa, Juan Pablo (7 February 2019). "Juan Guaidó : 'Uruguay ha hecho falta para defender la democracia". El Pais (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  193. ^ Aguilar Ybarra, Rafael (4 February 2019). "'¡Únanse a nuestro llamado democrático!', pide Guaidó". Impulso (in Spanish). Agencia Sun. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  194. ^ "Guaidó reitera que solo dialogará si se concreta salida de Maduro del poder". Ultima Hora (in Spanish). 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  195. ^ "Juan Guaidó pidió al papa Francisco que "haga ver" a Nicolás Maduro la necesidad "de ir hacia un proceso de transición"". InfoBAE (in Spanish). 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  196. ^ Gagliarducci, Andrea (16 February 2019). "Analysis: Pope Francis' position on Venezuela". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  197. ^ Isaac, Lindsay and Hilary McGann, Livia Borghese (13 February 2019). "El papa Francisco le responde en una carta a Maduro". CNN en Espanol (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 February 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  198. ^ Franco, Massimo. "Lettera del Papa al "signor Maduro": Francesco deluso, accordi disattesi". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  199. ^ "Meeting between envoys for Venezuela's government, opposition ends with no deal". Reuters. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  200. ^ "Oposición y oficialismo retoman negociaciones en Barbados". Voz de América (in Spanish). 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  201. ^ "Gobierno de Maduro irá a reunión en Barbados con un "ala rota", según expertos". TalCual (in Spanish). 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  202. ^ vuelta -, ALnavío-Noticias de ida y. "Cómo el informe Bachelet presiona las negociaciones de Guaidó y Maduro en Barbados". ALnavío – Noticias de ida y vuelta - (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  203. ^ Meza | @josegremeza, José Gregorio (10 July 2019). "Juan Guaidó y Héctor Rodríguez frente a frente". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  204. ^ "¿Será Héctor Rodríguez el candidato del chavismo en eventuales elecciones producto del diálogo?". NTN24 | www.ntn24.com (in Spanish). 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  205. ^ "Juan Guaidó y Héctor Rodríguez serían los candidatos en unas posibles próximas presidenciales en Venezuela". abc (in Spanish). 10 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  206. ^ Niebieskikwiat, Natasha (22 February 2020). "El Gobierno está mediando en una salida a la crisis venezolana junto a Canadá y Perú [The government is negotiating a solution to the Venezuelan crisis along with Canada and Peru]". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  207. ^ Faiola, Anthony; Morello, Carol (31 March 2020). "U.S. proposes transitional government for Venezuela, without Maduro or Guaidó". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  208. ^ "Mike Pompeo dijo que EEUU levantará las sanciones a Venezuela si el chavismo acepta ir a elecciones libres" [Mike Pompeo said that the US will lift sanctions against Venezuela if Chavismo agrees to go to free elections]. Infobae Mexico (in Spanish). 31 March 2020.
  209. ^ "US offers Venezuela deal to lift sanctions". BBC News. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  210. ^ Borger, Julian (31 March 2020). "US calls on Maduro and Guaidó to stand down in Venezuela transition plan". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  211. ^ "Guaidó acepta el gobierno de transición que propone EEUU". Atlántico (in Spanish). 1 April 2020.
  212. ^ "Arreaza rechaza la propuesta de EEUU para una "transición democrática" en Venezuela". Europa Press (in Spanish). 31 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  213. ^ "Exclusive: Venezuela Socialists, opposition leaders begin secret talks amid pandemic – sources". Reuters. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  214. ^ "Guaidó: No hay ningún tipo de negociación o mediación con régimen de Maduro". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). 23 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  215. ^ Batiz, César (22 April 2020). "Elliott Abrams: No existe negociación entre oposición y el oficialismo". El Pitazo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  216. ^ "Mexico president confirms plan to host Venezuela talks". Reuters. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  217. ^ "Juan Guaidó lanzó el "Plan País" con un mensaje para Rusia y China: "A ustedes también les conviene un cambio de Gobierno"". InfoBAE (in Spanish). 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  218. ^ "Self-declared leader of Venezuela extends olive branch to China". South China Morning Post. 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  219. ^ Guaidó, Juan (14 April 2019). "Why China should switch sides in Venezuela". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 April 2019. Also in Spanish at Por qué China debería cambiar su posición en Venezuela
  220. ^ a b Oppmann, Patrick (2 February 2019). "The history that chains Cuba to Venezuela's crisis". CNN. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  221. ^ "Guaidó advirtió que es hora de sacar a los cubanos de la Fuerza Armada de Venezuela". Caraota Digital (in Spanish). 25 January 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.[permanent dead link]
  222. ^ "Guaidó: Con corte de envío de petróleo a Cuba, Venezuela salva $2.585 millones diarios". El Carabobeño (in Spanish). 14 March 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  223. ^ "Guaido asks world to block Venezuelan oil shipments to Cuba". EFE. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  224. ^ "Venezuela's Guaido says he is working to restore ties with Israel". Reuters. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  225. ^ "Juan Guaidó, un opositor emergente, se convierte en el mayor desafío de Maduro" [Juan Guaidó, an emerging opposition leader, becomes Maduro's biggest denouncer]. RTVE (in Spanish). 23 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  226. ^ "Four million Venezuelans have fled crisis: U.N." Reuters. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  227. ^ a b c d "The Latest: US will recognize expired Venezuelan passports". Associated Press. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  228. ^ Dyer, Evan (19 August 2019). "Canada to grant passport waiver to Venezuelans caught in border limbo". CBC. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  229. ^ Juan Guaidó [@jguaido] (4 September 2019). "Desde la @AsambleaVE hemos declarado a la disidencia de las FARC, ELN, Hamas, Hezbollah e ISIS como grupos terroristas, ordenándoles a todos los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado proteger nuestra soberanía e integridad territorial frente a la amenaza que representan estos grupos" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  230. ^ "Faced with events in the Middle East, the interim government reiterates Maduro's ties with international terrorism". Centro de Comunicación Nacional (in Spanish). 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  231. ^ "Asamblea Nacional nombra "representantes diplomáticos" del gobierno de Guaidó ante el hemisferio". elnuevoherald. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  232. ^ "El Parlamento de Venezuela nombra "representantes diplomáticos" ante una decena de países y el Grupo de Lima". Europa Press. Reuters. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  233. ^ "AN designó nuevos embajadores de Venezuela en Brasil, Paraguay y Guatemala". Noticiero 52. 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  234. ^ Manzi, Waleska (19 February 2019). "Designados por la Asamblea Nacional 17 nuevos embajadores venezolanos". EvTV. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  235. ^ "Argentina revokes credentials of representative for Venezuela's Guaido". Reuters. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  236. ^ "Guaidó destituyó al embajador de Venezuela en Colombia". Diario las Américas (in Spanish). 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  237. ^ Vidal, Brian (27 November 2019). "Diego Arria rechazó destitución Humberto Calderón Berti: Es todo un despropósito #27Nov". El Impulso (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  238. ^ "OAS recognizes Guaido envoy until new Venezuela polls". France 24. Agence France-Press. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  239. ^ Lugo, Luis Alonso (9 April 2019). "OAS recognizes opposition envoy as Venezuelan ambassador". AP News. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  240. ^ "OAS recognizes opposition envoy as Venezuelan ambassador". The Washington Post. 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  241. ^ Aquino, Marco; Rochabrun, Marcelo (7 October 2022). "Latin America's left raises pressure on Venezuela's Guaido at OAS summit". Reuters. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  242. ^ Emmott, Robin (6 January 2021). "EU no longer acknowledges Venezuela's Guaido as interim president". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  243. ^ Emmott, Robin (6 January 2021). "EU no longer acknowledges Venezuela's Guaido as interim president". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  244. ^ a b Acosta, Andreina Itriago (4 January 2022). "Venezuelan Opposition Curb Powers of Their Leader Guaido". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  245. ^ GrupoRPP (15 August 2022). "Colombia: Gustavo Petro considera que Juan Guaidó es un presidente venezolano "inexistente"". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  246. ^ "Juan Guaidó criticó a Gustavo Petro por reconocer al dictador Nicolás Maduro: "Ampara el terrorismo mundial en Venezuela"" [Juan Guaidó criticized Gustavo Petro for recognizing dictator Nicolás Maduro: "He supports world terrorism in Venezuela".]. Infobae (in Spanish). 13 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  247. ^ Mackintosh, Elize (31 January 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido refuses to rule out accepting US military support amid escalating political crisis". CNN. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  248. ^ a b c d e f Fiorella, Giancarlo (17 April 2019). "Will Guaidó call for U.S. military intervention?". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  249. ^ Paola Martínez, Sammy (14 April 2019). "Expertos señalan que la aplicación del artículo 187.11 no implica una intervención militar" [Experts point out that the application of article 187.11 does not imply a military intervention] (in Spanish). El Pitazo. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  250. ^ a b "The Latest: Venezuela's Guaido shows up at benefit concert". Associated Press. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  251. ^ "Lima Group urges ICC to declare Venezuela aid blockade 'crime against humanity'". Business Times. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  252. ^ Kraul, Chris and Patrick J. McDonnell (25 February 2019). "Pence says U.S. will up the ante as it seeks ouster of Venezuelan President Maduro". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  253. ^ a b Rosati, Andrew and Ken Parks (1 March 2019). "Facing jail in Caracas, Guaido travels across South America". Yahoo news. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  254. ^ Meredith, Sam (1 March 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido vows to return to Caracas despite 'life-threatening' risks". CNBC. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  255. ^ a b "Juan Guaidó visitará Paraguay este viernes". El Nacional (in Spanish). 28 February 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  256. ^ Llamas, Tom (28 February 2019). "Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro's defiant interview with Tom Llamas: TRANSCRIPT". ABC News. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  257. ^ Boadle, Anthony (1 March 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido vows to return to Caracas despite threat of prison". Reuters. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  258. ^ a b Gallon Natalie and Tara John (4 March 2019). "Opposition leader Juan Guaido returns to Venezuela, risking arrest". CNN. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  259. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth Sheridan and Mariana Zuñiga (4 March 2019). "Juan Guaidó returns to Venezuela, risking arrest". Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  260. ^ a b "Juan Guaidó flies back to Venezuela despite arrest risk". BBC. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  261. ^ a b "Venezuela bars Guaido from holding public office for 15 years". Reuters. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  262. ^ Rueda, Jorge (28 March 2019). "Venezuelan gov't bars Guaido from public office for 15 years". Yahoo. Associated Press. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  263. ^ a b c Sequera, Vivian and Luc Cohen (28 March 2019). "Venezuela blocks Guaido from office as the opposition scoffs". Yahoo. Reuters. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  264. ^ Diaz Landazabal, Jackelin (28 March 2019). "Inhabilitación de Juan Guaidó podría desencadenar medidas ante el CNE" [Disqualification of Juan Guaidó could trigger measures before the CNE]. El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  265. ^ Avedaño, Orlando (14 June 2019). "Enviados de Guaidó se apropian de fondos para ayuda humanitaria en Colombia". PanAm Post (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  266. ^ a b "Venezuela's Guaido calls for probe into funds for military defectors". Reuters. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  267. ^ Avendaño, Orlando (20 June 2019). "Guaido's Envoys Misappropriate Humanitarian Aid Funds in Colombia". Panam Post. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  268. ^ a b Elliott, Lucinda (22 June 2019). "Venezuela aid money 'spent on nightclubs'". The Times. Retrieved 7 July 2019. Tens of thousands of dollars sent in aid to help Venezuelan soldiers defect from the Maduro regime were spent on parties and nightclubs by members of the opposition, it has been claimed. An investigation into the embezzlement allegations has cast further doubt over the calibre of the opposition led by Juan Guaidó, which has lost momentum in its efforts to replace President Maduro. The two accused, Rossana Barrera and Kevin Rojas, had been appointed to manage roughly $100,000 to pay for accommodation and transport costs incurred by military defectors who crossed the border into Colombia. They are accused of siphoning off as much as $60,000. Both deny the allegations and so far have not been charged.
  269. ^ a b Torchia, Christopher (18 June 2019). "Venezuela's Guaidó grapples with case of alleged corruption". Associated Press. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  270. ^ "Voluntad Popular respalda la decisión del presidente (e) Juan Guaidó de solicitar una investigación ante las supuestas irregularidades en Cúcuta (Comunicado)". Confirmado. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  271. ^ "Primero justicia rechaza uso indebido de fondos de la cooperación internacional". El Pitazo. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  272. ^ "Acción Democrática respalda investigar presunta apropiación indebida de fondos en Cúcuta". El Cooperante. 16 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  273. ^ "UNT respalda investigación exigida por el presidente Guaidó ante supuesto manejo irregular de fondos en Colombia". La Patilla. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  274. ^ Molina, Hernan Porras (15 June 2019). "Holmes Trujillo: Condenamos posible acto de corrupción en manejo de recursos por parte de venezolanos". Entorno Inteligente (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  275. ^ Reeves, Philip (19 June 2019). "Venezuelan Opposition Leader Juan Guaidó Faces A Corruption Scandal Of His Own". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  276. ^ Rojas, Ymarú; Ponte, Gabriela (19 June 2019). "El "caso Cúcuta" debilita el liderazgo de Guaidó en la oposición venezolana" (in Spanish). ABC. Retrieved 25 June 2019. (...) la investigación comenzó hace dos meses, según el propio Guaidó.
  277. ^ "Quién es Juan Guaidó, el líder venezolano reconocido como presidente interino". El Nuevo Herald. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019. [Guaidó] es definido como de centro por sus colaboradores, pese a que milita en una agrupación que es miembro pleno de la Internacional Socialista y que voceros del Gobierno de Nicolás Maduro ubican, a manera de insulto, a la derecha del espectro político.
  278. ^ "Quién es Juan Guaidó y por qué su juramento es constitucional". FAES. 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019. Forma parte del partido Voluntad Popular, liderado por Leopoldo López, y que pertenece a la Internacional Socialista.
  279. ^ "Venezuela crisis: Juan Guaidó says family has been threatened". BBC News. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  280. ^ "Denuncian que comisión de la FAES rodea edificio donde vive la madre de la esposa de Guaidó" (in Spanish). El Cooperante. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  281. ^ "Nicolás Maduro le advierte a Juan Guaidó que podría terminar en la cárcel". Noticias Caracol (in Spanish). 5 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Cuestionó que el 'payaso' que se proclamó presidente no haya convocado elecciones, como dicta la Constitución. ¿Hasta cuándo irá su mandato?, preguntó. '¿Va a continuar en su mandato virtual? ¿Hasta cuándo, hasta el 2025 también? ¿O hasta que termine en la cárcel por mandato del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia? ¿Hasta cuándo?, le advirtió al presidente interino.
  282. ^ "Venezuela congress leader challenges Maduro's right to presidency". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  283. ^ "Iris Varela called Guaidó "garbage" and says that the opposition leader is waiting for "a warm cell"". Diario 2001 (in Spanish). 12 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  284. ^ "Guaidó afirma que la abuela de su esposa fue amenazada por colectivos" (in Spanish). La República. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  285. ^ "Lima Group: There Are 'Serious and Credible' Threats on Guaido's Life". VOA news. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  286. ^ Singer, Florantonia (1 March 2020). "El ataque a una concentración de Juan Guaidó deja al menos cinco heridos". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  287. ^ "Colectivos chavistas atacaron una concentración convocada por Juan Guaidó en Barquisimeto". infobae (in Spanish). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  288. ^ Phillips, Tom (12 March 2019). "Guaidó under investigation for sabotage of power grid". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  289. ^ a b "Venezuela detains top aide to Guaido in test of Trump's red line". Haaretz. Reuters. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  290. ^ "Roberto Marrero será presentado en tribunales este lunes" [Roberto Marrero will be presented in court this Monday]. EVTV Miami (in Spanish). 23 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  291. ^ a b Rosati, Andrew and Patricia Laya (21 March 2019). "Venezuela police detain Guaido's chief of staff after raid". Bloomberg – via ProQuest. Also available online with a subscription.
  292. ^ a b Vyas, Kejal (21 March 2019). "Venezuela intelligence police detain top opposition aide; Arrest threatens to raise tensions and provoke U.S. punitive measures". The Wall Street Journal – via ProQuest.
  293. ^ a b c "The Latest: Venezuela judge seeks to strip Guaido's immunity". FOX News. Associated Press. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  294. ^ a b c d e "Juan Guaidó: el Tribunal Supremo de Venezuela solicita revocar la inmunidad parlamentaria del líder opositor a la Asamblea controlada por el chavismo" [Juan Guaidó: the Supreme Court of Venezuela requests that the Assembly controlled by Chavismo revoke the parliamentary immunity of the opposition leader]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  295. ^ a b c d e Delgado, Antonio and Carlos Camacho (2 April 2019). "Maduro's National Assembly strips Juan Guaidó of immunity, clearing the way for arrest". Miami Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2019. Supporters of Maduro didn't hold back during the Tuesday meeting. They demanded Guaidó get reprimanded for leaving the country without requesting permission from the authorities controlled by the socialist regime. They declared that Guaidó should be punished with jail or "el paredón," referring to a firing squad, for his behavior. The mention of popular courts brought to mind those used during the bloody first months of the Cuban revolution, a period that inspired the Chavez regime. The historical reference led U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Florida, to speak out on Twitter. "Just like in Cuba after Castro took over members of illegitimate Maduro Regime Congress are calling for the execution of Guaidó by firing squad," the Republican wrote.
  296. ^ "Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela". Human Rights Library. University of Minnesota. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  297. ^ a b c d "Venezuela crisis: Guaidó defiant after lifting of immunity". BBC News. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  298. ^ "No hay allanamiento de la inmunidad parlamentaria para enjuiciar" [There is no breach of parliamentary immunity to prosecute']. El Nacional (in Spanish). 1 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  299. ^ a b "'Paredón', lo que la ANC pide a Guaidó por 'ser un traidor a la patria'" ['To the wall', what the ANC asks for Guaidó for 'being a traitor to the fatherland'] (in Spanish). El Nacional. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019. Miembros de la asamblea nacional constituyente (ANC) aprobaron de este martes el "allanar" la inmunidad parlamentaria al presidente interino de Venezuela, Juan Guaidó, y pidieron fusilamiento al también presidente del Parlamento de Venezuela. TRANSLATION: Members of the National Constituent Assembly (ANC) approved Tuesday to "strip" the parliamentary immunity to the interim president of Venezuela, Juan Guaidó, and they also demanded the shooting of the president of the Venezuelan Parliament.
  300. ^ "Tras conocerse el fin de su inmunidad parlamentaria, Juan Guaidó respondió: 'Sabemos que sólo les queda la fuerza bruta'" [After knowing of the end of his parliamentary immunity, Juan Guaidó responded: 'We know that they only have brute force']. Na Nacion (in Spanish). 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  301. ^ Phillips, Tom and Patricia Torres (2 April 2019). "Venezuela: Juan Guaidó stripped of parliamentary immunity". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  302. ^ a b c d "Maduro rejects talks with opposition over envoy's remarks". Associated Press. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  303. ^ "Venezuela prosecutors to charge Guaido with 'high treason'". Yahoo News. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  304. ^ "Juan Guaidó: El Esequibo es nuestro, es de Venezuela". Efecto Cocuyo. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  305. ^ a b c "Masked men break into Venezuela opposition party offices on eve of protest". Reuters. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  306. ^ Sequera, Vivian (22 January 2020). "Disappeared Venezuelan legislator being held in state detention: lawyer". Reuters. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  307. ^ "France Denies Harbouring Venezuelan Opposition Leader Guaido in Caracas". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  308. ^ Murillo, Yuskerli (16 March 2020). "Comité para designar nuevo CNE suspenderá reuniones". El Universal (Caracas) (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  309. ^ "Venezuela's Supreme Court says congress failed to name electoral authorities". Reuters. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  310. ^ Smith, Scott (13 June 2020). "Venezuela's opposition sharply rejects new elections board". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  311. ^ "Venezuela top court names new electoral council, opposition defiant". Reuters. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  312. ^ "Venezuela's Guaido says opposition will not recognize 'false' electoral body". in.news.yahoo.com.
  313. ^ Santaeulalia, Inés (25 April 2023). "La cumbre sobre Venezuela organizada por Petro: muchas expectativas, pocos resultados" [Petro's Venezuela summit: high expectations, few results]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  314. ^ "La expulsión de Guaidó de Colombia enturbia la cumbre sobre Venezuela" [Guaidó's expulsion from Colombia clouds the summit on Venezuela]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 25 April 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  315. ^ "Colombia expulsa a Juan Guaidó y viaja a Miami: "La persecución de la dictadura se extiende"" [Colombia expels Juan Guaidó and travels to Miami: "The persecution of the dictatorship is spreading".]. El Español (in Spanish). 25 April 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  316. ^ "Juan Guaidó fue contratado como profesor visitante por la Universidad Internacional de la Florida". infobae (in European Spanish). 28 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  317. ^ "Juan Guaidó – Freedom.fiu.edu".
  318. ^ https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/education/article279884249.html [bare URL]
  319. ^ Falconer, Rebecca (6 October 2023). "Venezuela issues arrest warrant for U.S.-based ex-opposition leader Guaidó". Axios.
  320. ^ Yoon, John; Mayorquin, Orlando (6 October 2023). "Venezuela Seeks Arrest of Juan Guaidó, Former Opposition Leader". The New York Times.
  321. ^ Abrams, Elliott (6 October 2023). "Maduro Regime To Accept Venezuelans Returned Home: Why Now?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  322. ^ "Periodista de 26 años: así es Fabiana Rosales, la mujer de Juan Guaidó y su máximo apoyo". ABC España (in Spanish). 25 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  323. ^ Puglie, Frederic (24 January 2019). "Juan Guaido wins support of Venezuela youth with age, vigor and Twitter outreach". The Washington Times. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  324. ^ "Nació Mérida Antonieta, la segunda hija de Juan Guaidó y Fabiana Rosales". El Nacional (in Spanish). 8 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  325. ^ Reyes, Luz Mely (20 January 2019). "Juan Guaidó: Ejerceremos nuestras competencias sin sucumbir a las presiones". Efecto Cocuyo. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ¿Esa característica que ha demostrado de ser pragmático es natural o la practicó siendo masón?
  326. ^ Garibaldi (23 September 2019). "Guaidó agradece el apoyo de la masonería y nos llama "Queridos Hermanos"". Diario Masónico (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  327. ^ a b "Venezuela crisis: Who is parliament leader Juan Guaidó?". BBC. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  328. ^ Tovar-Arroyo, Gustavo (5 February 2019). "¿Quién es Juan Guaidó?". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  329. ^ a b Santos, Juan Manuel (2019). "Time 100: Most influential people 2019, Juan Guaidó". Time. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  330. ^ Hetland, Gabriel (2023). Democracy on the Ground: Local Politics in Latin America's Left Turn. Columbia University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9780231207706.
  331. ^ a b "Disappointed Venezuelans lose patience with Guaido as Maduro hangs on". Reuters. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  332. ^ "El 88% de los venezolanos cree que Guaidó no está capacitado para gobernar, según encuesta". El Espectador (in Spanish). 21 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  333. ^ "Encuestadora Meganalisis – 9 DE MAYO 2020". www.encuestadorameganalisis.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  334. ^ "Encuesta Meganalisis Marzo 2020 (Informe Público) | Muestreo (Estadísticas) | Calidad de vida". Scribd. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  335. ^ "Encuesta Meganalisis febrero 2020 | Política de venezuela | Muestreo (Estadísticas) | Free 30-day Trial". Scribd. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  336. ^ "Encuestadora Meganalisis – 2 DE DICIEMBRE 2019". www.encuestadorameganalisis.com. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  337. ^ "Estudio de Campo Hercon Septiembre 2019 | Nicolás Maduro | Venezuela". Scribd. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  338. ^ "Venezuela Cohesión Política" (PDF). Datincorp. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  339. ^ "La reelección de Nicolás Maduro – Estudio Analisis Hercon Mayo 2019". Hercon Consultores. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  340. ^ "Encuestadora Meganalisis – 6 de Mayo De 2019". Meganálisis. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  341. ^ "87,5 % de los venezolanos no cree los cuentos de Nicolás Maduro sobre tesis del "sabotaje eléctrico" (Encuesta Hercon)". La Patilla (in Spanish). 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  342. ^ a b c d "Gráfico Histórico" [Graph of history]. Meganálisis. Retrieved 10 May 2019. Legend: Blue, recognize Guaidó as president; Red, recognize Maduro as president; Black, don't know whom to recognize as president; Yellow, percentage that wants Chavismo and Maduro to leave power.
  343. ^ "Meganálisis: 88.9 % de venezolanos quiere que Maduro y el chavismo se vayan ya" [Meganalisis: 88.9% of Venezuelans want Maduro and Chavismo to leave]. La Patilla (in Spanish). 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  344. ^ Wyss, Jim (4 March 2019). "'The chain of command is broken,' Guaidó tells supporters upon his return to Venezuela". Miami Herald. Retrieved 19 March 2019. According to a recent Datanalisis poll, Guaidó has an approval rating of 61 percent while Maduro's has hit an all-time low of 14 percent. citing Francisco Monaldi Tweet of 2 March, "Maduro cae a su mínimo histórico de aprobación con 14%. Guaidó logra 61% de aprobación y arrasaría en una elección con 77% vs. 23% Maduro."
  345. ^ "Hercon Abril – Estudio Telefonico Nacional Hercon A2019". Hercon Consultores. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  346. ^ "52 Estudio Telefonico Nacional Hercon M2019". Hercon Consultores. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  347. ^ "Venezuela mira al futuro". Consultores 21. February 2019. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  348. ^ Martínez, José Manuel Escalona (18 February 2019). "Meganálisis: El 85.4% de los venezolanos quiere que Maduro y el chavismo salgan del poder #18Feb". El Impulso (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  349. ^ "Apoyo a la salida de Maduro continúa creciendo: 85.4% de venezolanos quiere que termine ya la pesadilla chavista (Meganálisis)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 18 February 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  350. ^ Leon, Ibis (13 March 2019). "Jesús González: Estamos en un estado de supervivencia". Efecto Cocuyo. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  351. ^ "A duras penas Maduro recolectará 1 millón 600 mil firmas: 84.1 % de venezolanos apoya una intervención (Flash Meganálisis)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 7 February 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  352. ^ "Solo 4.1 % de venezolanos reconocen a Maduro como presidente: Guaidó se alza con 84.6 % de apoyo popular (Flash Meganálisis)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 2 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  353. ^ Maria Delgado, Antonio (5 February 2019). "Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro orders multiple arrests within military to squelch dissent". Miami Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2019. Also at Chicago Tribune
  354. ^ "81,9 % de venezolanos reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente de Venezuela (Encuesta Hercón)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  355. ^ "83.7 % de los venezolanos reconocen a Guaidó como el Presidente legítimo de Venezuela (Flash Meganálisis)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 26 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  356. ^ "Ni diálogo, ni elecciones... esto es lo que quieren los venezolanos después del #23Ene, según revela encuestadora Meganálisis". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 21 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  357. ^ "El 79.9% de los venezolanos quiere que Maduro negocie ya su salida (encuesta flash Hercon)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  358. ^ "Divulgación Elecciones Parlamentarias" (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional Electoral. 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  359. ^ "Resultados de las primarias de la MUD 2012" (PDF). El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  360. ^ "Divulgación Elecciones Parlamentarias" (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional Electoral. 26 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2018.

Bibliography

edit
edit