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Punch-marked coins

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This article is about the Indian coins. For other uses, see Countermark.

Punch-marked coins, also known as Aahat coins, are a type of early coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. It was of irregular shape. These coins are found over most parts of subcontinent and remained in circulation till the early centuries CE.[1]

A hoard of mostly Mauryan punch-marked coins

History

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The study of the relative chronology of these coins has successfully established that the first punch-marked coins initially only had one or two punches, with the number of punches increasing over time.[2][3]

 
Punch-marked coins discovered from Chandraketugarh.

The first coins in India may have been minted around the 6th century BC[citation needed] by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[citation needed] 19th-century proposals which suggested an origin from as early as 1000 BC, independent of the introduction of coins in Asia Minor, are "no longer given any credence".[2]

Silver coins were certainly being produced in the Achaemenid Satrapy of Gandāra, by the mid-4th century BC, before the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great, in 327 BC, as Plutarch noted Taxiles (Ambhi) of Taxila exchanged coined tribute with Alexander.[4] According to Joe Cribb, Indian punch-marked coins go back to the mid-4th century BC or slightly earlier, and actually started with the punch-marked coinage of the Achaemenids in the Kabul/ Gandhara area.[2]

The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana. Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example, Saurashtra had a humped bull, and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika (which was a symbol of good luck prior to the 20th Century), others, like Magadha, had several symbols. These coins were made of silver of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.[5]

They are mentioned in the Manu (c. 200 BC - 200 AD), Panini (bef. 300 BC), and Buddhist Jataka (c. 300 BC - 400 AD), circulating in the North until approximately the beginning of the first century AD, but lasted three centuries longer in the South, i.e. until about 300 AD.[6] [7]

Greek and Achaemenid coinage in northwestern India (6th century onward)

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Athens coin (c. 500/490-485 BC) discovered in Pushkalavati. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east.[10]
 
"Bent bar" minted under Achaemenid administration, Gandhara, c.350 BC.[11][12]
See also: Kabul hoard, Shaikhan Dehri hoard, and Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley

Coin finds in the Kabul hoard (c. 380 BC), Mir Zakah hoards (c. 100 AD), Taxila Bhir Mound (c. 300 BC), or the Shaikhan Dehri hoard near Pushkalavati have revealed numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many Greek coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BC were circulating in the area, at least as far as the Indus during the reign of the Achaemenids (549 - 330 BCE), who were in control of the areas as far as Gandhara.[13][14][11][15] In 2007 a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient Pushkalavati (Shaikhan Dehri) in Pakistan. The hoard contained a tetradrachm minted in Athens c. 500-480 BC, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east.[10] The Mir Zakah hoards offered hundreds of thousands of examples, punched and stamped bars and coins, manufactured between the late 5th century BC, and late 1st century AD.[16]

According to Joe Cribb, these early Greek coins were at the origin of Indian punch-marked coins, the earliest coins developed in India, which used minting technology derived from Greek coinage.[11] Daniel Schlumberger also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in northwestern India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland:

“The punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire"

— Daniel Schlumberger, quoted from Trésors Monétaires, p.42.[15]

Mauryan Period (322–185 BC)

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Punch-marked coin of the Nanda dynasty of Magadha. The five symbols on this coin are: Sun symbol, six-armed (Magadha) symbol, bull on hilltop, Indradhvaja flanked by four taurines, elephant. There's also an unofficial countermark on the reverse.

During the Mauryan period, punch-marked coins continued to be issued in large quantities. Similarly, the coinage of the Mauryan Empire was an example of the punch-marked coinage of Magadha. Each coin contained on average 50–54 grains of silver depending on wear and 32 rattis in weight,[17] and earlier coins are flatter than later coins. Punches on these coins count to 450 different types with the most common the sun and six-armed symbols, and various forms of geometrical patterns, circles, wheels, human figures, various animals, bows and arrows, hills and trees etc.[18]

In the North, following the fall of the Maurya Empire and the increased influence of the Greco-Bactrians and Indo-Greeks, punch-marked coins were replaced by cast die-struck coins, as visible in the Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian punch-marked coins.

References

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  1. ^ History - Our Past I (November 22 ed.). New Delhi: NCERT. 2022. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-7450-493-7.
  2. ^ a b c Cribb, Joe. Investigating the introduction of coinage in India- a review of recent research, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India xlv (Varanasi 1983), pp.95-101. pp. 85–86.
  3. ^ Errington, Elizabeth. "A Survey of Late Hoards of Indian Punch-marked Coins, Numismatic Chronicle 2003, pp. 60-121, plates 18-23". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Plutarch. "Life of Alexander". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  5. ^ Śrīrāma Goyala (1994). The Coinage of Ancient India. Kusumanjali Prakashan.
  6. ^ "Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD)". Government Museum Chhennai. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  7. ^ "Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD)". Government Museum Chennai. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  8. ^ "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada". coinindia.com. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  9. ^ Allan & Stern (2008)
  10. ^ a b CNG Coins
  11. ^ a b c Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992). The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59. ISBN 9780951839911.
  12. ^ CNG Coins
  13. ^ Bopearachchi, Osmund. "Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)". pp. 300–301.
  14. ^ "US Department of Defense". Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  15. ^ a b Bopearachchi, Osmund. "Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)". pp. 308–.
  16. ^ TYE, ROBERT (2006). "Late Indian Punchmarked Coins in the Mir Zakah II Hoard". The Numismatic Chronicle. 166: 167–171. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 42666406.
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-06-18. Retrieved 2005-06-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 29 October 2009
  18. ^ Gupta, Parmeshwari Lal (1951). Silver Punch-marked Coins. p. 12.
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