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The Partisan

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"The Partisan" redirects here. For other uses, see Partisan (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Chant des Partisans.

"La Complainte du partisan" (English: "The lament of the partisan") is an anti-fascist anthem about the French Resistance in World War II. The song was written in 1943 by Russian-born Anna Marly (1917–2006), with lyrics by French Resistance leader Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie (1900–1969). Marly sang it and other songs on the BBC's French service, through which she and her songs were an inspiration to the Resistance. A number of French artists have recorded and released versions of the song since, but it is better recognised globally in its English adaptation by Hy Zaret (1907–2007), best known as the lyricist of "Unchained Melody", who wrote an English translation of the lyrics, which contains several significant alterations of the meaning when compared to the original.

"La Complainte du partisan"
Song by Anna Marly
LanguageFrench
English titleThe lament of the partisan
Published1945 (1945)
Released1943 (1943)
Genre
Length3:38
Composer(s)Anna Marly
Lyricist(s)Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie a.k.a. Bernard

Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen (1934–2016) recorded a version called "The Partisan", using Zaret's adaptation of the original French lyrics by d'Astier, and released it on his 1969 album Songs from a Room, and as a 7-inch single in Europe. Cohen's version is responsible for the common misconception that the song was written by Cohen, and has inspired many other artists to perform, record and release versions of the song, including, as "The Partisan", American Joan Baez (born 1941), on her 1972 album Come from the Shadows, and with the title "Song of the French Partisan", Canadian Buffy Sainte-Marie (born c. 1941) and Israeli Esther Ofarim (born 1941).

Origins

 
Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie (far right) with André Diethelm reviewing troops on the wharf of Rive-Neuve in liberated Marseille
Further information: Anna Marly and Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie

Anna Marly was born in Petrograd on October 30, 1917 and after her father was murdered by the Bolsheviks, she escaped with her mother and sister to a Russian colony in Menton, south-eastern France. Her artistic talents were encouraged from an early age; she was taught guitar by Sergei Prokofiev, and by age sixteen, was dancing in the Ballets Russes in Paris. Becoming refugees upon the outbreak of World War II, her Dutch aristocrat husband and she travelled to London, arriving in 1941. It was there, in 1943, while Marly ran a hostel for French exiles,[1] that she wrote the anit-fascist anthem[2] "La Complainte du partisan", with lyrics by the French Resistance leader Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie,[3] going on to perform it and her other songs on Radio Londres (English: Radio London), the French Resistance radio operated by the Free French Forces, through the British Broadcasting Corporation.[g 1][6]

It was at this time that she also wrote "The March of the Partisans", with English lyrics by the Russian ambassador's daughter, Louba Krassine. The French exiles, Joseph Kessel and Maurice Druon, also resident in London, translated it into French for play on Radio Londres and it became "Le Chant des Partisans" (English: "Song of the Partisans"), an unofficial French anthem towards the end of the war.[g 1]

Marly's songs, singing and whistling on Radio Londres, were an inspiration to the French Resistance and earned her the credit "troubadour of the Resistance" from Charles de Gaulle, leader of the French Free Forces.[g 1] In Paris, 1945, Raoul Breton [fr] published the "La Complainte du partisan" sheet music with lyrics by d'Astier credited to "Bernard",[7] his Resistance code name.[4]

Structure, content and context

In their examination of the songs of Anna Marly, the Académie de Lyon describe "La Complainte du partisan" as "une vision déchirante de l'engagement des résistants" (English: "a heartbreaking vision of the commitment of the [Resistance]"), and evaluate its structure and the meaning of its words: the song's lyrics are structured as six quatrains; the first and second lines of each is formed with seven syllables, the third line with five syllables and the fourth with six.[8]

The first five verses (quatrains) depict scenes of Nazi occupied France, the expectation of French people to accept the occupation of their country, and the extraordinary reaction of the Resistance. The first line of the song, "L'ennemi était chez moi" (English: "The enemy was at my house"), where "my house" can be understood as a reference to France, sets the scene. The second line, "On m'a dit 'Résigne-toi'" (English: "I was told 'Resign yourself'"), references the common resignation of the French people in response to Philippe Pétain's radio address, after the Fall of France, announcing his intention to ask for an armistice with Germany.[8]

In the third and fourth lines, "Mais je n'ai pas pu / Et j'ai repris mon arme" (English: "But I could not / And I took my weapon"), d'Astier introduces the notion of resistance, with a risk of death, loss of family, friends and identity and leading a secretive and dangerous life on the run, evoked by the lines "J'ai changé cent fois de nom / J'ai perdu femme et enfants ... Hier encore, nous étions trois / Il ne reste plus que moi / Et je tourne en rond / Dans la prison des frontières" (English: "I changed name a hundred times / I lost wife and children ... Yesterday again, we were three / It remains only me / And I'm going around in circles / In the border prison").[8]

The dangers d'Astier describes are countered by the expressions "Mais j'ai tant d'amis / Et j'ai la France entière" (English: "But I have so many friends / And I have the whole of France"), describing the support of the Resistance from the French people. In the final verse, d'Astier expresses his hope and confidence that Resistance will not be futile; "Le vent souffle sur les tombes" (English: "The wind blows on the graves") evoking a cleansing wind and "La liberté reviendra / On nous oubliera / Nous rentrerons dans l'ombre" (English: "Freedom will return / We will be forgotten / We will go into the shadows") expressing the confidence that the actions of the mostly anonymous Resistance will have their desired effect.[8]

Adaptation to English

Further information: Hy Zaret

Born in Manhattan, New York City in 1907, Hy Zaret was best known as a Tin Pan Alley lyricist, whose writing credits include those for "Unchained Melody", "One Meat Ball" and several educational and public service songs. He wrote an English version of "La Complainte du partisan"[g 3] titled "Song of the French partisan", published by the Leeds Publishing Corporation, New York City, August 11, 1944.[13][8] Zaret's adaptation includes three of d'Astier's original French verses, with references to "L'ennemi" (English: "The enemy") changed to "Les Allemands" (English: "The Germans"), inserted between the penultimate and final English verses.[8] Leonard Cohen used Zaret's adaptation for his creation of "The Partisan", the cover version that popularised the song globally.[g 4]

Douglas Martin reported for the New York Times that Zaret "loosely translated" the French lyrics,[4] and in his book Passion and Ambivalence: Colonialism, Nationalism, and International Law, author Nathaniel Berman compares excerpts of d'Astier's original French lyrics alongside, what he calls Zaret's English "‍(mis)translation", and notes that "the two versions reflect very different views"; that Zaret's English suggests that the partisans will "come from the shadows", while the French "nous rentrerons dans l'ombre", he states as "we will return to the shadow" (emphasis in quote) in English, suggests that the partisans – the Resistance – are "an artifact of the imperialism that dominates [them]", and that "reconciliation of society with its shadows is an illusion".[15]

Alex Young, for Consequence of Sound, describes the differences between the original French and Zaret's English, saying it "downplays the song's historical content – the English lyrics contain no references to France or the Nazi occupation", with an example of literal English translations of the song's first line, "The Germans were at my house" (French: "Les Allemands étaient chez moi"), being unheard in his English lyrics. Young goes on to compare the literal English translation of the same verse compared by Berman:[14]

 
Comparison of Marly and Cohen singing, respectively, d'Astier's original French and Zaret's English final verse
Anna Marly, "La Complainte du partisan", 1963
Leonard Cohen, "The Partisan", 1969
Problems playing these files? See media help.
d'Astier's French(as compared by Berman) Zaret's English(as compared by Berman) Literal English translation(as compared by Young)

Le vent souffle sur les tombes
La Liberté reviendra
On nous oubliera
Nous rentrerons dans l'ombre

Oh, the wind, the wind is blowing
Through the graves the wind is blowing
Freedom soon will come
Then we'll come from the shadows

The wind is blowing on the graves
Freedom will come back
Everyone will forget us
We will return to the shadows

Maurice Ratcliff also noted in his book Leonard Cohen: The Music and The Mystique, that there are differences between the original French and Zaret's English versions; he comments that Leonard Cohen's "The Partisan" is "substantially Zaret's", and while it does also contain verses sung in the original French, references to "The Germans" in the English verses, "become the more neutral 'soldiers'" and "the shelter-giving 'old woman' is 'un vieux homme'" (English: "an old man").[1]

In the Académie de Lyon's evaluation of "La Complainte du partisan", its adaptation and cover versions, they write "La version de Léonard Cohen propose une traduction fidèle, sauf la dernière strophe, qui est bien plus positive: les résistants sortiront de l’ombre et la liberté sera revenue. Le résistant est montré davantage comme un héros, qui est placé dans la lumière, une fois la liberté revenue" (English: "The version of Leonard Cohen offers a faithful translation, except the last stanza, which is much more positive: the resistant will come out of the shadows and freedom will return. The Resistance is shown more as a hero, who is placed in the light, once freedom has returned"). They state that "Cohen était fasciné par cette chanson et se demandait d’ailleurs 'si la musique et les écrits n’avaient pas, à eux seuls, renversé Hitler'" (English: "Cohen was fascinated by this song and wondered, moreover, 'if music and writings alone did not overthrow Hitler'").[8]

The Partisan

Further information: Songs from a Room
"The Partisan"
 
Single by Leonard Cohen
from the album Songs from a Room
B-side"Bird on the Wire"
ReleasedMay 30, 1969 (1969-05-30)
RecordedOctober 1968 (1968-10)
StudioColumbia Studio A, Nashville
GenreFolk
Length3:37
LabelCBS
Composer(s)Anna Marly
Lyricist(s)
Producer(s)Bob Johnston
Leonard Cohen singles chronology
"So Long, Marianne"
(1968) 		"The Partisan"
(1969) 		"Joan of Arc"
(1971)

While living at a rented farm in Franklin, Tennessee, Leonard Cohen worked on his second album Songs from a Room with Bob Johnston, its producer. In the candlelit Columbia Studio A on Music Row, Nashville,[16] Johnston created a relaxed atmosphere for, what Mike Evans, in his book Leonard Cohen: An Illustrated Record, calls "suitable, and non-intrusive, backing" by the assembled session musicians: Charlie Daniels on bass, fiddle and guitar, Ron Cornelius on guitars, Bubba Fowler on banjo, bass, fiddle and guitar, and Johnston himself playing keyboards. Ten songs were recorded in one eight-hour session, half of which ended up on the album.[g 6]

Both writing for the Guardian, Adam Sweeting, in Cohen's obituary, and Dorian Lynskey, in his music blog article, refer to Songs from a Room as being bleak. Sweeting states that it is "another powerful but bleak collection",[18] while Lynskey calls it "sparser and bleaker than the debut",[16] Songs of Leonard Cohen.

Cohen first learned "La Complainte du partisan" from The People's Songbook as a fifteen-year-old boy at summer-camp in 1950.[19] Using Zaret's predominantly English adaptation to record the song, with the title "The Partisan",[12] left Cohen dissatisfied, and he suggested to Johnston that French voices were needed on the track. Johnston reportedly arranged to fly with Cohen to Paris, for "authenticity" according to Maurice Ratcliff, to record a trio of female singers and an accordion player, whose work was overdubbed on to the track.[g 6] The song fades in to an intro, followed by nine verses and an outro that fades out; the first five verses are sung from Zaret's English, followed by verses six, seven and eight being sung in French, and the final verse nine being a repeat of the English verse five.[11]

In May 1969, CBS released the album track, "The Partisan", in Europe as a 7-inch single with, in the initial format, "Bird on the Wire", and in a later format, "Suzanne" on the B-side.[20][21]

"The Partisan" was to be Cohen's first commercial recording of a song he didn't write;[17] Writing about Cohen's cover versions of other's songs, in his article for Pitchfork, published soon after Cohen's death, Marc Hogan refers to Cohen's "The Partisan" as a "wonderfully affecting ... haunting version",[12] and Josh Jones, writing for Open Culture, describes it as having a "folk melody and melancholy lyricism",[3] with what Ratcliff calls a "plodding bass line underpinning the simply strummed guitar and an occasional accordion" and "a rare excursion ... into political territory".[1] Tim Nelson, in his BBC review of Cohen's albums, also refers to the song's "biting political commentary".[22]

Cultural impact

Alex Young writes that "[Cohen] is often incorrectly credited as the composer of the [original] song – although he is certainly responsible for its survival",[14] Douglas Martin states that "'The Partisan' gained popularity" in the United States thanks to Cohen's recording,[4] and Josh Jones writes that the song "[has] become so closely associated with Cohen that it has often been credited to him", with Cohen reportedly remarking, "I kind of re-introduced ['The Partisan'] into the world of popular music. I feel I wrote it, but I actually didn't" (bracketed content in source).[3] Hogan writes that Cohen's version "became one of his signature songs, leading to renditions by Joan Baez, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Electrelane, First Aid Kit, and many others."[12]

Evans writes about a Polish translation of Cohen's—Zaret's—song being adopted as an unofficial anthem of the Solidarity movement for democracy in the detention camps of communist Poland, one of the countries in which Cohen performed while on the Various Positions Tour in 1985, supporting his album that spawned "Hallelujah", Various Positions.[17]

Cover versions

The song has been recorded, with d'Astier's original French lyrics and title, and released by French artists including the group Les Compagnons de la Chanson,[23][24] singer Emily Loizeau[25] on a limited edition version of her 2016 album Mona for Fnac (French retailer), with two bonus tracks, one of which is "La Complainte du partisan",[26][27][better source needed] and the group Les Stentors, as the first track on their 2017 album Ma Patrie (English: My country).[28][29]

Covers of The Partisan

Luke Reilly, reporting for an article in IGN about the creation of Australian composer Mick Gordon's version of "The Partisan" for the closing credits of the 2015 video game Wolfenstein: The Old Blood, a game in a series depicting the events of a fictionalised World War II, refers to Cohen's "The Partisan" as being "perhaps" the most famous, and reports that the audio director on Wolfenstein, Nicholas Raynor, also called Cohen's version "a famous one"; according to Gordon, it was Raynor's idea to do a cover for the game. The Australian singer-songwriter Tex Perkins was Gordon's first choice to sing his version. Reilly says "[t]he song itself is poignant and heartrending, yet incredibly stirring and motivational. A song that simultaneously mourns what's been lost and steels listeners for a fight to come" and that Gordon and Perkin's version "begins with a softly haunting acoustic intro before escalating to stomping blasts of distorted guitar and heaving drumming".[6]

Recording their 2005 album Axes live in the studio, British group Electrelane included a version of "The Partisan" on the release. Andy Gill, reviewing the album for the Independent, described their style as "a sort of cross between Krautrock, klezmer and free jazz that thrives on the enthusiasm of performance", and that their version is "still recognisable ... despite the churning thrash they give it".[12][30]

Po' Girl included a version on their 2007 album, Home to You, which Sue Keogh described, in her review for the BBC, as an "acoustic mix of guitars, banjos and violin, plus a couple of moments of clarinet and trumpet or wry comments from performance poet CV Avery to keep you on your toes", having a "gentle acoustic sound" with a "bright and breezy yet intimate and charming atmosphere".[31] David Jeffries called the album a "layered, insightful, and achingly poignant triumph" in his review for AllMusic.[32]

Betty Clarke, for the Guardian, reviewed an Other Lives live show at the Village Underground in London in 2012 where they performed a cover of "The Partisan". Clarke says the band create "indie-pop with the scope, precision and polish of Fleetwood Mac's Rumours" (emphasis added), and that their performance of "The Partisan" "encompass[ed] all the elements of Other Lives' sound".[33]

Other versions of "The Partisan" have been performed, recorded and released by artists including Joan Baez[6][12] in 1972,[g 7] on her album Come from the Shadows,[34] the name of which is derived from Zaret's English lyrics.[35] Polish musician Maciej Zembaty released a Polish translation as "Partyzant" on his 2002 album 35x Leonard Cohen,[36][37] 16 Horsepower with Bertrand Cantat released their version as a single on A&M Records in 1998,[38][39] and Goteki featured a version on their 2011 EP Stolen Thunder One.[40]

Song of the French Partisan

"Song of the French Partisan"
Song by Buffy Sainte-Marie
from the album She Used to Wanna Be a Ballerina
A-side"Soldat Bleu"
Released1970 (1970)
Genre
Length3:16
LabelVanguard
Composer(s)Anna Marly
Lyricist(s)
Producer(s)
 
Buffy Sainte-Marie performing at the Grand Gala du Disque in 1968

In 1970, Buffy Sainte-Marie provided the title song for the film Soldier Blue,[g 8] first released as a 7-inch single in France in 1970 by Vanguard Records with the title "Soldat Bleu", and elsewhere in 1971 by RCA Victor as "Soldier Blue", all releases featuring "Song of the French Partisan", the title as published by Zaret,[7][13] a "folk tune she learned from Leonard Cohen" according to Andrea Warner in her book, Buffy Sainte-Marie: The Authorized Biography,[44] on the B-side.[45] Both songs were included on her 1971 album She Used to Wanna Be a Ballerina.[41][44] The RCA release of "Soldier Blue" was a top-10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1971, spending eighteen weeks on the singles chart, four in the top-10, two at number seven.[12][46]

Another version to be produced by Bob Johnston was recorded by Israeli singer Esther Ofarim, who had previously taken second place for Switzerland in the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest[47][48] and had, with her then husband Abi Ofarim, a British number one hit with the novelty song "Cinderella Rockefella" in 1968.[49][50] She released the cover on her eponymous 1972 album Esther Ofarim; in his review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger calls Ofarim's recording of the song one of the highlights, awarding the album three of a possible five stars.[51]

See also

References

Groups

  1. ^ a b c
    • Martin, The New York Times [4]
    • Kirkup, The Independent [5]
  2. ^ a b c
    • Jones, Open Culture [3]
    • Martin, The New York Times [9]
  3. ^
    • Jones, Martin [g 2]
    • Zaret obit. The Telegraph [10]
    • The Little Black Songbook [11]
    • Hogan, Pitchfork [12]
  4. ^
    • Jones, Martin [g 2]
    • Young, Consequence of Sound [14]
  5. ^ a b
    • Young, Consequence of Sound [14]
    • Evans, Leonard Cohen: An Illustrated Record [17]
  6. ^ a b
    • Young, Evans [g 5]
    • Ratcliff, Leonard Cohen: The Music and the Mystique [1]
  7. ^
  8. ^
    • Ruhlmann, AllMusic review [41]
    • Positif magazine [42]
    • Jeune Cinéma magazine [43]

Sources

  1. ^ a b c d Ratcliff, Maurice (2012). "Part 1: Studio albums". Leonard Cohen: The Music and The Mystique (Book). Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857128225.
  2. ^ Craig, Dylan (2019). Sovereignty, War, and the Global State (Book). Springer Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 9783030198862.
  3. ^ a b c d Jones, Josh (September 14, 2018). "Tom Waits Releases a Timely Cover of the Italian Anti-Fascist Anthem "Bella Ciao," His First New Song in Two Years". Open Culture. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d Martin, Douglas (March 13, 2016). "Anna Marly, 88, Dies; Inspired French Resistance in Song". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  5. ^ Kirkup, James (February 21, 2006). "Anna Marly: 'Troubadour of the Resistance'". Obituaries. The Independent. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Reilly, Luke (October 19, 2017). "Pentagrams and Partisans: Mick Gordon on Making Music That Matters". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  7. ^ a b "Notice bibliographique La Complainte du partisan--Song of the French partisan. Paroles de Bernard" [Bibliographic Record The lament of the partisan - Song of the French partisan. Bernard's words] (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g "La Complainte du partisan" (PDF) (in French). Academy of Lyon. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  9. ^ Martin, Douglas (July 3, 2007). "Hy Zaret, 99, Tin Pan Alley Lyricist, Is Dead". Arts. The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  10. ^ "Hy Zaret". Obituaries. The Telegraph. July 7, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  11. ^ a b Wise Publications (2012). "The Partisan". The Little Black Songbook: Leonard Cohen (Book). pp. 124–125. ISBN 9780857129192.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Hogan, Marc (November 11, 2016). "7 Covers Leonard Cohen Made His Own". The Pitch. Pitchfork. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  13. ^ a b Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions, Part 3 (Book). Library of Congress, Copyright Office. 1944. p. 1421.
  14. ^ a b c d Young, Alex (January 14, 2009). "Rock History 101: Leonard Cohen – "The Partisan"". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  15. ^ Berman, Nathaniel (2011). Passion and Ambivalence: Colonialism, Nationalism, and International Law (Book). Translated by MacDonald, Euan. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 455–456. ISBN 9789004210240.
  16. ^ a b Lynskey, Dorian (November 11, 2016). "Leonard Cohen – he knew things about life, and if you listened you could learn". Music blog. The Guardian. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  17. ^ a b c Evans, Mike (2018). Leonard Cohen: An Illustrated Record (Book). Plexus Publishing. ISBN 9780859658690.
  18. ^ Sweeting, Adam (November 11, 2016). "Leonard Cohen obituary". Obituaries. The Guardian. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  19. ^ Nadel, Ira B. (2010). Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen (Book). Random House of Canada. ISBN 9780307367020.
  20. ^ Kubernik, Harvey (2017). "7" and 12" Vinyl Singles, EPs and CD-Singles". Leonard Cohen: Everybody Knows (Book). Omnibus Press. ISBN 9781783238163.
  21. ^ The Partisan by Leonard Cohen at MusicBrainz (list of releases)
  22. ^ Nelson, Tim (2007). "Leonard Cohen The Songs of Leonard Cohen, Songs from a Room, Songs of Love and Hate Review". BBC. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  23. ^ La Complainte du partisan by Les Compagnons de la Chanson at AllMusic. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  24. ^ La Complainte du partisan by Les Compagnons de la Chanson at MusicBrainz
  25. ^ "Cover corner #21: en Mai, fait ce qu'il te plaît!" [Cover corner #21: in May, do what you like!]. MusiK Please (in French). Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  26. ^ "Mona Digipack Edition limitée Exclusivité Fnac Inclus 2 titres bonus" [Mona Digipack Limited Edition Fnac Exclusive Includes 2 bonus tracks]. Fnac (in French). Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  27. ^ Mona (limited edition) by Emily Loizeau at Discogs
  28. ^ La Complainte du partisan by Les Stentors at MusicBrainz
  29. ^ "Les Stentors chantent la France" [Stentors sing France]. Universal Music France (in French). April 28, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  30. ^ Gill, Andy (May 6, 2005). "Album: Electrelane". The Independent. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  31. ^ Keogh, Sue (2007). "Po' Girl Home To You Review". BBC. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  32. ^ Jeffries, David. AllMusic review by David Jeffries of Home to You by Po' Girl at AllMusic. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  33. ^ Clarke, Betty (April 5, 2012). "Other Lives – review". The Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  34. ^ Come From The Shadows by Joan Baez at MusicBrainz
  35. ^ Baez, Joan (2012). And A Voice to Sing With: A Memoir (Book). Simon and Schuster. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9781451688405.
  36. ^ Partyzant by Maciej Zembaty at MusicBrainz
  37. ^ 35 x Leonard Cohen by Maciej Zembaty at AllMusic. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  38. ^ "The Partisan von 16 Horsepower" [The Partisan by 16 Horsepower]. laut.de (in German). Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  39. ^ The Partisan by 16 Horsepower at MusicBrainz
  40. ^ Stolen Thunder One by Goteki at MusicBrainz
  41. ^ a b Ruhlmann, William. AllMusic review by William Ruhlmann of She Used to Wanna Be a Ballerina by Buffy Sainte-Marie at AllMusic. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  42. ^ "Positif, Issues 123-133". Positif (Magazine) (in French). Nouvelles éditions. 1971.
  43. ^ "Jeune cinéma, Issues 53-62". Jeune Cinéma (Magazine) (in French). Fédération Jean Vigo. 1971.
  44. ^ a b Warner, Andrea (2018). "Better to find out for yourself". Buffy Sainte-Marie: The Authorized Biography (Book). Greystone Books. ISBN 9781771643597.
  45. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts: Soldier Blue" [Official German Charts: Soldier Blue]. Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  46. ^ "Official UK Singles Chart: Soldier Blue". Official Charts. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  47. ^ "London 1963". Eurovision Song Contest. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  48. ^ "Recalling the 50th anniversary of the 1963 contest". Eurovision Song Contest. March 23, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  49. ^ Unterberger, Richie. Esther Ofarim: Biography at AllMusic. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  50. ^ "Official singles chart results matching: Cinderella Rockefella". Official Charts. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  51. ^ Unterberger, Richie. AllMusic review by Richie Unterberger of Esther Ofarim's eponymous album at AllMusic. Retrieved August 15, 2019.

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