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Sultanate of Tuggurt

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The Sultanate of Tuggurt was a state that extended over Tuggurt, the oases of the neighbouring region and the Oued Righ valley between the fifteenth century and 1881.[1] It was governed by sultans of the Banu Djellab dynasty.[2]

Sultanate of Tuggurt
سلطنة تقرت
CapitalTuggurt
Common languagesBerber
Religion
Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Sultan 
• N/A
N/A
• 1852–1854
Sulayman IV
 Succeeded by
French Algeria
Today part ofAlgeria

Background

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The city of Tuggurt was subject to the authority of the Hafsid dynasty like all other cities in the east of present-day Algeria. During the periods of turmoil, Tuggurt would revolt and refrain from paying taxes. Like what Yusuf ibn Hasan, a chief of Tuggurt did in the era of the Hafsid Sultan Abu 'Amr Uthman, who was obliged to Subjugate the city two times, one in 1449 and another in 1465. The Sultanate of Tuggurt came to birth in a period that witnessed the weakness and fall of the Hafsid dynasty.[3]

History

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The Sultanate was founded in the fifteenth century by the Banu Djellab, a dynasty whose exact origins remain obscure. They claimed to be the last descendants of the Marinid dynasty, and thus modelled their court and ruling system, such as the use of a praetorian guard of black slaves, on that of the Moroccan sultans.[4] According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the founder was a certain Sulayman ibn Djellab, a Moroccan prince, related to the Marinid family, who after his return from the hajj founded a mosque in the region, and with the help of the local nomads, became recognised there as a ruler.[5]

He felt secure enough to retain local political structures, including the djemaa (council) to which he could appoint members. He equipped at his own expense a deira of five hundred horsemen who became the nucleus of his army. He then patrolled the neighborhood chastising rebels, restoring peace and levying tax.[6] Sheikh Soliman came to terms with the Douaouda feudal family, who commanded the “Riah”—nomadic tribes controlling the plain from the Zibans [fr] to Ouargla, by marrying his daughter to the head of this family, Ben Sakheri, who bore the title of sheikh el Arab.[7]

As early as the sixteenth century, the Sultanate of Tuggurt had to face the hegemony of the regency of Algiers. Salah Raïs, beylerbey of Algiers, led an expedition against Tuggurt in 1552. The Ben Djellab surrendered in the face of enemy artillery; politically they became vassals of Algiers and paid it tribute.[citation needed]

List of rulers

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The known Sultans (and one female ruler) were:[8]

  • Ali II (N/A)
  • Mabruk (Mubarak) (N/A)
  • Ali III (N/A)
  • Mustafa (N/A)
  • Sulayman III (N/A)
  • Ahmad II (1729-N/A)
  • Muhammad I al-`Akhal (N/A)
  • Ahmad IV (N/A)
  • Farhat (N/A)
  • Ibrahim (N/A)
  • Abd al-Qadir I (1st time) + Ahmad V (N/A)
  • Khalid (N/A)
  • Abd al-Qadir I (2nd time) (N/A)
  • Umar bin Bu-Kumetin (175.-1759)
  • Muhammad II (1759–1765)
  • Umar II bin Muhammad (1765–1766)
  • Ahmad VI (1766–1778)
  • Abd al-Qadir II (1778–1782)
  • Farhat II (1782–1792)
  • Ibrahim II (1792–1804)
  • al-Khazan (1804)
  • Muhammad III (1804–1822)
  • `Amar (`Amir) II (1822–1830)
  • Ibrahim III (1830–1831)
  • `Ali IV bin al-Kabir (1831–1833)
  • `Aisha (Aichouch) (female) (1833–1840)
  • `Abd ar-Rahman (1840–1852)
  • `Abd al-Qadir III (1852)
  • Sulayman IV (1852–1854) (last)

References

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  1. ^ Pierre Mannoni, Les Français d'Algérie : vie, mœurs, mentalité de la conquête des Territoires du Sud à l'indépendance, p. 85
  2. ^ Charles Féraud, Histoire des sultans de Touggourt et du Sud Algérien, 2006, p. 162
  3. ^ Benmammar, Mohammed (2005). "علاقة بني جلاب سلاطين تقرت بالسلطة العثمانية في الجزائر" [The relationship of Banu Jallab Sultans of Tuggurt with the Ottoman power in Algeria]. Islamic Civilization Journal (in Arabic). 9 (12): 15–16. ISSN 2602-5736.
  4. ^ Clancy-Smith, Julia A. (1997). Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800-1904). University of California Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-520-21216-9.
  5. ^ Côte, M. (2000). "Tuggurt". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. X (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. BRILL. p. 589. ISBN 9004112111.
  6. ^ Féraud, op. cit, p. 175-177
  7. ^ Féraud, op. cit, p. 175
  8. ^ worldstatesmen, Tuggurt (Touggourt), Sultans

See also

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