View source for Australian Defence Force

{{short description|National military force of Australia}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Australian Defence Force
| native_name =
| image = Ensign of the Australian Defence Force.svg
| alt =
| caption = The [[Australian Defence Force Ensign|Australian Defence Force tri-service flag]]
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto =
| founded = {{start date|df=y|1901|03|01}} ([[Federation of Australia|Federation]])
| current_form = {{start date|df=y|1976|02|09}}
| disbanded =
| branches = {{plainlist|
* {{navy|Australia}}
* {{army|Australia}}
* {{air force|Australia}}}}
| headquarters = [[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]], as part of the [[Australian Defence Organisation]]
| flying_hours =
| website = <!--{{URL|example.mil}}-->
<!-- Leadership -->
| commander-in-chief = [[Sam Mostyn|Governor-General Sam Mostyn]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[Governor-General of Australia|Commander-in-Chief]]
| chief minister = [[Anthony Albanese]]
| chief minister_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]
| minister = [[Richard Marles]]
| minister_title = [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]]
| commander = Admiral [[David Johnston (admiral)|David Johnston]]
| commander_title = [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]]
<!-- Manpower -->| age = {{plainlist|
* 16.5 years (for selection)
* 17 years (to serve)
* 18 years (to deploy)
* 19 years (for special forces deployment)}}
| conscription = [[Conscription in Australia|Wartime only]]<ref name="DAs60">{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|da190356|Defence Act 1903|60}}</ref>
| manpower_data =
| manpower_age =
| available =
| available_f =
| fit =
| fit_f =
| reaching =
| reaching_f =
| active = 57,346 (30 June 2023)
| ranked =
| reserve = 32,049 (30 June 2023)
| deployed = 1,841 (July 2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Operations/ |title=Global Operations |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402134908/http://defence.gov.au/Operations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<!-- Financial -->| amount = {{AUD}}52.588 billion<small>(2023–24)</small><ref name="Budget">{{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/australian-budget-historic-defense-spending-plus-au1-2b-on-us-made-missiles/|title=Australian budget: Historic defense spending, plus AU$1.2B on US-made missiles|publisher=breakingdefense.com|author=Max Blenkin|date=2023-05-09|accessdate=2024-03-01|language=en}}</ref>
| percent_GDP = 2.04% <small>(2023/24)</small><ref name="Budget"/>
<!-- Industrial -->| domestic_suppliers = [[Defence industry of Australia]]
| foreign_suppliers =
| imports =
| exports = Around {{AUD}}2 billion (2018)<ref name="Dziedzic defence exports">{{cite news|last1=Dziedzic|first1=Stephen|title=Federal Government accused of contributing to global arms race with defence exports push|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-29/aid-groups-lash-coalition-plan-to-become-major-weapons-exporter/9369962|access-date=29 January 2018|work=ABC News|date=29 January 2018|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130065022/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-29/aid-groups-lash-coalition-plan-to-become-major-weapons-exporter/9369962|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!-- Related articles -->| history = [[Military history of Australia]]
| ranks = [[Australian Defence Force ranks and insignia]]
}}
The '''Australian Defence Force''' ('''ADF''') is the [[Armed forces|military organisation]] responsible for the defence of the [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]] and its national interests. It consists of three branches: the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN), [[Australian Army]] and the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF). The ADF has a strength of just over 89,000 personnel and is supported by the [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] alongside other civilian entities.

During the first decades of the 20th century, the [[Australian Government]] established the armed services as separate organisations, with each service having an independent [[chain of command]]. In 1976, the government made a strategic change and established the ADF to place the services under a single headquarters. Over time, the degree of integration has increased, and tri-service headquarters, logistics, and training institutions have supplanted many single-service establishments. The ADF has been deployed around the world in combat, [[peacekeeping]] and disaster-relief missions.

The ADF is technologically sophisticated but relatively small for its landmass. Although the ADF's 57,346 full-time active-duty personnel and 32,049 active [[military reserve force|reservists]] {{as of|2023|6|30|lc=y}} make it the largest military in Oceania, it is smaller than most Asian military forces. However with a national population of just over 27 million, the ADF has an average ratio of [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel#List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies|military personnel per capita]].<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |url=https://www.iiss.org/en/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021/#:~:text=The%20Military%20Balance%202021%3A%20Features&text=Analysis%20of%20major%20developments%20affecting,arranged%20region%2Dby%2Dregion. |title=The Military Balance 2021 |date=25 February 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781032012278 |edition=1st |location=[[London]] |pages=242 |language=en-UK}}</ref> The ADF is supported by a significant budget by worldwide standards and is well equipped and trained, with defence spending at 2.04% of GDP (as of 2023/24).<ref name="Budget" />

==Legal standing==
The ADF's legal standing draws on the [[Executive (government)|executive government]] sections of the [[Australian Constitution]]. [[Section 51(vi) of the Constitution of Australia|Section 51(vi)]] gives the [[Government of Australia|Commonwealth Government]] the power to make laws regarding Australia's defence and defence forces and Section 114 prevents the [[States and territories of Australia|States]] from raising armed forces without the permission of the Commonwealth. Under [[Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia|Section 119]] the Commonwealth is assigned responsibility for defending Australia from invasion. This section also sets out the conditions under which the government can deploy the defence force domestically.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=2}}

The Constitution states that the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] is the commander in chief of the ADF. In practical terms, this role is largely ceremonial.<ref name="ACs68">{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Australian Constitution|68}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The role of the Governor-General |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |publisher=The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> The Governor-General exercises this power based on advice from the [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] following deliberations of the [[National Security Committee (Australia)|National Security Committee of Cabinet]] (NSC) that considers important national security matters.{{sfn|JSCFADT|2023|p=10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National Security Committee |url=https://www.directory.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament/cabinet/cabinet-committees/national-security-committee |website=Directory.gov.au |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref> In practice, the Governor-General does not play an active part in the ADF's command structure and the [[Australian Government|elected government]] controls the ADF through the [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]].{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}} The Minister for Defence [[Civilian control of the military|exercises control]] of the ADF under section 8 of the ''[[Defence Act 1903]]'' that states "the Minister has general control and administration of the Defence Force".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|da190356|Defence Act 1903|8}}</ref>{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}}
The Constitution does not contain a provision that expressly states who is responsible for committing Australia to war.{{sfn|McKeown|Jordan|2010|p=1}}{{sfn|Nelson|2015|p=3}} Contemporary practice, is that a decision to commit the ADF to an "international armed conflict is an exercise of [[Royal prerogative|prerogative power]] pursuant to [[Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia#Section 61: Executive power|section 61 of the Constitution]]" that is made by the NSC without involving the Governor-General.{{sfn|McKeown|Jordan|2010|p=2}}{{sfn|JSCFADT|2023|pp=14,17-18}} The NSC may refer its decision to the full [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] for its endorsement.{{sfn|PM&C|2022|p=41}} The Commonwealth Government has never been required by the Constitution or legislation to seek [[Parliament of Australia|parliamentary]] approval for decisions to deploy military forces overseas or go to war.{{sfn|McKeown|Jordan|2010|p=1}}{{sfn|Nelson|2015|p=3}}

==History==
{{Main|Military history of Australia|History of the Royal Australian Navy|History of the Australian Army|History of the Royal Australian Air Force}}

===Formation===
[[Image:HMAS Melbourne (R21) and USS Midway (CV-41) underway, 16 May 1981 (6380752).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=An aerial photo of an aircraft carrier with several aircraft on her flight deck. Another carrier is visible in the background.|The retirement of the aircraft carrier {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}} without replacement in 1982 marked a shift away from the policy of "forward defence".{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=55}}]]
By 1870, each of the then Australian colonies [[Colonial forces of Australia|maintained their own military forces]]. On 1 January 1901, the colonies [[Federation of Australia|federated into a new nation]] and on 1 March 1901, these colonial forces were amalgamated to establish the [[Australian Army]] and Commonwealth Naval Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Australian Army |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-structure/army |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greg |first=Swinden |date=2011-06-14 |title=Australasian Naval Forces and Commonwealth Naval Forces |url=https://navyhistory.au/australasian-naval-forces-and-commonwealth-naval-forces/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Naval Historical Society of Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref>{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=67}} In 1911, the government established the [[Royal Australian Navy]], which absorbed the Commonwealth Naval Force.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=467}} The Army established the [[Australian Flying Corps]] in 1912 which was separated to form the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] in 1921.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=61, 457}} The services were not linked by a single chain of command, as they each reported to their own separate Minister and had separate administrative arrangements. The three services saw action around the world during [[Military history of Australia during World War I|World War I]] and [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II]], and took part in conflicts in Asia during the [[Cold War]].{{sfn|Horner|2007|pp=145–150}}

The importance of [[joint warfare]] was made clear to the Australian military during World War II when Australian naval, ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands. Following the war, several senior officers lobbied for the appointment of a [[commander in chief|commander-in-chief]] of the three services. The government rejected this proposal and the three services remained fully independent.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=42}} The absence of a central authority resulted in poor coordination between the services, with each service organising and operating under different [[military doctrine]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=44}}

The need for an integrated command structure received more emphasis due to inefficient arrangements [[Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War|during the Vietnam War]] which at times hindered the military's efforts.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=44}} In 1973, the Secretary of the [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]], [[Arthur Tange]], submitted a report to the Government that recommended the unification of the separate departments supporting each service under a single ''Department of Defence,'' and the creation of the position of Chief of the Defence Force Staff. The government accepted these recommendations, and the Australian Defence Force was established on 9 February 1976.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=47}}

===Defence of Australia era===
[[Image:Kangaroo 89.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A group of men wearing green military uniforms walking across barren ground.|Australian soldiers lead a column of American troops during Exercise Kangaroo '89, which was held in northern Australia.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=65}}]]
Until the 1970s, Australia's military strategy centred on the concept of "forward defence", in which the role of the Australian military was to co-operate with allied forces to counter threats in Australia's region. In 1969, when the United States began the [[Guam Doctrine]] and the British withdrew [[east of Suez]], Australia developed a defence policy which emphasised self-reliance and the defence of continental Australia. This was known as the [[Defence of Australia Policy]]. Under this policy, the focus of Australian defence planning was to protect Australia's northern maritime approaches (the Air-Sea Gap) against enemy attack.{{sfn|Tewes|Rayner|Kavanaugh|2004}} In line with this goal, the ADF was restructured to increase its ability to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases and to counter raids on continental Australia. The ADF achieved this by increasing the capabilities of the RAN and RAAF and relocating regular Army units to northern Australia.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=72}}

At this time, the ADF had no military units on operational deployment outside Australia. In 1987, the ADF made its first operational deployment as part of [[Operation Morris Dance]], in which several warships and a rifle [[Company (military)|company]] deployed to the waters off [[Fiji]] in response to the [[1987 Fijian coups d'état]]. While broadly successful, this deployment highlighted the need for the ADF to improve its capability to rapidly respond to unforeseen events.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=225–227}}

Since the late 1980s, the Government has increasingly called upon the ADF to contribute forces to peacekeeping missions around the world. While most of these deployments involved only small numbers of specialists, several led to the deployment of hundreds of personnel. Large peacekeeping deployments were made to [[Australian contribution to UNTAG|Namibia]] in early 1989, [[Australian contribution to UNTAC in Cambodia 1992–1993|Cambodia]] between 1992 and 1993, [[Operation Solace|Somalia]] in 1993, [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|Rwanda]] between 1994 and 1995 and [[Bougainville Province|Bougainville]] in 1994 and from 1997 onwards.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=228–255}}

The [[Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War]] was the first time Australian personnel were deployed to an active war zone since the establishment of the ADF. Although the warships and [[Clearance Diving Team (RAN)|clearance diving team]] deployed to the [[Persian Gulf]] did not see combat, the deployment tested the ADF's capabilities and command structure. Following the war the Navy regularly deployed a [[List of recent Australian warship deployments to the Middle East|frigate to the Persian Gulf or Red Sea]] to enforce the [[Iraq sanctions|trade sanctions imposed on Iraq]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=231–237}}

===East Timor deployment===
[[File:Australian C-130 H being unloaded at Tallil Air Base in April 2003.jpeg|thumb|alt=Rear view of a propeller-driven plane on the ground with its cargo door open and propellers still spinning|A RAAF C-130 Hercules being unloaded at Tallil Air Base, Iraq, during April 2003]]

In 1996, [[John Howard]] led the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party's]] election campaign and became prime minister. Subsequently, there were significant reforms to the ADF's force structure and role. The new government's defence strategy placed less emphasis on defending Australia from direct attack and greater emphasis on working in co-operation with regional states and [[Foreign relations of Australia|Australia's allies]] to manage potential security threats.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=95–96}} From 1997 the Government also implemented a series of changes to the ADF's force structure to increase the proportion of combat units to support units and improve the ADF's combat effectiveness.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=93–95}}

The ADF's experiences during the [[International Force for East Timor|deployment to East Timor in 1999]] led to significant changes in Australia's defence policies and, an enhancement of the ADF's ability to conduct operations outside Australia. This successful deployment was the first time a large ADF force had operated outside of Australia since the Vietnam War and revealed shortcomings in its ability to mount and sustain such operations.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jenny |last=Sinclair |title=Operation Chaos |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/19/1037490107525.html |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 December 2002 |access-date=6 July 2007 |archive-date=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429222024/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/19/1037490107525.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2000, the Government released a new Defence White Paper, ''Defence 2000&nbsp;– Our Future Defence Force'', that placed a greater emphasis on preparing the ADF for overseas deployments. The Government committed to improve the ADF's capabilities by improving the readiness and equipment of ADF units, expanding the ADF and increasing [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|real]] Defence expenditure by 3% per year;{{sfn|Thomson|2005|p=11}} in the event, expenditure increased by 2.3% per annum in real terms in the period to 2012–13.{{sfn|Thomson|2012|p=25}} In 2003 and 2005, the ''Defence Updates'' emphasised this focus on expeditionary operations and led to an expansion and modernisation of the ADF.{{sfn|Thomson|2006|pp=7–8}}

===Iraq and Afghanistan===
Since 2000, the ADF's expanded force structure and deployment capabilities have been put to the test on several occasions. Following the [[11 September attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]] on the United States, Australia committed a [[special forces]] task group and an [[air-to-air refuelling]] aircraft to operations in [[Afghanistan]], and naval warships to the Persian Gulf as [[Operation Slipper]].{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=8–9}} In 2003, approximately 2,000 ADF personnel, including a special forces task group, three warships and 14 [[F/A-18 Hornet]] aircraft, took part in the [[Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]].{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=248}}

The ADF was subsequently involved in the reconstruction of Iraq. From 2003 until 2005 this was mainly limited to a [[Security Detachment Iraq (Australia)|Security Detachment]] which protected the Australian embassy, the attachment of officers to multi-national headquarters, small numbers of transport and maritime patrol aircraft, and teams of air traffic controllers and medical personnel.<ref name="Fielding Concluding Australia's Military Commitment in Iraq">{{cite web|last1=Fielding|first1=Marcus|title=Concluding Australia's Military Commitment in Iraq|url=http://www.mhhv.org.au/?p=340|publisher=Military History and Heritage Victoria|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170415/http://www.mhhv.org.au/?p=340|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2005 until 2008 a [[battalion]]-sized Australian Army battle group (initially designated the [[Al Muthanna Task Group]], and later [[Overwatch Battle Group (West)]]) was stationed in southern Iraq. In addition, teams of ADF personnel were deployed to train Iraqi military units. In line with a 2007 election commitment, the [[Rudd government (2007–10)|Rudd government]] withdrew combat-related forces from Iraq in mid-2008, and most of the remaining Australian units left the country the next year.<ref name="Fielding Concluding Australia's Military Commitment in Iraq" /><ref name="SBS Iraq timeline">{{cite web|title=Timeline: Australian troops in Iraq|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2008/06/02/timeline-australian-troops-iraq|website=SBS News|publisher=SBS|access-date=31 December 2016|date=23 August 2013|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002610/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2008/06/02/timeline-australian-troops-iraq|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Five ASLAVs in Afghanistan during March 2011.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Colour photo of five military armoured fighting vehicles driving through dusty terrain|Australian Army [[ASLAV]] armoured vehicles in Afghanistan during 2011]]

The ADF also undertook several operations in Australia's immediate region during the 2000s. In 2003, elements of all three services were dispatched to [[Solomon Islands]] as part of the [[Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands]]. Regular deployments of Australian forces continued to the islands until 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Malley|first1=Nick|title=As RAMSI ends, Solomon Islanders look to the future|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/as-ramsi-ends-solomon-islanders-look-to-the-future-20170621-gww2g1.html|access-date=14 January 2018|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 June 2017|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114113447/http://www.smh.com.au/world/as-ramsi-ends-solomon-islanders-look-to-the-future-20170621-gww2g1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Between December 2004 and March 2005, 1,400 ADF personnel served in Indonesia as part of [[Operation Sumatra Assist]], which formed part of Australia's response to the devastating [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]].{{sfn|Bullard|2017|p=512}} In May 2006, approximately 2,000 ADF personnel deployed to East Timor in [[Operation Astute]] following unrest between elements of the [[Timor Leste Defence Force]].{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=193}} This deployment concluded in March 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=AAP|title=East Timor Operation Astute formally ends|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/east-timor-operation-astute-formally-ends/news-story/ebd5a598fa73c0a97aecfa064036f4c2?sv=da978007173976bf54becf03bd690bb0|access-date=14 January 2018|work=The Australian|date=27 March 2013}}</ref>

From 2006 until 2013 a battalion-sized Australian Army task force operated in [[Urozgan Province]], Afghanistan; this unit was primarily tasked with providing assistance for reconstruction efforts and training Afghan forces, but was frequently involved in combat. In addition, Special Forces Task Groups were deployed from 2005 to 2006 and 2007 until 2013. Other specialist elements of the ADF, including detachments of [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47 Chinook]] helicopters and RAAF radar and air traffic control units, were also periodically deployed to the country.<ref name="APH Afghanistan chronology as of 2010">{{cite web|last1=Brangwin|first1=Nicole|last2=Rann|first2=Anne|title=Australia's military involvement in Afghanistan since 2001: a chronology|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/MilitaryInvolvementAfghanistan|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=31 December 2016|date=16 July 2010|archive-date=17 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917020242/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/MilitaryInvolvementAfghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="APH Afghanistan facts and figures as of 2013">{{cite web|last1=Church|first1=Nathan|title=Australia at war in Afghanistan: updated facts and figures|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/AfghanistanFactsUpdated|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=31 December 2016|date=13 December 2013|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170408/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/AfghanistanFactsUpdated|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 40 ADF personnel were killed in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2013, and 262 wounded.<ref name="Defence Battle casualties in Afghanistan">{{cite web|title=Battle casualties in Afghanistan|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/operations/afghanistan/personnel.asp|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114060656/http://defence.gov.au/Operations/Afghanistan/personnel.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the withdrawal of the combat forces in 2013, ADF training teams have continued to be stationed in the country to train Afghan forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation HIGHROAD|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/operations/afghanistan/|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001248/http://www.defence.gov.au/operations/afghanistan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Australian Labor Party]] (ALP) governments led by prime ministers [[Kevin Rudd]] and [[Julia Gillard]] between 2007 and 2013 commissioned two defence white papers, which were published in 2009 and 2013. The 2009 document, ''[[Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030]]'', had a focus on responding to China's rapidly growing influence. It included commitments to expand the RAN, including acquiring twelve submarines, and increasing defence spending by three percent per year in real terms. This increase in spending did not occur, however.{{sfn|Edwards|2016|pp=20–21}} The ''Defence White Paper 2013'' had similar strategic themes, but set out a more modest program of defence spending which reflected the government's constrained finances. As part of an election commitment, the  [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal–National Coalition]] [[Abbott government]] commissioned a further defence white paper that was published in 2016.{{sfn|Edwards|2016|p=21}} This document also included a commitment to expand the ADF's size and capabilities.{{sfn|Thomson|2016|p=vi}} There has generally been [[bipartisan]] agreement between the ALP and the Liberal–National Coalition on the ADF's role since the mid-1970s. Both political groupings currently support the ADF's focus on expeditionary operations, and the broad funding target set out in the ''2016 Defence White Paper''.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=7}} The ADF's broad [[force structure]] has also experienced little change since the 1980s. For instance, throughout this period the Army's main combat formations have been three [[brigade]]s and the RAAF has been equipped with around 100 combat aircraft. Most of the equipment used by the services has been replaced or upgraded, however.{{sfn|Jennings|2016|pp=114, 137}}
[[File:RAAF F-35 taking off during the Australian International Airshow and Aerospace & Defence Exposition 2017.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour photograph of a modern jet fighter aircraft taking off from a runway|The Australian Government intends to buy at least 72 [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35A Lightning II]] aircraft to re-equip the RAAF's air combat force<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Stephen L.|title=Australia gets its first public display of the new F-35 Joint Strike Fighter|url=https://theconversation.com/australia-gets-its-first-public-display-of-the-new-f-35-joint-strike-fighter-73832|website=The Conversation|access-date=7 January 2018|date=8 March 2017|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107232955/https://theconversation.com/australia-gets-its-first-public-display-of-the-new-f-35-joint-strike-fighter-73832|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
It is stated in the ''2016 Defence White Paper'' that Australia's changing security environment will lead to new demands being placed on the Australian Defence Force. Although it is not expected that Australia will face any threat of direct attack from another country, terrorist groups and tensions between nations in East Asia pose threats to Australian security. More broadly, the Australian Government believes that it needs to make a contribution to maintaining the rules-based order globally. There is also a risk that [[climate change]], weak economic growth and social factors could cause instability in South Pacific countries.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=16–17}}

The ADF has developed strategies to respond to Australia's changing strategic environment. The ''2016 Defence White Paper'' states that "the Government will ensure Australia maintains a regionally superior ADF
with the highest levels of military capability and scientific and technological sophistication". To this end, the government intends to improve the ADF's combat power and expand the number of military personnel. This will include introducing new technologies and capabilities. The ADF is also seeking to improve its intelligence capabilities and co-operation between the services.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=18–20}}

Beginning in August 2014, RAAF combat forces, an Army special forces task force and an Army training unit were deployed to the Middle East during [[Operation Okra]] as part of the international [[war against the Islamic State]]. The RAAF aircraft conducted air strikes in Iraq and Syria and provided airborne command and control and air-to-air refuelling for the coalition forces. The special forces advised the [[Iraqi Army]] and the training unit trained Iraqi soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Westra |first1=Renee |title=Syria: Australian military operations |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1718/SyriaMilitaryOps |website=Parliamentary Library |publisher=Parliament of Australia |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en-AU |date=20 September 2017}}</ref> The RAAF combat aircraft completed operations in January 2018, and the other aircraft were withdrawn in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=RAAF completes last strike mission over Iraq |url=https://australianaviation.com.au/2018/01/raaf-completes-last-strike-mission-over-iraq/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=Australian Aviation |date=16 January 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Australian aircraft complete Middle East mission |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/lreynolds/media-releases/australian-aircraft-complete-middle-east-mission |website=Media release |publisher=Senator the Hon Linda Reynolds CSC |access-date=9 September 2020 |date=25 April 2023}}</ref> The Army training force departed in mid-2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Task Group Taji operation a success |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-news/media-releases/task-group-taji-operation-success |website=Media release |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=25 April 2023 |date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

===2020–present===
[[File:President Joe Biden, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the AUKUS meeting in San Diego, California, March 13, 2023 - 230313-D-TT977-0319.jpg|thumb|left|Australian Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]], US President [[Joe Biden]] and British Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] during a meeting held in March 2023 to announce the details of Australia's plans to acquire nuclear attack submarines as part of the [[AUKUS]] partnership]]
The Australian Government believes that the country's strategic circumstances are worsening due to the threat posed by China. This has led to decisions to expand the ADF and enhance its ability to participate in high intensity combat. The ''2020 Defence Strategic Update'' called for the ADF's efforts to be focused on the [[Indo-Pacific]] region. It also concluded that there was no longer a ten-year period of strategic warning before Australia could be involved in a major war. The document stated that the ADF's funding would be expanded, and its capacity to strike at targets from a long distance be improved.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldrick |first1=James |title=Defence Strategic Update 2020: A first assessment {{!}} Lowy Institute |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/defence-strategic-update-2020-first-assessment |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=www.lowyinstitute.org |date=2 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, Australia entered into the [[AUKUS]] trilateral security partnership with the United Kingdom and United States. As part of this partnership, Australia will obtain [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|nuclear attack submarines]] to significantly improve the RAN's capabilities - this replaced a plan to acquire 12 conventionally powered [[Attack-class submarine|''Attack''-class submarines]] in partnership with France. The three AUKUS countries also agreed to collaborate on a range of military technologies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aukus: UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter China |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58564837 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=BBC News |date=16 September 2021}}</ref>

An investigation of allegations of Australian war crimes in Afghanistan was completed in November 2020. The [[Brereton Report]] found that there was evidence that 25 Australian special forces personnel committed war crimes on 25 occasions, resulting in the deaths of 39 people and the mistreatment of two others. General [[Angus Campbell (general)|Angus Campbell]] accepted all of the 143 recommendations made in the report.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grattan |first1=Michelle |title=Evidence of war crimes found against 25 Australian soldiers in Afghanistan |url=https://theconversation.com/evidence-of-war-crimes-found-against-25-australian-soldiers-in-afghanistan-150377 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=19 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> An Office of the Special Investigator was subsequently established to conduct criminal investigations, and the first soldier was charged with war crimes in March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |title=Australian defence chief warns further criminal charges could be laid over alleged war crimes in Afghanistan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/apr/11/defence-chief-flags-more-allegations-of-afghanistan-war-crimes-made-against-australian-soldiers |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=11 April 2023}}</ref>

During August 2021, RAAF aircraft participated in [[2021 Kabul airlift|an international airlift]] to evacuate people from Kabul in Afghanistan after it fell to the Taliban. An Army infantry company was deployed to Kabul as part of this operation. More than 3,500 people were evacuated by the RAAF.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dziedzic |first1=Stephen |title=Australia's Afghanistan evacuation mission ends in one of ADF's 'finest moments' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-09/afghan-refugees-australia-evacuation-mission-ends/100448160 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=ABC News |date=9 September 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diggers on a mission like no other |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2021-09-09/diggers-mission-no-other |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=25 April 2023 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022 Australia provided military assistance to Ukraine. {{As of|April 2023}}, this included the transfer of military equipment from the ADF worth $A475 million and the deployment of an Army training team to the United Kingdom to train Ukrainian soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Invasion of Ukraine by Russia |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/crisis-hub/invasion-ukraine-russia |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

The election of the ALP [[Albanese government]] in May 2022 did not significantly change Australia's defence posture, as the ALP and Coalition parties have broadly similar defence policies. This includes an agreement on China posing a threat to Australia's security. The main difference is that the ALP sees [[climate change]] as an important security issue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |title=Peter Dutton casts Coalition as stronger than Labor on defence as election nears – so how different are they? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/19/peter-dutton-casts-coalition-as-stronger-than-labor-on-defence-as-election-nears-so-how-different-are-they |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=18 March 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=216}} After coming to power, the Albanese government commissioned the [[Defence Strategic Review]] that was publicly released in April 2023. The review found that the security challenges facing Australia had continued to worsen, and called for the ADF to be restructured to meet the threats. This includes transitioning the ADF from its traditional structure of a "balanced force" capable of a range of activities to a "focused force" tailored mainly to protecting Australia from military attack or [[coercion]]. As part of this change, the review recommended reducing the planned size of the Army's mechanised forces and expanding its long-range firepower. The review also identified climate change as a threat to Australia and called for a "whole of nation effort" to defending Australia that goes beyond the ADF.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blaxland |first1=John |author1-link=John Blaxland (historian) |title=The much-anticipated defence review is here. So what does it say, and what does it mean for Australia? |url=https://theconversation.com/the-much-anticipated-defence-review-is-here-so-what-does-it-say-and-what-does-it-mean-for-australia-204267 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=24 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The government accepted most of the review's recommendations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |title=Defence strategic review: Australia will build longer range military power amid 'radically different' security environment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/apr/24/australia-defence-strategic-review-missile-production-corvette-warships-adf-australian-military-news |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

==Structure==
The Australian Defence Force and Department of Defence make up the [[Australian Defence Organisation]] (ADO), which is often referred to as "Defence".<ref>{{cite web|title=Who we are and what we do|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111060554/http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[diarchy]] of the [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]] (CDF) and the Secretary of the Department of Defence administers the ADO.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=2–3}} The Department of Defence is staffed by both civilian and military personnel, and includes agencies such as the [[Defence Intelligence Organisation]] (DIO) and [[Defence Science and Technology Group]] (DST Group).{{sfn|Khosa|2010|pp=50–51}}

===Command arrangements===
{{See also|Current senior Australian Defence Organisation personnel|Senior Australian Defence Organisation Positions}}
The ADF's command arrangements are specified in the ''Defence Act 1903'' and subordinate legislation.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}} This act states that the Minister for Defence "has general control and administration of the Defence Force" and that the CDF and the Secretary of the Department of Defence must "comply with any directions of the Minister".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|da190356|Defence Act 1903|8}}</ref> The leaders of the ADO are also responsible to the junior ministers who are appointed to manage specific elements of the defence portfolio.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}} Under the [[Albanese ministry|Albanese Ministry]] two cabinet-level ministers have been responsible for the Defence portfolio since May 2022: the position of Minister for Defence held by the [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Richard Marles]], and [[Matt Keogh]] is the [[Minister for Defence Personnel]] and the [[Minister for Veterans' Affairs]]. In addition, there are two junior ministers: [[Matt Thistlethwaite]] is the Assistant Minister for Defence and Assistant Minister for Veterans' Affairs and [[Pat Conroy (politician)|Pat Conroy]] is the [[Minister for Defence Industry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Defence Ministers |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310102102/https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/ |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=Department of Defence}}</ref>

The CDF is the most senior appointment in the ADF and commands the force.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}} The CDF is the only four-star officer in the ADF and is a general, [[admiral]] or [[air chief marshal]]. As well as having command responsibilities, the CDF is the Minister for Defence's principal military adviser.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=3}} General [[Angus Campbell (general)|Angus Campbell]] is the current CDF, and assumed this position on 1 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greene |first1=Andrew |title=Defence Force Chief Mark Binskin handing command to Army Chief Angus Campbell |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-06/defence-force-chief-mark-binskin-retires/9949518 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=AM |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710041652/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-06/defence-force-chief-mark-binskin-retires/9949518 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hugh White (strategist)|Hugh White]], a prominent academic and former Deputy Secretary in the Department of Defence, has criticised the ADF's current command structure. White argues that the Minister plays too large a role in military decision-making and does not provide the CDF and Secretary of Defence with necessary and sufficient authority to manage the ADO effectively.<ref>{{cite news |first=Hugh |last=White |title=The real battle is far from the battlefield |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/White%2C_The_real_battle_1.pdf |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=25 May 2006 |access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175620/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/White%2C_The_real_battle_1.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Under the current ADF command structure the day-to-day management of the ADF is distinct from the command of military operations.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=13}} The services are administered through the ADO, with the head of each service (the [[Chief of Navy (Australia)|Chief of Navy]], [[Chief of Army (Australia)|Chief of Army]] and [[Chief of Air Force (Australia)|Chief of Air Force]]) and the service headquarters being responsible for raising, training and sustaining combat forces. Each chief is also the CDF's principal adviser on matters concerning the responsibilities of their service. The CDF chairs the Chiefs of Service Committee which comprises the service chiefs, [[Vice Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Vice Chief of the Defence Force]] and the [[Chief of Joint Operations (Australia)|Chief of Joint Operations]] (CJOPS).{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=12–13}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp |title=Who we are and what we do |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Australian Government Department of Defence]] |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810044711/http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The CDF and service chiefs are supported by an integrated ADF Headquarters, which replaced separate service headquarters on 1 July 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Joining the forces|url=http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=153871#folio=2|access-date=25 January 2018|work=Army|publisher=Department of Defence|date=29 June 2017|page=2|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012654/http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=153871#folio=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the individual members of each service ultimately report to their service's Chief, the Chiefs do not control military operations. Control of ADF operations is exercised through a formal command chain headed by the CJOPS, who reports directly to the CDF. The CJOPS commands the [[Headquarters Joint Operations Command (Australia)|Headquarters Joint Operations Command]] (HQJOC) as well as temporary joint task forces. These joint task forces comprise units assigned from their service to participate in operations or training exercises.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=14}}{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=35}}

===Joint forces===
[[File:Soldiers with a LHD Landing Craft in May 2018.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour photograph of three men wearing green military uniforms kneeling on a beach near a grey ship. A green truck is driving off the ship, and a large grey ship is visible on the horizon.|Australian Army soldiers providing security for a RAN [[LCM-1E|LHD Landing Craft]] during a joint exercise in 2018]]
Operational command of the ADF is exercised by HQJOC, which is located at a purpose-built facility near [[Bungendore, New South Wales|Bungendore]], New South Wales. This is a joint headquarters comprising personnel from the three services and includes a continuously manned Joint Control Centre. HQJOC's main role is to "plan, monitor and control" ADF operations and exercises, and it is organised around groups of plans, operations and support staff. HQJOC also monitors the readiness of the ADF units which are not assigned to operations and contributes to developing Australia's military doctrine.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=14}}

As well as HQJOC, the ADF has permanent joint operational commands responsible to the CJOPS. Joint Operations Command (JOC) includes the two headquarters responsible for patrolling Australia's maritime borders on a day-to-day basis, [[Northern Command (Australia)|Northern Command]] and [[Maritime Border Command (Australia)|Maritime Border Command]]. Other JOC units include the Joint Movements Group and the Air and Space Operations Centre. Individual ADF units and Joint Task Groups are assigned to JOC during operations, and HQJOC includes officers responsible for submarine and special operations forces.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|pp=13–15}}

The ADF includes a number of joint operational and training units. These include the [[Joint Military Police Unit (Australia)|Joint Military Police Unit]] and the [[Joint Helicopter Aircrew Training School]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ADF Joint Helicopter Aircrew Training School commences training|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/01/adf-joint-helicopter-aircrew-training-school-commences-training/|access-date=24 February 2018|work=Australian Aviation|date=17 January 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205160156/http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/01/adf-joint-helicopter-aircrew-training-school-commences-training/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Devlin |first1=Dave |title=Joint Service Police Group launched |url=https://news.navy.gov.au/en/Jun2017/Events/3794/Joint-Service-Police-Group-launched.htm |website=Navy Daily |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=27 July 2020 |date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727105823/https://news.navy.gov.au/en/Jun2017/Events/3794/Joint-Service-Police-Group-launched.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, after the release of the [[Defence Strategic Review (DSR)]] and a recommendation to consolidate the ADF's guided weapons and explosive ordnance (GWEO) across the services, leading to the creation of the Guided Weapons and Explosive Ordnance Group (GWEOG), and the appointment of Air Marshal Leon Phillips, OAM as its head. This moved the responsibility of acquisition and sustainment of the ADF's explosive materiel from CASG to the newly formed GWEOG.

===Royal Australian Navy===
{{Main|Royal Australian Navy}}
The Royal Australian Navy is the [[navy|naval branch]] of the Australian Defence Force. The RAN operates just under 50 [[Ship commissioning|commissioned warships]], including [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[patrol boat]]s and auxiliary ships, as well as a number of non-commissioned vessels. In addition, the RAN maintains a force of combat, logistics and training helicopters.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fleet|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/fleet|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220222249/http://www.navy.gov.au/fleet|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are two parts to the RAN's structure. One is an operational command, [[Fleet Command (Australia)|Fleet Command]], and the other is a support command, [[Navy Strategic Command]].{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|pp=9–11}} The Navy's assets are administered by five "forces" which report to the [[Commander Australian Fleet]]. These are the [[Fleet Air Arm (RAN)|Fleet Air Arm]], the Mine Warfare, Clearance Diving, Hydrographic, Meteorological and Patrol Force, Shore Force, [[Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service|Submarine Force]] and Surface Force.{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|p=13}}

===Australian Army===
[[File:Australia Army organization from 2023.png|thumb|alt=Organisation chart depicting the Australian Army's organisation using military unit symbols and the names of the units|Australian Army organisation 2023]]
{{Main|Australian Army}}
The Army is organised into three main elements which report to the Chief of Army; the Headquarters of the [[1st Division (Australia)|1st Division]], [[Special Operations Command (Australia)|Special Operations Command]] and [[Forces Command (Australia)|Forces Command]].<ref name="Army orbat Dec 2017">{{cite web|title=Army Order of Battle|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-order-of-battle|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103814/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-order-of-battle|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, approximately 85% of Army personnel were in units assigned to Forces Command, which is responsible for preparing units and individuals for operations. Headquarters 1st Division is responsible for high-level training activities and is capable of being deployed to command large scale ground operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Units|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208085752/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units|url-status=live}}</ref> Only a small number of units are permanently assigned to the 1st Division; these include the [[2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] which forms the pre-landing force for the Australian Amphibious Force, a signals regiment and three training and personnel support units.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doran|first1=Mark|title=Amphibious Display|url=http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=154755#folio=12|work=Army|publisher=Department of Defence|page=12|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170201/http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=154755#folio=12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Army orbat Dec 2017" />

The Australian Army's main combat forces are grouped in brigades. Its main conventional forces are three regular combat brigades which are organised on a common structure; the [[1st Brigade (Australia)|1st]], [[3rd Brigade (Australia)|3rd]] and [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7th Brigades]].{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=9, 16}} Support for the units in these formations is provided by an aviation brigade ([[16th Aviation Brigade (Australia)|16th Aviation Brigade]]), a combat support and [[ISTAR]] brigade ([[6th Brigade (Australia)|6th Brigade]]) and a logistics brigade (the [[17th Sustainment Brigade (Australia)|17th Sustainment Brigade]]).{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=25–30}} Under a restructure of the Army's health capability, a new health brigade, designated the 2nd Health Brigade, will be raised in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defence.gov.au/service/boost-army-health |title=A boost for Army health |author=Bickerstaff, Fiona |date=19 November 2021 |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> In addition, there are six Army Reserve brigades; these brigades are administered by the [[2nd Division (Australia)|2nd Division]] and "paired" with the three regular combat brigades.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=35–36}} The Army's main tactical formations are [[combined arms]] [[battlegroup (army)|battlegroups]] made up of elements drawn from different units.{{sfn|Davies|2010|p=3}}{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|p=12}}

The Special Operations Command commands the Army's special forces units. It comprises the [[Australian Special Air Service Regiment|Special Air Service Regiment]], the [[2nd Commando Regiment (Australia)|2nd Commando Regiment]], the reserve [[1st Commando Regiment (Australia)|1st Commando Regiment]] and the [[Special Operations Engineer Regiment (Australia)|Special Operations Engineer Regiment]] as well as logistics and training units.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|p=32}} The Army's special forces units have been expanded since 2001 and are well equipped and capable of being deployed by sea, air or land.{{sfn|Davies|2010|p=6}} As of 2014, Special Operations Command comprised approximately 2,200 personnel.{{sfn|Davies|Jennings|Schreer|2014|p=13}}

===Royal Australian Air Force===
{{Main|Royal Australian Air Force}}
The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the air power branch of the ADF. The RAAF has modern [[Military aircraft|combat]] and [[Cargo aircraft|transport aircraft]] and a network of bases in strategic locations across Australia.{{sfn|Pittaway|2014|pp=76–80}}

The RAAF has a single operational command, [[RAAF Air Command|Air Command]].{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|p=26}} Air Command is the operational arm of the RAAF and consists of [[Air Combat Group RAAF|Air Combat Group]], [[Air Mobility Group RAAF|Air Mobility Group]], [[Surveillance and Response Group RAAF|Surveillance and Response Group]], [[Combat Support Group RAAF|Combat Support Group]], [[Aerospace Operational Support Group RAAF|Air Warfare Centre]] and [[Air Force Training Group RAAF|Air Force Training Group]].{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|p=40}} Each group consists of several [[Wing (air force unit)|wings]].{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|pp=44–45}}

The RAAF has [[List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons|nineteen flying squadrons]]; five combat squadrons, two maritime patrol squadrons, six transport squadrons, six training squadrons (including three [[Operational Conversion Unit]]s and a forward air control training squadron) as well as one [[Airborne Early Warning & Control]] squadron and a [[Joint Terminal Attack Controller]] squadron. The ground units supporting these flying squadrons include three expeditionary combat support squadrons, three [[Airfield Defence Guards|security force squadrons]] and a range of intelligence, air traffic control, communications, radar and medical units.{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Wilson|Pittaway|2017|p=15}}

==Logistic support ==
[[File:CHC Helicopter S-76 helicopter during Exercise Pitch Black in August 2016.jpg|thumb|alt=A helicopter painted red and white flying with two people wearing military uniforms hanging from a rope attached to the helicopter|[[CHC Helicopter]]s has been contracted to provide search and rescue and crash response services to all three branches of the ADF<ref>{{cite news|title=CHC secures Navy SAR contract|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/05/chc-secures-royal-australian-navy-contract/|access-date=26 January 2018|work=Australian Aviation|date=8 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514143743/http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/05/chc-secures-royal-australian-navy-contract/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
{{see also|Defence industry of Australia}}
The ADF's [[military logistics|logistics]] are managed by the Department of Defence's Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group (CASG). The CASG was established in 2015 from the previously semi-independent [[Defence Materiel Organisation]].<ref>{{cite news|title=DMO, CDG to be abolished under First Principles review|url=http://adbr.com.au/dmo-cdg-to-be-abolished-under-first-principles-review/|access-date=2 January 2017|work=Australian Defence Business Review|date=1 April 2015|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102174529/http://adbr.com.au/dmo-cdg-to-be-abolished-under-first-principles-review/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Towell|first1=Noel|title=Defence's executive clear-out after Defence Materiel Organisation abolished|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/public-service/defences-executive-clearout-after-defence-materiel-organisation-abolished-20150806-gitnkb.html|access-date=2 January 2017|work=The Canberra Times|date=10 August 2015|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228214842/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/public-service/defences-executive-clearout-after-defence-materiel-organisation-abolished-20150806-gitnkb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> CASG is responsible for the acquisition of all materiel (except guided weapons and explosive ordnance) and services used by the ADF and maintaining this equipment throughout its life of type.<ref>{{cite web|title=About CASG|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/casg/AboutCASG/|website=Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206042827/http://www.defence.gov.au/casg/AboutCASG/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Thomson|first1=Mark|title=The demise of the Defence Materiel Organisation|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-demise-of-the-defence-materiel-organisation/|website=The Strategist|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|access-date=2 January 2017|date=17 April 2015|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002441/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-demise-of-the-defence-materiel-organisation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

CASG is not directly responsible for supplying deployed ADF units; this is the responsibility of the [[Joint Logistics Command]] (JLC) and the single service logistic units,<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Logistics Command|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/jlc/|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223091951/http://www.defence.gov.au/JLC/|url-status=live}}</ref> instead CASG has responsibility for the supply and transport of materiel from manufacturers to supply depots. These units include the Navy's Strategic Command and replenishment ships, the Army's 17th Sustainment Brigade and Combat Service Support Battalions, and the [[Combat Support Group RAAF]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=273}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy Strategic Command|url=http://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea5_lfz99_120.&organizationalUnit&eef17f11-b887-4f65-be14-546d46176913|website=directory.gov.au|publisher=Department of Finance|access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103093821/http://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea5_lfz99_120.&organizationalUnit&eef17f11-b887-4f65-be14-546d46176913|archive-date=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ADF maintains stockpiles of ammunition, fuel and other supplies. Since the late 1990s, ammunition for the three services has been stored in a network of facilities managed by the JLC.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2017|p=1}} The creation of a GWEO Group moved the responsibility of acquisition and sustainment of Explosive Materiel within the ADF from JLC and CASG to itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guided Weapons and Explosive Ordnance Enterprise {{!}} Business & Industry {{!}} Defence |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/business-industry/industry-capability-programs/guided-weapons-explosive-ordnance-enterprise |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=defence.gov.au}}</ref> The ADF also holds several months' worth of fuel for the Navy's vessels and several weeks' worth for aircraft and vehicles. A number of defence analysts have raised concerns over the adequacy of the fuel stockpile, especially as Australia is largely dependent on imports which could be disrupted in the event of war.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tillett|first1=Andrew|title=Defence experts call for boost to fuel reserves over fears of shortages|url=http://www.afr.com/news/defence-experts-call-for-boost-to-fuel-reserves-over-fears-of-shortages-20180104-h0df4n|access-date=6 January 2018|work=Australian Financial Review|date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071319/http://www.afr.com/news/defence-experts-call-for-boost-to-fuel-reserves-over-fears-of-shortages-20180104-h0df4n|archive-date=6 January 2018}}</ref>

The increasing role of the [[private sector]] forms an important trend in the ADF's logistics arrangements. During the 1990s many of the ADF's support functions were transferred to the private sector to improve the efficiency with which they were provided. Since these reforms most of the "garrison" support services at military bases have been provided by [[Private military company|private firms]]. The reforms also led to many of the ADF's logistics units being disbanded or reduced in size.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=265–279}} Since this time private firms have increasingly been contracted to provide critical support to ADF units deployed outside Australia. This support has included transporting equipment and personnel and constructing and supplying bases.{{sfn|Thomson|2005a|pp=30–32}}

==Military intelligence and surveillance==
The Australian Defence Force's [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] collection and analysis capabilities include each of the services' intelligence systems and units, two joint civilian-military [[List of intelligence gathering disciplines|intelligence gathering]] agencies and two strategic and operational-level [[intelligence analysis]] organisations.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=150}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Australian Intelligence Community|url=https://www.igis.gov.au/australian-intelligence-community|publisher=Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020420/https://www.igis.gov.au/australian-intelligence-community|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:A9-757 Lockheed AP-3C Orion RAAF (9687341571).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A grey, four engined aircraft viewed from below while it is in flight|A Royal Australian Air Force AP-3C Orion aircraft. These aircraft are fitted with advanced signals intelligence and electronic signals intelligence equipment.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=McLaughlin|first=Andrew|title=Quiet Achievers. RAAF Orions on patrol|magazine=Australian Aviation|date=December 2007|issue= 245|pages=41–42|publisher=Phantom Media|location=Canberra|issn=0813-0876}}</ref>]]

Each of the three services has its own intelligence collection assets.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=150}} RAN doctrine stresses the importance of collecting a wide range of information and combining it to inform decisions. It also notes that the [[Collins-class submarine|''Collins''-class submarines]] are particularly effective sources of "acoustic, electromagnetic and environmental information".{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|pp=19, 165}} The Army's intelligence and surveillance units include the [[1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia)|1st Intelligence Battalion]], [[7th Signal Regiment (Australia)|7th Signal Regiment (Electronic Warfare)]], [[20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery|20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment]], three [[Regional Force Surveillance Units]] and the [[Australian Special Air Service Regiment|Special Air Service Regiment]].{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=8–9, 27}} The RAAF monitors the airspace of Australia and neighbouring countries using the [[Vigilare]] system, which combines input from the service's [[Jindalee Operational Radar Network]], other ADF air defence radars (including airborne and naval systems) and civilian air traffic control radars.{{sfn|Pittaway|2014|p=76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Kerr|first=Julian|title=Vigilare up and running|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/vigilare-up-and-running/story-e6frg8yo-1225940235791|access-date=5 April 2014|newspaper=The Australian|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> The RAAF's other intelligence assets include [[No. 87 Squadron RAAF|No. 87 Squadron]] and the [[Lockheed AP-3C Orion|AP-3C Orion]] aircraft operated by [[No. 92 Wing RAAF|No. 92 Wing]].{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=31–35}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Warfare Centre|date=3 November 2017|url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/structure/air-command-headquarters/air-warfare-centre|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143208/https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/structure/air-command-headquarters/air-warfare-centre|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[C band (IEEE)|C band]] radar and a telescope located at [[Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt]] provide a space situational awareness capability, which includes tracking space assets and debris.{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2016|p=41}} Australia also provides personnel to the US [[Joint Space Operations Center]] in Colorado Springs which tracks and identifies any man-made object in orbit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/space/2015/04/14/us-certifies-canadian-jspoc-chief/25785147/|title=US Certifies Canadian JSpOC Chief|last=Mehta|first=Aaron|journal=Defense News|date=14 April 2015|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

The [[Defence Intelligence and Security Group|Defence Strategic Policy and Intelligence Group]] within the Department of Defence supports the services and co-operates with the civilian agencies within the [[List of Australian intelligence agencies|Australian Intelligence Community]]. This Group consists of the [[Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation]] (AGO), [[Australian Signals Directorate]] (ASD) and [[Defence Intelligence Organisation]] (DIO). The AGO is responsible for [[GEOINT|geospatial intelligence]] and producing maps for the ADF, the ASD, originally the Defence Signals Directorate, is Australia's [[signals intelligence]] agency, and the DIO is responsible for the analysis of intelligence collected by the other intelligence agencies. The three agencies are headquartered in Canberra, though the AGO has staff in [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] and the ASD maintains permanent signals collection facilities in other locations.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=125}}

The ASD also includes the [[Australian Intelligence Community#Australian Cyber Security Centre|Australian Cyber Security Centre]] (ACSC) which is responsible for protecting Defence and other Australian Government agencies against [[cyberwarfare]] attacks. The ACSC was established in January 2010 and is jointly staffed by the ASD and personnel from the [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]], [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]], and [[Australian Federal Police]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Defence Signals Directorate |title=Cyber Security Operations Centre |url=http://www.dsd.gov.au/_lib/pdf_doc/csoc_brochure.pdf |publisher=Defence Signals Directorate |access-date=9 October 2010 |page=5 |date=January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219185940/http://www.dsd.gov.au/_lib/pdf_doc/csoc_brochure.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Berkovic |first=Nicola|title=Defence on a cyber war footing|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/defence-on-a-cyber-war-footing/story-e6frg6nf-1225820171172|access-date=9 October 2010|newspaper=The Australian|date=16 January 2010}}</ref> Unlike the United States military, the ADF does not class cyberwarfare as being a separate sphere of warfare.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Dylan|title=Cyber soldiers|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/cyber-soldiers-20101008-16c7e.html|access-date=26 January 2018|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=9 October 2010|archive-date=13 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013074112/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/cyber-soldiers-20101008-16c7e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017 an Information Warfare Division was raised, tasked with both defensive and offensive cyber operations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Austin|first=Greg|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/explaining-australias-sharp-turn-to-information-warfare/|title=Explaining Australia's Sharp Turn to Information Warfare|work=The Diplomat|date=8 July 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709205400/http://thediplomat.com/2017/07/explaining-australias-sharp-turn-to-information-warfare/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/jcg/iwd.asp|title=Information Warfare Division|work=Joint Capabilities Group|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822100540/http://www.defence.gov.au/jcg/iwd.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McGhee|first=Ashlynne|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/cyber-warfare-unit-to-be-launched-by-australian-defence-forces/8665230|title=Cyber warfare unit set to be launched by Australian Defence Forces|work=ABC News|date=30 June 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710163827/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/cyber-warfare-unit-to-be-launched-by-australian-defence-forces/8665230|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) has been involved in ADF operations since the Vietnam War including East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan.<ref name="ASIS speech">{{cite speech|title=ASIS at 60|author=Director-General Nick Warner|date=19 July 2012|location=Canberra|url=http://www.asis.gov.au/about-us/speech.html|institution=Lowy Institute for International Policy|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002438/http://www.asis.gov.au/about-us/speech.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  In 2012, the Director-General of ASIS stated that the service's agents had saved the lives of Australian soldiers, enabled special forces operations and that "it's difficult to see a situation in the future where the ADF would deploy without ASIS alongside".<ref name="ASIS speech" /> It has been reported that one of the Special Air Service Regiment's [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]] works with ASIS and has undertaken independent covert intelligence-collection operations outside Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Epstein|first1=Rafael|last2=Welch|first2=Dylan|title=Secret SAS teams hunt for terrorists|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/secret-sas-teams-hunt-for-terrorists-20120312-1uwhy.html|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=13 March 2012|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114054803/http://www.smh.com.au/national/secret-sas-teams-hunt-for-terrorists-20120312-1uwhy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personnel==
[[File:16th Air Defence Regiment soldiers posing with RBS-70 July 2011.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of eight people wearing camouflage uniforms posing with a rocket launcher. Several camouflaged trucks are visible in the background.|Personnel from the Army's [[16th Air Land Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery|16th Air Land Regiment]] with one of the unit's [[RBS 70]] systems]]
The Australian military has been an [[Volunteer military|all-volunteer force]] since [[Conscription in Australia|the abolition of conscription in 1972]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Conscription|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription|website=Encyclopedia|publisher=Australian War Memorial|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120159/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription|url-status=live}}</ref> Both men and women can enlist in the ADF, with women being able to apply for all roles. Only Australian citizens and permanent residents who are eligible for Australian citizenship can enlist. Recruits must be aged at least 17, and meet health, educational and aptitude standards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quick eligibility check|url=https://www.defencejobs.gov.au/joining/can-i-join/eligibility-check|website=Defence Jobs Australia|publisher=Manpower Services (Australia)|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061906/https://www.defencejobs.gov.au/joining/can-i-join/eligibility-check|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF is one of the few areas of the Australian Government to continue to have [[Mandatory retirement|compulsory retirement]] ages: permanent personnel must retire at 60 years of age and reservists at 65.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Australian Law Reform Commission|title=Recruitment and Employment Law|url=http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/2-recruitment-and-employment-law/compulsory-retirement|website=Grey Areas – Age Barriers to Work in Commonwealth Laws (DP 78)|publisher=Australian Law Reform Commission|access-date=31 December 2016|date=2012|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170721/http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/2-recruitment-and-employment-law/compulsory-retirement|url-status=live}}</ref> Both permanent and reserve personnel can work through flexible arrangements, including part-time hours or remotely from their duty station, subject to approval.{{sfn|Defence People Group|2017|p=20}} Discipline of defence personnel is guided by the ''Defence Force Discipline Act'' ''1982'', ultimately overseen by the [[Judge Advocate General (Australia)|Judge Advocate General]] of the ADF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/jag/ |title=About the Judge Advocate General |work=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] |date=4 September 2014 |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065637/http://www.defence.gov.au/jag/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Demographics of Australia|Australian demographic trends]] will put pressure on the ADF in the future.{{sfn|Henry|2005|p=19}} Excluding other factors, the ageing of the Australian population will result in smaller numbers of potential recruits entering the Australian [[labour market]] each year. Some predictions are that population ageing will result in slower economic growth and increased government expenditure on pensions and health programs. As a result of these trends, the ageing of Australia's population may worsen the ADF's manpower situation and may force the Government to reallocate some of the Defence budget.{{sfn|Henry|2005|pp=22–23}} Few young Australians consider joining the military and the ADF has to compete for recruits against private sector firms which are able to offer higher salaries.{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=280}}

===Personnel numbers===
As of the June 2023, the ADF comprised 57,346 permanent (full-time) and 32,049 active reserve (part-time) personnel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=Defence Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/about/accessing-information/annual-reports}}</ref> Compared to 56,172 permanent and 25,680 active reserve personnel ten years prior in June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Annual Report 2012-13 |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/about/accessing-information/annual-reports}}</ref> The Army is the largest service, followed by the RAAF and RAN. The ADO also employed 18,126 civilian [[Australian Public Service]] (APS) staff as at 30 June 2023.<ref name=":0" /> During the 2022–23 financial year 5,537 people enlisted in the ADF on a permanent basis and 6,397 left, representing a net loss of 860 personnel.<ref name=":0" /> 

The distribution of ADF personnel between the services and categories of service on 30 June 2023 was as follows:<ref name=":0" />

{| class=wikitable <!-- border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" -->
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|'''Service'''||'''Permanent'''||'''Active<br />Reserve'''||'''Total'''
|-
|Navy||align=right|14,745|| align="right" |4,607|| align="right" |'''19,352'''
|-
|Army||align=right|27,724|| align="right" |21,042|| align="right" |'''48,766'''
|-
|Air Force||align=right|14,877|| align="right" |6,400|| align="right" |'''21,277'''
|-
|'''Total'''||align=right|'''57,346'''|| align="right" |'''32,049'''|| align="right" |'''89,395'''
|}

[[File:Australian Defence Force permanent force personnel strengths 2002-03 to 2015-16.jpg|thumb|The average permanent strengths of the services between the 2002–03 and 2015–16 financial years{{sfn|Thomson|2016|p=61}}]]

The number of ADF personnel has changed over the last 20 years. During the 1990s the strength of the ADF was reduced from around 70,000 to 50,000 permanent personnel as a result of budget cuts and the outsourcing of some military functions. The ADF began to grow from 2000 after the defence white paper released that year called for an expansion to the military's strength, though the size of the military decreased between the 2003–04 to 2005–06 financial years due to problems with attracting further recruits. By 2009–10 the ADF was above its budgeted size, leading to reductions until 2014–15. The size of the ADF grew between the 2014–15 and 2016–17 financial years.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=64}} The ADF has not met its recruitment targets over the period since the 1995–96 financial year.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=65}}

In March 2022 Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that by 2040 the strength of the ADF would grow by around 30% to be almost 80,000 permanent personnel. The expansion is estimated to cost at least A$38 billion which includes increasing the number of APS personnel.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Prime Minister Scott Morrison |title=Defence workforce to grow above 100,000 |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/defence-workforce-grow-above-100000 |website=Prime Minister of Australia |date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hellyer |first1=Marcus |title=Where will Defence find 18,500 more people? |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/where-will-defence-find-18500-more-people/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=The Strategist |publisher=The Australian Strategic Policy Institute |date=17 March 2022}}</ref>

In June 2024, the government announced a new policy to grow the ADF as outlined in the ''National Defence Strategy'' released in April 2024.<ref name="ADFpermresidents">{{cite press release |author1=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |author2=Minister for Defence Personnel Matt Keogh |title=Australian Defence Force opens recruitment to non-Australian citizens |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2024-06-04/australian-defence-force-opens-recruitment-non-australian-citizens |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |title=2024 National Defence Strategy |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2024-04-17/2024-national-defence-strategy |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=17 April 2024}}</ref> Under the policy, [[Australian permanent resident|permanent residents]] who have lived in Australia for 12 months from countries in the [[Five Eyes]] alliance will become eligible to join the ADF.<ref name="ADFpermresidents"/><ref name="ABCpermresidents">{{cite news |last1=Manfield |first1=Evelyn |last2=Lowrey |first2=Tom|title=Australian Defence Force recruitment to be opened to foreign citizens, causes government confusion |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-06-04/foreign-citizen-australian-defence-force-recruitment-opened/103931146 |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=4 June 2024}}</ref> From July 2024, [[New Zealand]] permanent residents will be eligible to join the ADF.<ref name="ADFpermresidents"/> From January 2025, permanent residents from the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]] and [[Canada]] will be eligible to join the ADF.<ref name="ADFpermresidents"/> Once the person has served 90 days in the ADF they will become eligible for Australian citizenship and would be expected to apply.<ref name="ABCpermresidents"/>

The ADF is small compared to [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|many other national militaries]]. Both the number of personnel in the ADF and the share of the Australian population this represents is smaller than that in many countries in Australia's immediate region. Several [[NATO]] member countries, including France and the United States, also have a higher share of their population in the military.{{sfn|Thomson|2005|pp=4–5}} This is a continuation of long-term trends, as outside of major wars Australia has always had a relatively small military. The size of the force is a result of Australia's relatively small population and the military being structured around a maritime strategy focused on the RAN and RAAF rather than a manpower-intensive army.{{sfn|Thomson|2005|p=5}}{{sfn|Australian Government|2014|p=33}}

===Reserves===

Each of the branches of the ADF has a reserve component. These forces are the [[Royal Australian Naval Reserve]], [[Australian Army Reserve]] and [[Royal Australian Air Force Reserve]].{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=11}} The main role of the reserves is to supplement the permanent elements of the ADF during deployments and crises, including [[natural disaster]]s. This can include attaching individual reservists to regular units or deploying units composed entirely of reserve personnel.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=29}} As reservists serve on a part-time basis, they are less costly to the government than permanent members of the ADF, but the nature of their service can mean that reservists have a lower level of readiness than regular personnel and require further training before they can be deployed.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=30}} It has historically proven difficult to set a level of training requirements which allows reservists to be rapidly deployable yet does not act as a disincentive to recruitment and continued participation.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=46}} Successive governments since the 1960s have also been reluctant to use the "call out" powers to require reservists to undertake active service.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Hugh|title=A 'total force' at last? Change in the Defence workforce|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-total-force-at-last-change-in-the-defence-workforce/|website=The Strategist|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|access-date=7 January 2018|date=5 December 2013|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062359/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-total-force-at-last-change-in-the-defence-workforce/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:5-6 RVR ANZAC Day 2008.JPG|thumb|left|Members of the Army Reserve [[5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment]] marching through Melbourne on [[Anzac day]] 2006]]

There are two main categories of reserve personnel; those in the active reserve and those in the standby reserve.<ref name="Year_Book_Aust_2009-10_people">{{cite web |author=Australian Bureau of Statistics |year=2010 |title=People |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6D4CD661FDBA3226CA25773700169C59?opendocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312161143/http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6D4CD661FDBA3226CA25773700169C59?opendocument |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=18 July 2010 |work=Year Book Australia, 2009–10 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |location=Canberra}}</ref> Members of the active reserve have an annual minimum training obligation.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=31}} Reservists can volunteer to undertake more than the minimum periods of training and active service.{{sfn|Defence People Group|2017|p=6}} Members of the standby reserve are not required to undertake training, and would only be called up in response to a national emergency or to fill a specialised position. Most standby reservists are former full-time members of the ADF.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=58}}{{sfn|Defence People Group|2017|p=11}}

While Australian Naval Reserve personnel are assigned to permanent units, most members of the Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve are members of reserve units. Most of the RAAF's reserve units are not intended to be deployed, and reserve personnel are generally attached to regular air force units during their periods of active service.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|pp=36, 61, 65, 76}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Force Reserves|date=3 November 2017|url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/our-people/careers/reserves|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084046/https://www.airforce.gov.au/our-people/careers/reserves|url-status=live}}</ref> The Army Reserve is organised into permanent combat and support units, though most are currently manned at levels well below their authorised strengths and are not capable of deploying as formed units.{{sfn|Smith|2014|pp=42–43}}

The ADF's increased activities since 1999 and shortfalls in recruiting permanent personnel has led to reservists being more frequently called to active service.{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=280}} This has included large scale domestic deployments, which have included providing security for major events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and responding to natural disasters. Large numbers of reserve personnel have also been deployed as part of ADF operations in Australia's region; this has included the deployment of Army Reserve [[Company (military unit)|rifle companies]] to East Timor and the Solomon Islands. Smaller numbers of reservists have taken part in operations in locations distant from Australia.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2009|p=90}} Notably, companies of the Army Reserve 1st Commando Regiment were regularly deployed to Afghanistan as part of the Special Operations Task Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Commando Regiment|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/1st-commando-regiment|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103353/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/1st-commando-regiment|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Training===
[[File:ADFA Aerial.jpg|thumb|The Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra]]
Individual training of Australian servicemen and women is generally provided by the services in their own training institutions. Each service has its own training organisation to manage this individual training. Where possible, however, individual training is increasingly being provided through tri-service schools.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=281}}

Military academies include {{HMAS|Creswell}} for the Navy, [[Royal Military College, Duntroon]], for the Army, and the [[Officers' Training School RAAF|Officers' Training School]] for the Air Force. The [[Australian Defence Force Academy]] is a tri-service university for officer cadets of all services who wish to attain a university degree through the ADF. Navy recruit training is conducted at {{HMAS|Cerberus|naval base|6}}, Army recruits are trained at the [[Army Recruit Training Centre]] and Air Force recruits at [[RAAF Base Wagga]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=294–301}}

===Women in the ADF===
{{Main|Women in the Australian military}}
Women first served in the Australian military during World War II when each service established a separate female branch. The RAAF was the first service to fully integrate women into operational units, doing so in 1977, with the Army and RAN following in 1979 and 1985 respectively.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=321–324}} The ADF initially struggled to integrate women, with integration being driven by changing Australian social values and Government legislation rather than a change in attitudes within the male-dominated military.{{sfn|Beaumont|2001|p=357}}
[[File:Able Seaman Maritime Logistics-Support Operations Codie-Lee Reid on HMAS Canberra at RIMPAC 2016.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A woman wearing a camouflaged military uniform on the deck of a ship|A female sailor assigned to HMAS ''Canberra'' in 2016]]

The number of positions available to women in the ADF has increased over time. Although servicewomen were initially barred from combat positions, these restrictions began to be lifted in 1990.{{sfn|Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Group|2000}} In September 2011 Minister for Defence Stephen Smith announced that the Cabinet had decided to remove all restrictions on women serving in combat positions, and that this change would come into effect within five years. This decision was supported by the CDF and the chiefs of the services.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Jeremy|title=Women cleared to serve in combat|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-27/women-on-the-frontline/2946258|date=27 September 2011|access-date=27 September 2011|newspaper=ABC News|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222526/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-27/women-on-the-frontline/2946258|url-status=live}}</ref> Serving women became able to apply for all positions on 1 January 2013 except special forces roles in the Army which became open to women in January 2014.<ref name="Lifting of gender restrictions">{{cite press release|title=Lifting of gender restrictions in the Australian Defence Force|url=http://news.defence.gov.au/2013/02/01/lifting-of-gender-restrictions-in-the-australian-defence-force/|publisher=Department of Defence|date=1 February 2013|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324001506/http://news.defence.gov.au/2013/02/01/lifting-of-gender-restrictions-in-the-australian-defence-force/|archive-date=24 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Johnston2014">{{cite speech |author1=Minister for Defence, Senator David Johnston |title=Minister for Defence – Opening address - Defence Women in Peace and Security Conference |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/david-johnston/speeches/minister-defence-opening-address-defence-women-peace-and-security |event=2014 Defence Women in Peace and Security Conference |access-date=15 March 2021 |date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424214941/https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/david-johnston/speeches/minister-defence-opening-address-defence-women-peace-and-security |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2016, civilian women became able to be directly recruited to all positions.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Landmark moment for women in the ADF |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/news-centre/office-women/landmark-moment-women-adf |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=15 March 2021 |date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314153441/https://pmc.gov.au/news-centre/office-women/landmark-moment-women-adf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the expansion in the number of positions available to women and other changes which aim to encourage increased female recruitment and retention, the growth in the proportion of female permanent defence personnel has been slow.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=80}} In the 1989–1990 financial year women made up 11.4% of the ADF personnel. In the 2008–2009 financial year women occupied 13.5% of ADF positions. During the same period the proportion of civilian positions filled by women in the Australian Defence Organisation increased from 30.8% to 42.8%.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=79}} In 2017–2018, women made up 17.9% of the ADF's permanent force. The proportion of women in the permanent force differs by service: 14.3% of members of the Army are female, compared to 21.5% of the RAN and 22.1% for the RAAF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/annualreports/17-18/Downloads/WomenInTheADFReport2017-18.pdf|title=Women in the ADF Report 2017–18|publisher=Australian Government Department of Defence|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712043225/http://www.defence.gov.au/annualreports/17-18/Downloads/WomenInTheADFReport2017-18.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 the ADF adopted targets to increase the proportion of service personnel who are female by 2023: by this time it is planned that women will make up 25% of the RAN, 15% of the Army and 25% of the RAAF.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davidson|first1=Helen|title=Australian Defence Force creates targets to increase number of female recruits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/mar/24/australian-defence-force-creates-targets-to-increase-number-of-female-recruits|access-date=24 March 2015|work=The Guardian |date=24 March 2015|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324092310/http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/mar/24/australian-defence-force-creates-targets-to-increase-number-of-female-recruits|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Department of Defence|2016|pp=5–8}}

There continue to be concerns over the incidence of sexual abuse and gender-based discrimination in the ADF. In 2014 the [[Defence Abuse Response Taskforce]] estimated that around 1,100 currently-serving ADF personnel had abused other members of the military, and recommended that a [[royal commission]] be conducted to investigate long-running allegations of sexual abuse and assault of servicewomen at the Australian Defence Force Academy.<ref name="Government to seriously consider call for royal commission">{{cite news|last1=Wroe|first1=David|title=Defence abuse: Government to 'seriously' consider call for royal commission into abuse at the Australian Defence Force Academy|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/defence-abuse-government-to-seriously-consider-call-for-royal-commission-into-abuse-at-the-australian-defence-force-academy-20141126-11u1jq.html|access-date=5 December 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 November 2014|archive-date=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128184620/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/defence-abuse-government-to-seriously-consider-call-for-royal-commission-into-abuse-at-the-australian-defence-force-academy-20141126-11u1jq.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 Chief of Army General David Morrison publicly released a video in which he warned against gender-based discrimination, and stated that he would dismiss members of the Army who engaged in such conduct.<ref name="Morrison tells troops to respect women or get out">{{cite news|title=Chief of Army David Morrison tells troops to respect women or 'get out'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-14/chief-of-army-fires-broadside-at-army-over-email-allegations/4753208|access-date=5 December 2014|work=ABC News|date=14 June 2014|archive-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104021115/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-14/chief-of-army-fires-broadside-at-army-over-email-allegations/4753208|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ethnic and religious composition===
[[File:RAAF airman constructing a Joint Direct Attack Munition in February 2017.jpg|thumb|alt=A man wearing a blue T-shirt with a military logo working on a green bomb|A RAAF airman assembling a bomb]]
A high percentage of ADF personnel are drawn from the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] portion of Australia's population. In 2011 the proportion of ADF personnel born in Australia and the other predominately Anglo-Celtic countries was higher than this population group's share of both the Australian workforce and overall population.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|pp=77–79}} As a result, analyst Mark Thomson has argued that the ADF is unrepresentative of Australia's society in this regard and that recruiting more personnel from other ethnic backgrounds would improve the ADF's language skills and cultural empathy.{{sfn|Thomson|2009|pp=47–49}} In 2013, the ADF launched the ''Defence Diversity and Inclusion Strategy 2012-2017'' to recruit more volunteers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and to improve statistics collection.{{sfn|Defence People Group|2014|pp=18–19}}

On 30 June 2020, 3.2% of ADF permanent personnel and 2.6% of Reserves were [[Indigenous Australians]].{{sfn|Department of Defence|2020|p=107}} The ''[[Reconciliation Action Plan|Defence Reconciliation Action Plan 2019-2022]]'' aims to increase the number of Indigenous Australians the ADF recruits and to improve their retention rate, and has set a target of 5% Indigenous representation by 2025.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2020|p=105}} Restrictions on Indigenous Australians' ability to enlist in the military existed until the 1970s, though hundreds of Indigenous men and women had joined the military when restrictions were reduced during the world wars. By 1992 the representation of Indigenous Australians in the ADF was equivalent to their proportion of the Australian population, though they continue to be under-represented among the officer corps. Two of the Army's three Regional Force Surveillance Units ([[NORFORCE]] and the [[Far North Queensland Regiment|51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment]]) are manned mostly by Indigenous Australian reservists.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=3–5}} In 2015 Indigenous Australians made up around 2% of ADF personnel, which was smaller than the Indigenous share of the total Australian population.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|pp=78–79}}

In line with trends across the broader Australian population, the proportion of ADF personnel who are not religious has increased considerably over recent years. The proportion of ADF personnel who reported that their religion was Christianity in service censuses and human relations databases decreased from around 66% in 2003 to just over 52% in 2015. Over this period, the proportion who stated that they do not have a religious affiliation increased from 31% to 47%. Only 1% of ADF members reported having a non-Christian religious affiliation in 2015.{{sfn|Hoglin|2016|pp=20–23}} In 2023 it was reported that 80% of new ADF recruits did not have religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shepherd |first1=Tory |title=ADF has 108 evangelical chaplains with each representing just 15 members |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/30/adf-has-108-evangelical-chaplains-with-each-representing-just-15-members |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

===Sexuality and gender identity===
[[File:Australian Army Soldiers marching in the 2020 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour photo of men and women marching down a street while wearing green military uniforms|Soldiers marching in the 2020 [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]]. An official Defence contingent was permitted to begin marching in the parade during 2008, and its personnel have worn military uniforms since 2013.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://news.defence.gov.au/2015/03/07/largest-ever-defence-contingent-to-march-in-mardi-gras-parade/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315025356/http://news.defence.gov.au/2015/03/07/largest-ever-defence-contingent-to-march-in-mardi-gras-parade/|archive-date=15 March 2015|date=7 March 2015|publisher=Australian Government|author=Department of Defence|title=Largest ever Defence contingent to march in Mardi Gras parade}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Australian military}}
Australia allows gay men and lesbians to serve openly. Openly gay and lesbian personnel were banned from the ADF until November 1992 when the Australian Government decided to remove this prohibition. The heads of the services and most military personnel opposed this change at the time, and it caused considerable public debate.{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=275}}{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=264}} Opponents of lifting the ban on gay and lesbian personnel argued that doing so would greatly harm the ADF's cohesiveness and cause large numbers of resignations. This did not eventuate, and the reform caused few problems.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=264–265}} A 2000 study found that lifting the ban on gay service did not have any negative effects on the ADF's morale, effectiveness or recruitment and retention, and may have led to increased productivity and improved working environments.{{sfn|Belkin|McNichol|2000|pp=2–3}} Few members of the ADF [[Coming out|came out]] as lesbian, gay or bisexual until the late 1990s, however, and those who did were not always welcomed by their comrades.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|pp=36–38}}

ADF personnel in same-sex relationships experienced discriminatory treatment until the 2000s. This included Defence not recognising same-sex spouses, which prevented these couples from receiving the financial entitlements available to opposite-sex couples and could be a barrier to the spouse being treated as their partner's [[next of kin]].{{sfn|Riseman|2018|p=38}} The ADF officially recognised same-sex relationships in 2005, and since 1 January 2009 these couples [[Same-sex unions and military policy#Australia|have had the same access]] to military retirement pensions and superannuation as opposite-sex couples.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|p=41}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Defence law changes recognise same-sex couples|url=http://abc.gov.au/news/stories/2008/12/18/2450532.htm?site=news|access-date=5 September 2010|work=ABC News|date=18 December 2010|archive-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105154651/http://abc.gov.au/news/stories/2008/12/18/2450532.htm?site=news|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Transgender]] personnel have been permitted to serve in the ADF since 2010, and are provided with support when necessary.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|pp=42–43}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Farr|first=Malcolm|title=Army leader General David Morrison wants to defeat sexism|url=http://www.news.com.au/national-news/army-leader-general-david-morrison-wants-to-defeat-sexism-after/story-fncynjr2-1226663795362|access-date=16 June 2013|newspaper=News.com.au|date=14 June 2013|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615022637/http://www.news.com.au/national-news/army-leader-general-david-morrison-wants-to-defeat-sexism-after/story-fncynjr2-1226663795362|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the removal of restrictions on gay and lesbian personnel, harassment and discrimination continued to occur; for instance a 2013 survey found that 10% of gay soldiers had experienced discrimination and more than 30% hid their sexuality.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McPhedran|first1=Ian|title=Gay soldiers safe from harassment but hide sexuality, survey finds|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/gay-soldiers-safe-from-harassment-but-hide-sexuality-survey-finds/news-story/fd40b4ae74f3409ebe33a332675ff45f|access-date=1 January 2018|work=news.com.au|date=9 September 2013|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015172513/http://www.news.com.au/national/gay-soldiers-safe-from-harassment-but-hide-sexuality-survey-finds/news-story/fd40b4ae74f3409ebe33a332675ff45f|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF has actively encouraged the inclusion of LGBTI personnel since the mid-2010s, with its leadership highlighting the importance of the issue and the military justice system being strongly used to prevent harassment and discrimination. Defence Force Recruiting also encourages LGBTI people to enlist.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|pp=29, 43–44}} As of 2023, 4.8 percent of ADF personnel identified as members of the [[LGBT community|LGBTI+ community]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brewer |first1=Peter |title=ADFA cadets march into college, and in Sydney, Defence personnel join WorldPride week, Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8097648/cadets-march-into-college-serving-military-on-the-march-at-mardi-gras/?cs=14329 |access-date=25 February 2023 |work=The Canberra Times |date=24 February 2023 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Defence expenditure and procurement==
[[File:HMAS Hobart under construction April 2015.JPG|thumb|alt=Colour photograph of a large ship out of the water|The ''Hobart''-class destroyer {{HMAS|Hobart|DDG 39|6}} under construction in 2015]]

===Current expenditure===
{{See also|Australian federal budget}}
The Australian Government allocated {{AUD|34.7 billion}} to the Australian Defence Organisation in the 2017–18 financial year. This level of expenditure is equivalent to approximately 1.9% of Australian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 7.28% of total Australian Government expenditure. This was an increase in nominal terms from the {{AUD|32 billion}} allocated in the 2016–17 financial year which represented approximately 1.83% of GDP.{{sfn|Thomson|2016|pp=51–52}} In broad terms the Defence budget is divided into expenditure on personnel, operating costs and capital investment; in 2016–17 37% of expenditure was on personnel, 36% on operational costs and 27% on capital investments.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=42}} It is expected that by 2030 defence spending will account for 2.4% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lyons |first=Kate |date=2024-02-20 |title=Australian navy overhaul to double surface fleet and add 'optionally crewed' warships |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/feb/20/australian-navy-warship-surface-combatant-fleet-double-hunter-class-losv |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Australia's defence expenditure is much larger in dollar terms to that of most countries in Australia's immediate region.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=180}} The share of GDP Australia spends on defence is also larger than that in most developed economies and major South-East Asian countries.<ref name="SIPRI GDP 31 Dec 2016" /> China allocates approximately the same proportion of GDP to Defence as Australia does, and has been rapidly increasing its nominal expenditure.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|pp=174–175}} The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] has estimated that Australia's defence spending in 2017 was the 13th highest of any country in real terms.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2019/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2018|title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2018 &#124; SIPRI|website=www.sipri.org|date=April 2019|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308193539/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2019/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2018|url-status=live|last1=Wezeman|first1=Siemon T.|last2=Tian|first2=Nan|last3=Fleurant|first3=Aude|last4=Kuimova|first4=Alexandra|last5=Wezeman|first5=Pieter D.}}</ref> As a proportion of GDP Australia's defence spending ranks as 49th of the countries for which data is available.<ref name="SIPRI GDP 31 Dec 2016">{{cite web|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|website=Share of GDP table|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502184705/https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Long term procurement projects===

The 2016–17 budget forecasts that defence expenditure will increase to $42&nbsp;billion in 2020–21, which is estimated to represent 2.03% of GDP.{{sfn|Thomson|2016|pp=51–52}} This reflects a bipartisan commitment to increase defence expenditure to 2% of GDP.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=7}} The ''2016 Defence White Paper'' included a commitment to further increases in spending beyond this time, with nominal expenditure being projected to be around $58.8&nbsp;billion in 2020–25; the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] has estimated that this would represent about 2.16% of GDP.{{sfn|Thomson|2016|pp=139–140}}

The ''Integrated Investment Program'' that was released alongside the ''2016 Defence White Paper'' sets out the ADF's long term capital programs.{{sfn|Thomson|2016|p=141}} This document is the successor to the ''Defence Capability Plans'' which were regularly produced from 2000.<ref>Thomson (2011), p. vi</ref> The total value of the projects in the Integrated Investment Program over the period to 2025–26 is $162&nbsp;billion.{{sfn|Thomson|2016|p=141}}

==Equipment==
{{See also|List of active Royal Australian Navy ships|List of equipment of the Australian Army|Royal Australian Air Force#Equipment|l3=Current aircraft of the RAAF}}
[[File:HMAS Canberra arrives at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam for RIMPAC 2016.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A grey warship sailing near the shoreline.|''Canberra''-class landing helicopter dock {{HMAS|Canberra|LHD 02|6}}]]
The ADF seeks to be a high-technology force.{{sfn|Thomson|2005|pp=9–10}} Although most of the ADF's weapons are only used by single service, there is an increasing emphasis on commonality. The three services use the same [[small arms]] and the [[Browning Hi-Power|FN Herstal 35]] is the ADF's standard hand gun, the [[F88 Austeyr]] the standard rifle, the [[F89 Minimi]] the standard light support weapon, the [[FN MAG|FN Herstal MAG-58]] the standard light machine gun and the [[M2 Browning machine gun|Browning M2HB]] the standard heavy machine gun.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=39}}

The ADF is equipped with [[conventional weapon]]s only. Australia [[Australia and weapons of mass destruction|does not possess]] [[weapons of mass destruction]] and has ratified the [[Biological Weapons Convention]], [[Chemical Weapons Convention]] and [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=98–99}} The Australian Government is committed to encouraging [[nuclear disarmament]] internationally.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuclear Weapons |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/non-proliferation-disarmament-arms-control/nuclear-weapons |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> Australia is also a party to international agreements which prohibit [[land mine]]s and [[cluster munition]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mine action|url=http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/non-proliferation-disarmament-arms-control/conventional-weapons-missiles/mine-action/pages/mine-action.aspx|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107175100/http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/non-proliferation-disarmament-arms-control/conventional-weapons-missiles/mine-action/pages/mine-action.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2023}}, the Royal Australian Navy operated a large number of ships and submarines. The Navy's main surface combatants were eight [[Anzac-class frigate|''Anzac''-class]] frigates and three [[Hobart-class destroyer|''Hobart''-class destroyers]]. The RAN's submarine force had six ''Collins''-class submarines. There were ten [[Armidale-class patrol boat|''Armidale''-class]] and five [[Cape-class patrol boat|Cape-class]] patrol boats for border security and fisheries patrol duties in Australia's northern waters. The RAN's amphibious force comprises the two [[Canberra-class landing helicopter dock|''Canberra''-class]] landing helicopter docks and the dock landing ship {{HMAS|Choules|L100|6}}. The Navy's minesweeping force is equipped with four [[Huon-class minehunter|''Huon''-class]] minehunters. Two [[Supply-class replenishment oiler|''Supply''-class replenishment oilers]] support these combatants. The RAN also operated four survey vessels (the [[Leeuwin-class survey vessel|''Leeuwin'']] and [[Paluma-class survey motor launch|''Paluma'']] classes). Non-commissioned ships operated by the RAN include the sail training ship [[STS Young Endeavour|''Young Endeavour'']]. There were also four auxiliary ships operated by private companies on behalf of the RAN.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=231}} The Fleet Air Arm's helicopter force comprised 24 [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk|MH-60R Seahawk]] anti-submarine and 6 [[NHIndustries NH90|MRH 90]] transport helicopters and a training force equipped with 15 [[Eurocopter EC135|EC 135T2+]] helicopters.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=231}} The Navy also operated [[S-100 Camcopter]] and [[ScanEagle]] uncrewed aerial vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fleet Air Arm |url=https://www.navy.gov.au/fleet-air-arm |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The Australian Army is equipped with a wide range of equipment in order to be able to employ [[combined arms]] approaches in combat.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|p=4}} {{As of|2023}}, the Army's [[armoured fighting vehicle]] holdings included 59 [[M1A1 Abrams]] main battle tanks, 416 [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]] armoured personnel carriers, 221 [[ASLAV]] armoured reconnaissance vehicles and 25 [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxer]] combat reconnaissance vehicles. Approximately 950 [[Bushmaster PMV|Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles]] were in service and 1,000 [[Hawkei]] protected mobility vehicles were in service and on order. The Army's artillery holdings consisted of 48 155&nbsp;mm towed [[M777 howitzer]]s, 216 81&nbsp;mm mortars, [[RBS-70]] surface-to-air missiles and [[FGM-148 Javelin]] anti-tank missiles.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=230}} [[Australian Army Aviation]] operated several different models of helicopters. These included 22 [[Eurocopter Tiger]] armed reconnaissance helicopters, 14 [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47F Chinook]] and 41 MRH 90 transport helicopters. The Army also operated 15 [[AAI RQ-7 Shadow|RQ-7B Shadow 2000]] uncrewed aerial vehicles.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=230}} The Army's fleet of watercraft at this time included 15 [[LCM-8]] landing craft.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=230}}
[[File:RAAF (A35-009) Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II display at the 2019 Australian International Airshow (IMG 3022).jpg|thumb|An RAAF F-35A at the 2019 Australian International Airshow in Avalon, Victoria]]
The Royal Australian Air Force operates combat, maritime patrol, transport and training aircraft. As 2023 the combat aircraft force comprised 56 [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35A Lightning IIs]] with another 16 on order, 24 [[Super Hornet|F/A-18F Super Hornet]]s and 11 [[Boeing EA-18G Growler|EA-18G Growlers]] with another on order. The intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance force was equipped with 12 [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8 Poseidon]] maritime patrol aircraft with 2 more on order, 6 [[Boeing 737 AEW&C|E-7A Wedgetail]] AEW&C aircraft and 2 [[Lockheed AP-3C Orion|AP-3C Orions]]. The air transport force operated 12 [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J-30 Super Hercules]], 8 [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster IIIs]] and 10 [[Alenia C-27J Spartan|C-27J Spartans]]. A further 12 [[Beechcraft Super King Air|Super King Air 350s]] were used in both the transport and training roles. The RAAF also operated 3 [[Bombardier Challenger 600|Challenger]] and 2 [[Boeing 737]] aircraft as [[Royal Australian Air Force VIP aircraft|VIP transports]]. The RAAF had seven [[Airbus A330 MRTT|KC-30 Multi-Role Tanker Transports]]. The RAAF's training units were equipped with  49 [[Pilatus PC-21|PC-21s]] and 33 [[Hawker-Siddeley Hawk|Hawk 127s]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=231}} In October 2022 the RAAF received its first [[Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton|MQ-4C]] with a further 6 on order,<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Australian MQ-4C Triton surveillance and reconnaissance drone touches down |url=https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2022-news-aviation-aerospace/october/8746-first-australian-mq-4c-triton-surveillance-and-reconnaissance-drone-touches-down.html |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=www.airrecognition.com}}</ref> and plans to acquire 6 [[Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat|MQ-28 Ghost Bat]] [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|UCAV]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Insinna|first=Valerie|date=2 March 2021|title=Australia makes another order for Boeing's Loyal Wingman drones after a successful first flight|url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2021/03/02/australia-makes-another-order-for-boeing-made-loyal-wingman-drones-after-a-successful-first-flight/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=Defense News|language=en}}</ref>

==Bases==
[[File:HMAS Kuttabul, 2007 (03).JPG|thumb|alt=Colour photo of two grey-painted warships moored alongside wharfs. A large crane and several buildings are visible behind the ships.|''Adelaide'' class frigates {{HMAS|Newcastle|FFG 06|6}} and {{HMAS|Melbourne|FFG 05|6}} moored at Fleet Base East]]
{{Main|List of Australian military bases}}
The Australian Defence Force maintains 60 major bases and many other facilities across all the [[states and territories of Australia]]. These bases occupy millions of hectares of land, giving the ADO Australia's largest real estate portfolio. [[Defence Housing Australia]] manages around 19,000 residences occupied by members of the ADF.<ref name="Year_Book_Aust_2009-10_people" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Defence Housing Australia|title=Housing portfolio|url=https://www.dha.gov.au/annual-reports/2016-2017/dha-overview/housing-portfolio/|website=Defence Housing Australia Annual Report 2016–17|publisher=Defence Housing Australia|access-date=7 January 2018|date=2017|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313191302/https://www.dha.gov.au/annual-reports/2016-2017/dha-overview/housing-portfolio/|url-status=live}}</ref> While most of the Army's permanent force units are based in northern Australia, the majority of Navy and Air Force units are based near Sydney, [[Brisbane]] and [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. Few ADF bases are currently shared by different services.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|pp=16–35}} Small Army and RAAF units are also located at [[RMAF Base Butterworth|Royal Malaysian Air Force Base Butterworth]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=232}} The administrative headquarters of the ADF and the three services is located in [[Canberra]] alongside the main offices of the Department of Defence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defence|url=https://www.directory.gov.au/portfolios/defence/department-defence|website=directory.gov.au|date=25 May 2017|publisher=Department of Finance|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114205331/https://www.directory.gov.au/portfolios/defence/department-defence|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Royal Australian Navy has two main bases; [[Fleet Base East]] (HMAS ''Kuttabul'') in Sydney and [[Fleet Base West]] (HMAS ''Stirling'') near Perth. The Navy's operational headquarters, Fleet Headquarters, is located adjacent to Fleet Base East. The majority of the Navy's patrol boats are based at {{HMAS|Coonawarra}} in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Northern Territory, with the remaining patrol boats and the hydrographic fleet located at {{HMAS|Cairns|naval base|6}} in [[Cairns]]. The [[Fleet Air Arm (RAN)|Fleet Air Arm]] is based at {{HMAS|Albatross|air station|6}} near [[Nowra, New South Wales|Nowra]], New South Wales.{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|pp=195–203}}

The Australian Army's regular units are concentrated in a few bases, most of which are located in Australia's northern states. The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command, is located at [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]] in Sydney. Most elements of the Army's three regular brigades are based at [[Robertson Barracks]] near Darwin, [[Lavarack Barracks]] in [[Townsville]], Queensland, and [[Gallipoli Barracks]] in Brisbane. The 1st Division's Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks. Other important Army bases include the [[Oakey Army Aviation Centre|Army Aviation Centre]] near [[Oakey, Queensland|Oakey]], Queensland, [[Holsworthy Barracks]] near Sydney, [[Woodside Barracks]] near [[Adelaide, South Australia|Adelaide]], South Australia, and [[Campbell Barracks (Australia)|Campbell Barracks]] in Perth. Dozens of [[Australian Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] depots are located across Australia.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=52–54}}

The Royal Australian Air Force maintains several air bases, including three which are only occasionally activated. The RAAF's operational headquarters, [[RAAF Air Command|Air Command]], is located at [[RAAF Base Glenbrook]] near Sydney. The Air Force's combat aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Amberley]] near [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]], Queensland, [[RAAF Base Tindal]] near [[Katherine, Northern Territory|Katherine]], Northern Territory, and [[RAAF Base Williamtown]] near [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], New South Wales. The RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Edinburgh]] near Adelaide and most of its transport aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Richmond]] in Sydney. RAAF Base Edinburgh is also home to the control centre for the [[Jindalee Operational Radar Network]]. Most of the RAAF's training aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Pearce]] near Perth with the remaining aircraft located at [[RAAF Base East Sale]] near [[Sale, Victoria|Sale]], Victoria, and RAAF Base Williamtown. The RAAF also maintains a network of bases in northern Australia to support operations to Australia's north. These bases include [[RAAF Base Darwin]] and [[RAAF Base Townsville]] and three [[RAAF Bare Bases|'bare bases']] in [[Queensland]] and Western Australia.{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|pp=31, 44–45, 57}} Of the RAAF's operational bases, only Tindal is located near an area in which the service's aircraft might feasibly see combat. While this protects the majority of the RAAF's assets from air attack, most air bases are poorly defended and aircraft are generally hangared in un-hardened shelters.{{sfn|Peacock|von Rosenbach|2011|p=28}}

==Domestic responsibilities==
[[File:Australian Army truck being used in the flood clean-up.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of a large truck in front of a house|An Army truck being used to clean up damage caused by flooding in Brisbane during [[Operation Queensland Flood Assist]] in 2011]]
In addition to its military role, the ADF contributes to domestic security as well as disaster relief efforts in Australia and overseas. These functions are primarily the responsibility of civilian agencies, and the ADF's role in them requires specific justification and authorisation.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=178}}

Elements of the ADF are frequently [[Military aid to the civil power|called out]] to contribute to relief efforts following natural disasters in Australia or overseas. The ADF's role in these efforts is set out in Australia's emergency management plans. The ADF typically contributes specialist capabilities, such as engineers or transport, to support the civil authorities.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2014|pp=11–13, 39}} For major disasters, this can involve a large-scale deployment of personnel and assets. While the ADF has a commitment to assist relief efforts, several defence white papers have specified that this is a secondary responsibility to the force's focus on maintaining combat capabilities. As a result, requests for assistance have to be balanced against military priorities.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2014|pp=30–31}} No elements of the ADF are specifically tasked with or equipped for disaster relief efforts.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2014|p=39}}

The ADF can also be tasked with providing aid to civil authorities outside of natural disasters; for instance in response to [[industrial action]] or to assist civilian police maintain law and order. This rarely occurs, however, and most Australians consider the use of military personnel to break strikes or undertake law enforcement to be inappropriate.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ward|first1=Elizabeth|title=Call Out the Troops: an examination of the legal basis for Australian Defence Force involvement in 'non-defence' matters|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98rp08|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=1 January 2017|date=1997|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232155/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98rp08|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Sutton|2017|pp=42}} Due to the political sensitivities associated with strike breaking, the ADF conducts little planning or other preparations for this role and the ''Defence Act'' explicitly states that reservists may not be called out or deployed in response to industrial action.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=179}}
[[File:HMAS Albany 2010.jpg|thumb|alt=A grey warship underway. Land is visible in the background.|left|The Navy's ''Armidale'' class patrol boats ({{HMAS|Albany|ACPB 86|6}} pictured) are mainly used for border and fisheries patrol tasks<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seapower Centre – Australia|title=Welcome to the Armidale Class|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Semaphore_2006_4.pdf|website=Semaphore|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|access-date=8 January 2018|date=February 2006|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233417/http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Semaphore_2006_4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Over recent years, the ADF has been frequently committed to disaster relief. This has included deployments of large numbers of personnel to support fire fighting efforts during the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] and to assist state police and healthcare services during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The scale of these deployments and the disruption they have caused to military training has led to suggestions that either elements of the Army Reserve be dedicated to disaster relief or a separate civilian organisation be established to take on the duties the ADF is undertaking.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heanue |first1=Siobhan |title=Putting troops on the frontline of pandemics, natural disasters means less time to train for war |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-27/troops-on-pandemic-bushfire-frontline-cant-train-for-war/12593126 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=ABC News |date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117191624/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-27/troops-on-pandemic-bushfire-frontline-cant-train-for-war/12593126 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=RMIT ABC Fact Check |title=How is the Australian Defence Force assisting states during COVID-19? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-12/fact-check-defence-force-coronavirus-fact-file-hotel-quarantine/12522492?nw=0 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=ABC News |date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828143206/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-12/fact-check-defence-force-coronavirus-fact-file-hotel-quarantine/12522492?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ADF makes a significant contribution to Australia's domestic maritime security. ADF ships, aircraft and Regional Force Surveillance Units conduct patrols of northern Australia in conjunction with the [[Australian Border Force]] (ABF). This operation, which is code-named [[Operation Resolute]], is commanded by the [[Maritime Border Command (Australia)|Maritime Border Command]] which is jointly manned by members of the ADF and ABF. This operation involves a considerable proportion of the ADF's assets, with the forces assigned typically including two major naval vessels, multiple patrol boats, Regional Force Surveillance Unit patrols and AP-3 Orion aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Resolute|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Operations/BorderProtection/default.asp|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113191911/http://defence.gov.au/Operations/BorderProtection/default.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF also often contributes to [[search and rescue]] efforts coordinated by the [[Australian Maritime Safety Authority]] and other civilian agencies.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=178}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Search and rescue arrangements in Australia|url=https://www.amsa.gov.au/safety-navigation/search-and-rescue/search-and-rescue-arrangements-australia|publisher=Australian Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117132735/https://www.amsa.gov.au/safety-navigation/search-and-rescue/search-and-rescue-arrangements-australia|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the ADF does not have a significant nation-building role, it provides assistance to remote [[Indigenous Australian]] communities through the [[Army Aboriginal Community Assistance Program]]. Under this program, which has been conducted since 1997, an [[Royal Australian Engineers|engineer squadron]] works with one community for several months each year to upgrade local infrastructure and provide training.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Indigenous Initiatives|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-indigenous-community/army-indigenous-initiatives|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135258/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-indigenous-community/army-indigenous-initiatives|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF also took part in the [[Northern Territory National Emergency Response|intervention in remote Northern Territory Indigenous communities]] between June 2007 and October 2008. During this operation more than 600 ADF personnel provided logistical support to the Northern Territory Emergency Response Task Force and helped conduct child health checks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Military to end role in NT intervention|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/military-to-end-role-in-nt-intervention-20081031-5f8i.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=31 October 2008|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082433/http://www.smh.com.au/national/military-to-end-role-in-nt-intervention-20081031-5f8i.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ADF shares responsibility for [[counter-terrorism]] with civilian law enforcement agencies. Under ''Australia's Counter-Terrorism Strategy'', the [[Law enforcement in Australia|state and territory police]] and emergency services have the primary responsibility for responding to any terrorist incidents on Australian territory. If a terrorist threat or the consequences of an incident are beyond the capacity of civilian authorities to resolve, the ADF may be called out to provide support following a request from the relevant state or territory government. The Commonwealth Government has responsibility for responding to offshore terrorist incidents.{{sfn|Council of Australian Governments|2015|p=17}} ADF liaison officers are posted to civilian law enforcement agencies, and the military offers specialised training to police counter-terrorism teams.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greene|first1=Andrew|title=Defence Force to take greater role in responding to domestic terrorism|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-17/defence-to-take-greater-role-in-domestic-terrorism-response/8713868|access-date=31 December 2017|work=ABC News|date=17 July 2017|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125122907/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-17/defence-to-take-greater-role-in-domestic-terrorism-response/8713868|url-status=live}}</ref> To meet its counter-terrorism responsibilities the ADF maintains two elite [[Tactical Assault Group (Australia)|Tactical Assault Groups]], the Special Operations Engineer Regiment as well as a company-sized high readiness group in each [[Australian Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] brigade and the [[1st Commando Regiment]]. ADF intelligence assets also work with other Australian Government and police agencies to counter foreign terrorist threats.{{sfn|Smith|Bergin|2006|p=7}}{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|p=72}} While these forces provide a substantial counter-terrorism capability, the ADF does not regard domestic security as being part of its "core business".{{sfn|Smith|Bergin|2006|p=13}}

==Foreign defence relations==
{{See also|Foreign relations of Australia}}
[[File:RAF RAAF USAF C-17s 2007.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of people wearing overalls standing together in front of three grey aircraft are visible in the background.|Australian, British and United States C-17 Globemasters and aircrew in Britain during 2007]]
The Australian Defence Force cooperates with militaries around the world. Australia's formal military agreements include the [[ANZUS|ANZUS Alliance]] with the United States, the Closer Defence Program with New Zealand, the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] with [[Malaysia]], Singapore, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and the [[ABCA Armies|ABCA Armies Standardisation Program]] with the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=97}}{{sfn|Blaxland|2014|p=12}} Australia has also established a partnership with NATO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relations with Australia|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/topics_48899.htm|publisher=NATO|access-date=7 January 2018|date=12 December 2017|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107175150/https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/topics_48899.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ADF activities under these agreements include participating in joint planning, intelligence sharing, personnel exchanges, equipment standardisation programs and joint exercises.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=117–120}} Australia is also a member of the [[UKUSA Agreement|UKUSA]] signals intelligence gathering agreement.{{sfn|Beaumont|2001|p=457}} Members of the ADF are posted to [[List of diplomatic missions of Australia|Australian diplomatic missions]] around the world as [[Military attaché|defence attachés]]; in 2016 the role of these officers was expanded to include promoting export sales for the Australian defence industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expanding the role of Australia's Defence Attaches to support Defence exports|url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/christopher-pyne/media-releases/expanding-role-australias-defence-attaches-support-defence|website=Media release|publisher=The Hon Christopher Pyne MP|access-date=16 March 2018|date=14 December 2016|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316152723/https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/christopher-pyne/media-releases/expanding-role-australias-defence-attaches-support-defence|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''2016 Defence White Paper'' stated that the Government will seek to further expand the ADF's international engagement.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=118–120}}

Singapore and the United States maintain military units in Australia. Two [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] pilot training squadrons with a total of 230 personnel are based in Australia.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=232}} The [[Singapore Armed Forces]] also uses the [[Shoalwater Bay|Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area]] in Queensland for large-scale exercises; under the terms of a bilateral agreement, these run for up to 18 weeks each year and involve as many as 14,000 Singaporean personnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Initiatives/ASMTI/Overview.asp|website=Australia-Singapore Military Training Initiative|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082351/http://www.defence.gov.au/Initiatives/ASMTI/Overview.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Philippines Soldiers and Australian Special Forces Soldier, clear a room during close quarters battle training in support of Balikatan 2017 at Fort Magsay in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija, May 12, 2017.jpg | thumb|left|alt=Colour photo of two soldiers armed with rifles inside a building|An Australian commando (at left) training with a Filipino soldier in 2017]]

The United States maintains intelligence and communications facilities in Australia which are staffed by 1,700 personnel. The intelligence facilities comprise the [[Pine Gap]] satellite tracking station near [[Alice Springs]] and Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt near [[Exmouth, Western Australia|Exmouth]], Western Australia.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=232}} Pine Gap is jointly operated by Australian and United States personnel and Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt has been an exclusively Australian-operated facility since 1999.{{sfn|Ball|Robinson|Tranter|2016|pp=53–54}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tranter|first1=Richard|title=Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt (North West Cape)|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/naval-communication-station-harold-e-holt-north-west-cape/|website=Australian Defence Facilities|publisher=Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=8 March 2011|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155416/https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/naval-communication-station-harold-e-holt-north-west-cape/|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2007 the Australian Government approved the construction of a new US communications installation at the Defence Signals Directorate [[Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station]] facility near [[Geraldton, Western Australia|Geraldton]], Western Australia, to provide a ground station for the US-led [[Wideband Global SATCOM|Wideband Global System]] which Australia is partly funding.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tranter|first1=Richard|title=Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station, Kojarena|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/australian-defence-satellite-communications-station-kojarena/|website=Australian Defence Facilities|publisher=Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=6 October 2014|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155422/https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/australian-defence-satellite-communications-station-kojarena/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stewart|first1=Cameron|title=WA spy station to target terror|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/wa-spy-station-to-target-terror/news-story/f3d2a722366a8def79b58e251f485293|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Australian|date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The [[United States Military]] also frequently uses Australian exercise areas and these facilities have been upgraded to support joint Australian-United States training.<ref>{{cite news |first=Craig |last=Skehan |author2=Wilkinson, Marian |author3=Murdoch, Lindsay |title=New bases for US forces in far north Australia |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295713.html?from=storylhs |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=9 July 2004 |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013072629/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295713.html?from=storylhs |url-status=live }}</ref>  In November 2011, the Australian and American Governments announced plans to base on rotational basis a [[United States Marine Corps]] [[Marine Air-Ground Task Force]] in the Northern Territory for training and exercise purposes and  increase rotations of [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) aircraft through northern Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Prime Minister |title=Australia-United States Force Posture Initiatives |url=http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/australia-united-states-force-posture-initiatives |website=Prime Minister |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122083953/http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/australia-united-states-force-posture-initiatives |archive-date=22 November 2011 |date=16 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Brendan|title=Elite northern unit gives US access in a crisis|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/obama-in-australia/elite-northern-unit-gives-us-access-in-a-crisis/story-fnb0o39u-1226197274548|access-date=20 November 2011|newspaper=The Australian|date=17 November 2011|archive-date=19 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119015951/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/obama-in-australia/elite-northern-unit-gives-us-access-in-a-crisis/story-fnb0o39u-1226197274548|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of this agreement, the [[Marine Rotational Force&nbsp;– Darwin]] has been deployed to Australia for six months each year since 2012. It is planned for this force to eventually comprise around 2,500 personnel with supporting aircraft and equipment.{{sfn|Joint Standing Committee on Treaties|2014|p=3}} The expanded rotations of USAF units to Australia began in early 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=USAF F-22s arrive in Australia for joint training exercises with the RAAF|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/02/usaf-f-22s-head-to-australia-for-joint-training-exercises-with-the-raaf/|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Australian Aviation|date=10 February 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212100/http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/02/usaf-f-22s-head-to-australia-for-joint-training-exercises-with-the-raaf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ADF provides assistance to militaries in Australia's region through the Defence Cooperation Program. Under this program the ADF provides assistance with training, infrastructure, equipment and logistics and participates in joint exercises with countries in South East Asia and Oceania. The Pacific Patrol Boat Program is the largest Defence Cooperation Program activity and supports 22 [[Pacific class patrol boat]]s operated by twelve South Pacific countries. Other important activities include supporting the development of the [[Timor Leste Defence Force]] and [[Papua New Guinea Defence Force]] and supplying watercraft to the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]].{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=111}} Australia also directly contributes to the defence of Pacific countries by periodically deploying warships and aircraft to patrol their territorial waters; this includes an annual deployment of RAAF AP-3 Orions to the region as part of a multi-national maritime surveillance operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Orion casts its net in fisheries op|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2011/11/orion-casts-its-net-in-fisheries-op/|access-date=5 December 2011|newspaper=Australian Aviation|date=24 November 2011|archive-date=8 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308211513/http://australianaviation.com.au/2011/11/orion-casts-its-net-in-fisheries-op/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Operation Kurukuru catches illegal ships|url=http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/9020--operation-kurukuru-catches-illegal-ships|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223105737/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/9020--operation-kurukuru-catches-illegal-ships|access-date=5 December 2011|newspaper=Solomon Star|date=16 November 2011|archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Under an informal agreement Australia is responsible for the defence of [[Nauru]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nauru|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru/|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213085812/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/nr.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the signing of the Japan-Australia Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement, the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and Australia, and the [[Reciprocal Access Agreement]] between Japan and Australia, the Australian Defence Force has been working closely with the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] on various joint operations, training exercises, and strategic initiatives. These agreements have significantly enhanced bilateral defence cooperation, improving interoperability, mutual support, and coordination in regional security matters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=日豪防衛協力・交流）|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121181812/http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/exchange/nikoku/pacific/australia/index.html |publisher=防衛省・自衛隊|accessdate=2015-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=日豪ＡＣＳＡ（日・豪物品役務相互提供協定）|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130127113417/http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/exchange/nikoku/pacific/australia/acsa.html |publisher=防衛省・自衛隊|accessdate=2015-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=日豪首脳「円滑化協定」に署名 安全保障や防衛面での協力拡大 |publisher=NHK NEWS WEB |date=2022-01-06 |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20220106/k10013418221000.html |accessdate=2022-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106092007/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20220106/k10013418221000.html |archivedate=2022-01-06}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of military equipment of Australia]]
*[[Defence Space Command]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works consulted ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Air Power Development Centre |title=Air Force Capability Guidebook |year=2016 |publisher=Air Power Development Centre |location=Canberra |oclc=950573401 |url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Air-Force-Capability-Guide |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103404/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Air-Force-Capability-Guide |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|author=Australian Army|title=The Australian Army: An Aide-Memoire|url=https://www.army.gov.au/sites/g/files/net1846/f/aide_memoire.pdf|publisher=Australian Army|location=Canberra|date=2014|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411114723/https://www.army.gov.au/sites/g/files/net1846/f/aide_memoire.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|author=Australian Government|title=Defence Issues Paper|date=2014|publisher=Department of Defence|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-9925662-0-3|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/WhitePaper/docs/DefenceIssuesPaper2014.pdf|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912070503/http://www.defence.gov.au/Whitepaper/docs/DefenceIssuesPaper2014.pdf|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|author=Australian National Audit Office|title=Emergency Defence Assistance to the Civil Community|date=2014|publisher=Australian National Audit Office|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-642-81437-1|url=https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/g/files/net616/f/AuditReport_2013-2014_24.pdf|access-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232326/https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/g/files/net616/f/AuditReport_2013-2014_24.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
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* {{cite web |author = Australian Parliamentary Library |url = http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/fad/women_armed.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062427/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/fad/women_armed.htm |title = Women in the Armed Forces: The Role of Women in the Australian Defence Force |publisher = Parliament of Australia |date = 22 December 2000 |access-date = 16 December 2006 |archive-date = 7 February 2012 }}
* {{cite web|last1=Ball|first1=Desmond|last2=Robinson|first2=Bill|last3=Tranter|first3=Richard|title=Australia's participation in the Pine Gap enterprise|url=http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Australias-Participation-in-the-Pine-Gap-Enterprise.pdf|publisher=Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=2016|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221023920/http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Australias-Participation-in-the-Pine-Gap-Enterprise.pdf|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite web |last1=Belkin |first1=Aaron |title=The Effects of Including Gay and Lesbian Soldiers in the Australian Defence Forces: Appraising the Evidence |url=http://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Australia_Final_Report.pdf |publisher=Palm Center |access-date=14 January 2018 |last2=McNichol |first2=Jason |year=2000 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184034/http://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Australia_Final_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Blaxland|first=John |title=The Australian Army from Whitlam to Howard |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Port Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=978-1-107-04365-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Bullard|first=Steven|title=In their Time of Need: Australia's Overseas Emergency Relief Operations 1918-2006|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|series=Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations|isbn=978-1-107-02634-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Chief of Navy|title=Australian Maritime Operations|date=2017|publisher=Sea Power Centre&nbsp;– Australia|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-9925004-1-2|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Australian_Maritime_Operations_2017.pdf|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155441/http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Australian_Maritime_Operations_2017.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Council of Australian Governments|title=Australia's Counter-Terrorism Strategy|date=2015|publisher=Attorney-General's Department|location=Canberra|isbn=978-1-925237-70-2|url=https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Media-and-publications/Publications/Documents/Australias-Counter-Terrorism-Strategy-2015.pdf|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313150730/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Media-and-publications/Publications/Documents/Australias-Counter-Terrorism-Strategy-2015.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Davies|first=Andrew|title=Army capability review 2010|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/army-capability-review-2010|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|date=2010|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103807/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/army-capability-review-2010|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Davies |first1 = Andrew |last2 = Jennings |first2 = Peter |last3 = Schreer |first3 = Benjamin |title = A Versatile Force: The Future of Australia's Special Operations Capability |year = 2014 |publisher = Australian Strategic Policy Institute |url = https://www.aspi.org.au/report/versatile-force-future-australias-special-operations-capability |location = Canberra |isbn = 978-1-921302-97-8 |access-date = 31 December 2017 |archive-date = 31 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103533/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/versatile-force-future-australias-special-operations-capability |url-status = live }}
* {{cite web|author=Defence People Group|title=ADF Total Workforce Model Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adf-totalworkforcemodel/Docs/FAQs-170314FINAL.pdf|publisher=Department of Defence|date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120151/https://www.defence.gov.au/adf-totalworkforcemodel/Docs/FAQs-170314FINAL.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |author1=Defence People Group |title=Defence Diversity and Inclusion Strategy 2012-2017 |date=June 2014 |publisher=Department of Defence |url=https://www.defencejobs.gov.au/-/media/DFR/Files/DefenceDiversityandInclusionStrategy.pdf |oclc=1052726534 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319160930/https://www.defencejobs.gov.au/-/media/DFR/Files/DefenceDiversityandInclusionStrategy.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Dennis|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Grey|editor2-first=Jeffrey|editor3-last=Morris|editor3-first=Ewan|editor4-last=Prior|editor4-first=Robin|editor5-last=Bou|editor5-first=Jean|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=South Melbourne|isbn=978-0-19-551784-2|edition=2nd|display-editors=1|ref=CITEREFDennis_et_al2008}}
* {{cite book |author = Department of Defence |title = Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030 |year = 2009 |publisher = Department of Defence |isbn = 978-0-642-29702-0 |url = http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/ |access-date = 2 December 2006 |archive-date = 1 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501041336/http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/ |url-status = live }}
* {{cite report|author=Department of Defence|title=Women in the ADF Report 2015–16|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/AnnualReports/15-16/Downloads/Women-in-ADF-Report-2015-16-online-only.pdf|publisher=Department of Defence|location=Canberra|date=2016|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172219/http://www.defence.gov.au/AnnualReports/15-16/Downloads/Women-in-ADF-Report-2015-16-online-only.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|author=Department of Defence|title=Explosive Ordnance Logistics Reform Program Project : Statement of Evidence to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Public_Works/EOLRPproject/Submissions|publisher=Parliament of Australia|date=2017|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061556/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Public_Works/EOLRPproject/Submissions|url-status=live}}
* {{cite report |author=Department of Defence |title=Defence Annual Report 2019-20 |date=2020 |publisher=Department of Defence |location=Canberra |isbn=978-1-925890-34-1 |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/annualreports/19-20/DAR_2019-20_Complete.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228035710/https://www.defence.gov.au/annualreports/19-20/DAR_2019-20_Complete.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author1=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] |title=Cabinet Handbook |date=2022 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |location=Canberra |isbn=9781925365139 |edition=15th |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/cabinet-handbook-15th-edn-august-2024.pdf |ref={{sfnref|PM&C|2022}} |access-date=18 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Peter|title=Defence White Papers at 40|date=2016|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|location=Canberra|isbn=978-1-925229-27-1|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/defence-white-papers-40|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073903/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/defence-white-papers-40|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|author=Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Group|title=Women in the armed forces: the role of women in the Australian Defence Force|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/womenarmed|website=Parliamentary Library|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=8 January 2018|date=2000|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233454/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/womenarmed|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Grey|first=Jeffrey |title = A Military History of Australia |year = 2008 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Port Melbourne |isbn = 978-0-521-69791-0 |edition = Third}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=Ken |year=2005 |title=Australia's Defence to 2045: The Macro-economic Outlook |journal=Defender |issue=Spring 2005 |pages=19–24}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hoglin|first1=Phillip|title=Religious Diversity and Secularism in the ADF|journal=Australian Defence Journal|date=2016|issue=199|pages=20–27|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_199/199_2016_Mar_Apr.pdf|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114074010/http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_199/199_2016_Mar_Apr.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Horner|first=David|title=Making the Australian Defence Force |series = The Australian Centenary History of Defence Volume IV |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Melbourne |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-19-554117-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Horner|first1=David|editor1-last=Huisken|editor1-first=Ron|editor2-last=Thatcher|editor2-first=Meredith|title=History as Policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australia's defence policy|date=2007|publisher=ANU E Press|location=Canberra|isbn=978-1-921313-56-1|pages=143–161|chapter=The Higher Command Structure for Joint ADF Operations|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/strategic-and-defence-studies-centre-sdsc/history-policy|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114130637/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/strategic-and-defence-studies-centre-sdsc/history-policy|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 2023|date=2023|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-85743-835-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jennings|first1=Peter|editor1-last=Ball|editor1-first=Desmond|editor2-last=Lee|editor2-first=Sheryn|editor1-link=Des Ball|title=Geography, Power, Strategy and Defence Policy: Essays in Honour of Paul Dibb|date=2016|publisher=ANU Press|location=Canberra|isbn=978-1-76046-014-3|chapter=The Politics and Practicalities of Designing Australia's Force Structure|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/geography-power-strategy-and-defence-policy|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107175003/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/geography-power-strategy-and-defence-policy|url-status=live}}
* {{cite report|author=Joint Standing Committee on Treaties|title=Report 145: Treaties tabled on 26 August and 2 September 2014|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Treaties/2_September_2014/Report_145|publisher=Parliament of Australia|date=2014|isbn=978-1-74366-240-3|author1-link=Joint Standing Committee on Treaties|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155444/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Treaties/2_September_2014/Report_145|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last = Khosa |first = Raspal |title = Australian Defence Almanac 2010–2011 |journal = Australian Defence Almanac |year = 2010 |publisher = Australian Strategic Policy Institute |issn = 1449-9355 |url = https://www.aspi.org.au/report/australian-defence-almanac-2010-2011 |location = Canberra |access-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120214/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/australian-defence-almanac-2010-2011 |url-status = live }}
* {{Cite book |last = Khosa |first = Raspal |title = Australian Defence Almanac 2011–2012 |year = 2011 |publisher = Australian Strategic Policy Institute |url = https://www.aspi.org.au/report/australian-defence-almanac-2011-2012 |location = Canberra |access-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174828/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/australian-defence-almanac-2011-2012 |url-status = live }}
* {{cite web |last1= McKeown |first1= Deirdre |last2= Jordan |first2= Roy |title=Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas |url= http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/pol/parliamentaryinvolvement.pdf |website=Background note |publisher=Department of Parliamentary Services |date=22 March 2010 |archive-date=21 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140621131801/http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/pol/parliamentaryinvolvement.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Brendan |author-link1=Brendan Nelson |title=The Role of Government and Parliament in the Decision to Go to War |journal=Papers on Parliament Lectures in the Senate Occasional Lecture Series, and Other Papers |date=July 2015 |issue=63 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/52_Sen/Publications_and_resources/Papers_and_research/Papers_on_Parliament/pop63/pop63.pdf |access-date=18 August 2024 |publisher=Department of the Senate, Parliament House |location=Canberra |issn=1031-976X}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Peacock|first1=Lindsay |last2 = von Rosenbach |first2 = Alexander |title = Jane's World Air Forces, Issue Thirty Four |journal = Jane's World Air Forces |year = 2011 |publisher = IHS Jane's |location = Coulsdon, UK |issn = 1748-2526}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Pittaway|first = Nigel |title = Small, but deadly : Australia's Forces |magazine = Air Forces Monthly |date = February 2014 |issue = 311 |pages = 74–84}}
* {{cite book|last1=Riseman |first1=Noah |editor1-last=Moss |editor1-first=Tristan |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=Tom |title=Beyond Combat: Australian Military Activity Away from the Battlefield |date=2018 |publisher=UNSW Press |location=Sydney |isbn=978-1-74223-590-5 |chapter=From witch-hunts to pride balls: the ADF and LGBTI service personnel}}
* {{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Andrew|last2=Bergin|first2=Anthony|title=Strategic Insights 31 – Australian domestic security: The role of Defence|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/strategic-insights-31-australian-domestic-security-role-defence|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|date=2006|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082351/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/strategic-insights-31-australian-domestic-security-role-defence|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last = Smith |first = Mark |title = Focusing the Army Reserve: force structuring as an operational rather than strategic reserve |journal = Australian Defence Force Journal |date = 2014 |issue = 193 |pages = 40–55 |url = http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_193/193_2014_Mar_Apr.pdf |access-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174846/http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_193/193_2014_Mar_Apr.pdf |url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sutton|first1=John|title=The increasing convergence of the role and function of the ADF and civil police|journal=Australian Defence Force Journal|date=2017|issue=202|pages=38–43|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_202/Sutton_July_2017.pdf|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174830/http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_202/Sutton_July_2017.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Tewes |first1=Alex |last2=Rayner |first2=Laura |last3=Kavanaugh |first3=Kelly |year=2004 |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/3L7F6/upload_binary/3l7f66.pdf |work=Australia's Maritime Strategy in the 21st century |publisher=Australian Parliamentary Library |title=Research Brief no. 4 2004–05 |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230030754/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/3L7F6/upload_binary/3l7f66.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last=Thomson |first=Mark |year=2005 |title=Punching above our weight? Australia as a middle power |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |location=Canberra |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/strategic-insights-18-punching-above-our-weight-australia-middle-power |access-date=7 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120217/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/strategic-insights-18-punching-above-our-weight-australia-middle-power |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last=Thomson |first=Mark |year=2005a |title=War and Profit: Doing business on the battlefield |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |location=Canberra |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/war-and-profit-doing-business-battlefield |access-date=7 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120219/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/war-and-profit-doing-business-battlefield |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal|last=Thomson|first=Mark|title=Defence Budget 2006/07: 'Planning on Hope or Pessimism' |year=2006|journal=Defender}}
* {{Cite book|last=Thomson|first=Mark|title=The Cost of Defence: ASPI Defence Budget Brief 2009–2010|year=2009|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2009-2010|location=Canberra|issn=2200-6613|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174822/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2009-2010|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last = Thomson |first = Mark |title = The Cost of Defence: ASPI Defence Budget Brief 2012–2013 |year = 2012 |publisher = Australian Strategic Policy Institute |location = Canberra |url = https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2012-2013 |issn = 2200-6613 |access-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174825/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2012-2013 |url-status = live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Thomson|first1=Mark|title=The Cost of Defence : ASPI Defence Budget Brief 2016–17|date=2016|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|location=Canberra|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2016-2017|issn=2200-6613|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120211/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2016-2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last1=Thomson|first1=Mark|title=The Cost of Defence: ASPI Defence Budget Brief 2017–18|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2017-2018|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|location=Canberra|date=2017|issn=2200-6613|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120202/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cost-defence-aspi-defence-budget-brief-2017-2018|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Stewart|last2=Pittaway|first2=Nigel|title=Airpower Australia|journal=Aero Australia Special Edition|date=2017|issn=1448-8086}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Beaumont |first1=Joan |title=Australian military historiography |journal=War & Society |date=2 January 2023 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=99–121 |doi=10.1080/07292473.2023.2150485}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Military of Australia}}
* {{oweb|http://www.defence.gov.au/}} of the Australian Defence Organisation
* [https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-history/official-histories Official histories from the  Australian War Memorial]

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