View source for Caribbean bioregion

{{Short description|Terrestrial biogeographic region encompassing the Caribbean islands}}
The '''Caribbean bioregion''' is a [[biogeography|biogeographic]] region that includes the islands of the [[Caribbean Sea]] and nearby Atlantic islands, which share a [[fauna]], [[flora]] and [[mycobiota]] distinct from surrounding bioregions.

==Geography==
The Caribbean bioregion, as described by the [[World Wildlife Fund]], includes the [[Greater Antilles]] ([[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Puerto Rico]], and [[Jamaica]]), the [[Lesser Antilles]], the [[Lucayan archipelago]] ([[Bahamas]] and [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]), [[Southern Florida]] in the [[United States]] and [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], and [[Curaçao]]. The Lucayan archipelago lies north of the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean, but is part of the bioregion based on its flora and fauna. The bioregion does not include [[Trinidad and Tobago]]; these islands rest on South America's [[continental shelf]], and have been historically part of the South American continent. Trinidad and Tobago are part of the [[Neotropical realm#Major ecological regions|Orinoco bioregion]].<ref>Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. (1995). ''A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean.'' World Bank, Washington DC.</ref>

The climate of the ecoregion is tropical, and varies from humid to arid. Geology and topography also vary, with larger mountainous islands of continental rock, volcanic islands, and low-lying coral and limestone islands. The bioregion includes [[tropical moist forests]], [[tropical dry forests]], [[tropical pine forests]], [[flooded grasslands and savannas]], [[xeric shrublands]], and [[mangrove]]s.

==Flora and fauna==
The Caribbean bioregion's distinct fauna, flora and mycobiota was shaped by long periods of physical separation from the neighboring continents, allowing animals, fungi and plants to evolve in isolation. Other animals, fungi and plants arrived via long-distance [[oceanic dispersal]] or [[island hopping]] from North America and South America.<ref>Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. (1995). ''A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean.'' World Bank, Washington DC.</ref><ref>Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., and R.D.E. MacPhee (1999). Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: Implications for Cenozoic biogeography. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'', 238:1–95.</ref>

The bioregion has many plant species, including many [[endemism|endemics]]. There are about 200 endemic genera of plants. ''[[Wallenia]]'', the largest endemic genus, has thirty species, and six other genera have ten or more species.<ref>World Wildlife Fund. "Islands of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean". Accessed 4 September 2017. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0134]</ref>
{{further|Mammals of the Caribbean}}
Three mammal families are endemic to the bioregion; the [[Solenodontidae]] includes two species of [[solenodon]], with one species on Cuba and the other on Hispaniola. Fossil evidence shows that the family was once more widespread in North America. The family [[Nesophontidae]], or the West Indian shrews, contained a single genus, ''[[Nesophontes]]'', which inhabited Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Cayman Islands. All members of the family are now believed to be extinct. The [[Capromyidae]], or hutias, include a number of species, mainly from the Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago. Many other [[rodents of the Caribbean]] are also restricted to the region.<ref>Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., and R.D.E. MacPhee (1999). Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: Implications for Cenozoic biogeography. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'', 238:1–95.</ref><ref>MacPhee, R.D.E., Ronald Singer, Michael Diamond (2000). "LateCenozoic Land Mammals from Grenada, Lesser Antilles Island-Arc". ''American Museum Novitates'' Number 3302, American Museum of Natural History, October 16, 2000.</ref>

==Ecoregions==
===[[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]===
*[[Cuban moist forests]] ([[Cuba]])
*[[Hispaniolan moist forests]] ([[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]])
*[[Jamaican moist forests]] ([[Jamaica]])
*[[Leeward Islands moist forests]] ([[Antigua]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Montserrat]], [[Nevis]], [[Saint Kitts]], [[US Virgin Islands]])
*[[Puerto Rican moist forests]] ([[Puerto Rico]])
*[[South Florida rocklands]] ([[United States]])
*[[Windward Islands moist forests]] ([[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]])

===[[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]===
*[[Bahamian dry forests]] ([[Bahamas]])
*[[Cayman Islands dry forests]] ([[Cayman Islands]])
*[[Cuban dry forests]] ([[Cuba]])
*[[Hispaniolan dry forests]] ([[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]])
*[[Jamaican dry forests]] ([[Jamaica]])
*[[Lesser Antillean dry forests]] ([[Anguilla]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Grenada]], [[Martinique]], [[Montserrat]], [[Netherlands Antilles]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]])
*[[Puerto Rican dry forests]] ([[Puerto Rico]])

===[[Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests]]===
*[[Bahamian pineyards]] ([[The Bahamas]])
*[[Cuban pine forests]] ([[Cuba]])
*[[Hispaniolan pine forests]] ([[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]])

===[[Flooded grasslands and savannas]]===
*[[Cuban wetlands]] ([[Cuba]])
*[[Enriquillo wetlands]] ([[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]])
*[[Everglades]] ([[United States]])

===[[Deserts and xeric shrublands]]===
*[[Aruba-Curaçao-Bonaire cactus scrub]] ([[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Curaçao]])
*[[Cayman Islands xeric scrub]] ([[Cayman Islands]])
*[[Cuban cactus scrub]] ([[Cuba]])
*[[Leeward Islands xeric scrub]] ([[Anguilla]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[British Virgin Islands]],  [[Guadeloupe]], [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], [[Saint Barthelemy]], [[Saba (island)|Saba]], [[US Virgin Islands]])
*[[Windward Islands xeric scrub]] ([[Barbados]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]])

===[[Mangrove]]===
*[[Bahamian mangroves]] ([[Bahamas]], [[Turks and Caicos Islands]])
*[[Greater Antilles mangroves]] ([[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]], [[Jamaica]], [[Puerto Rico]])
*[[Lesser Antilles mangroves]] ([[Lesser Antilles]])

==See also==
*[[List of Neotropical ecoregions by bioregion]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Caribbean topics}}
{{Flora of the United States by political division}}

[[Category:Biota of the Caribbean islands| ]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Caribbean| ]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the Americas]]
[[Category:Geography of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Neotropical realm]]
[[Category:Hispaniola]]