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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|taxon = Clivia
|image = Cliviaminiata2.jpg
|image_caption = ''Clivia miniata var. citrina''
|authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
}}

'''''Clivia''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|aɪ|v|i|ə}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–607 |isbn=0-376-03851-9 |publisher=[[Sunset Books]]}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s native to southern [[Africa]]. They are from the family [[Amaryllidaceae]], subfamily [[Amaryllidoideae]].<ref>{{citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F.  |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#AllAma }}</ref> Common names are '''Natal lily''' or '''bush lily'''.

They are [[herbaceous]] or [[evergreen]] [[perennial plant]]s, with green, strap-like [[Leaf|leaves]]. Individual [[flower]]s are more or less bell-shaped, occurring in [[umbel]]s on a stalk above the foliage; colors typically range from yellow through orange to red. Many [[cultivar]]s exist, some with variegated leaf patterns.

==Description==
Species of ''Clivia'' are found only in [[South Africa]] and [[Eswatini]]. They are typically forest undergrowth plants, adapted to low light (with the exception of ''[[Clivia mirabilis|C. mirabilis]]'' from the Western Cape).<ref name=MeerClay04>{{Citation |last1=Meerow |first1=A.W. |last2=Clayton |first2=J.R. |year=2004 |title=Generic relationships among the baccate-fruited Amaryllidaceae (tribe Haemantheae) inferred from plastid and nuclear non-coding DNA sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=244 |issue=3 |pages=141–155 |url=http://agdb.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/2422/1/IND43936659.pdf |accessdate=2012-01-31 |name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0085-z |bibcode=2004PSyEv.244..141M |s2cid=10245220 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

''Clivia'' shares common features with the other members of the subfamily [[Amaryllidoideae]]. Individual flowers have three [[sepal]]s and three [[petal]]s, all very similar (although the sepals are typically narrower than the petals) and collectively called [[tepal]]s. In ''Clivia'' the tepals are fused at the base to form a tube, although this may be very short. The flower varies in shape from an open cup to a narrow hanging tube. In the species the flowers are mainly in shades of yellow through orange to red. The flowers are arranged in [[umbel]]s (i.e. the flower-stalks or [[pedicel (botany)|pedicel]]s radiate from a single point); each umbel has a long stalk or [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]. Several bracts subtend the umbels. Each flower has six [[stamen]]s and an inferior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] (i.e. one which is below the tepals) made up of three [[locule]]s. The stamens have long filaments and anthers which are free to move on their filaments. The [[Stigma (botany)#Style|style]] is longer than the tepals, ending in a short three-part [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]].<ref name=Koop02>{{Citation |last=Koopowitz |first=Harold |year=2002 |title=Clivias |location=Portland |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-546-3 }}, pp. 37–38</ref>

Flowering time varies. Typically ''C. miniata'', ''C. nobilis'' and ''C. caulescens'' flower in late winter and spring; in cultivation, ''C. miniata'' has out of season flowers at almost any time. ''C. gardenii'' and ''C. robusta'' flower in the autumn. Interspecific hybrids and cultivars can flower at almost any time of the year depending on climate and the flowering pattern of their parent species.<ref name=Marriott>{{Citation |last=Marriott |first=Helen |journal=Clivia News (Quarterly Newsletter of the Clivia Society) |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=24 }}</ref>

A distinctive feature of ''Clivia'' – shared with the closely related genus ''[[Cryptostephanus]]'' – is that unlike most species in the subfamily, it does not form bulbs. The long strap-shaped leaves are evergreen and spring from thick branching roots or [[rhizome]]s. Like other members of the tribe Haemantheae to which it belongs, ''Clivia'' fruits are berries. When ripe, they contain large fleshy seeds which are often more than 1&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref name=Koop02/>

==Taxonomy==

Specimens were collected by the British explorers [[William Burchell]] and John Bowie in 1815 and 1820, respectively. ''Clivia nobilis'' became the first named species when in 1828 the Kew botanist [[John Lindley]] named it in honor of [[Charlotte Percy, Duchess of Northumberland|Charlotte Percy (née Clive), Duchess of Northumberland]] (1787–1866),<ref name="naming">[http://www.sanmarcosgrowers.com/info/clivia.asp Clivia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507045614/http://sanmarcosgrowers.com/info/clivia.asp |date=2016-05-07 }} San Marcos Growers. URL accessed April 8, 2006.</ref> who was for a time the governess of the future [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Clivia Forum">[http://www.cliviaforum.co.za Clivia Forum]. A Clivia discussion Forum.</ref><ref name="Clivia Indonesia">[http://kantongsemar.nicetopics.com/amaryllidaceae-c1 Clivia Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Indonesia Clivia Forum.</ref><ref name="Clivia Base">[http://www.cliviabase.co.za Clivia Base] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103025333/http://cliviabase.co.za/ |date=2018-11-03 }}. South African Clivia Website.</ref>

==Evolution and phylogeny==

Six genera have been placed in the tribe Haemantheae; all are found in Africa. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic analysis]] carried out in 2004 showed that the tribe is [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] (i.e. it contains all the descendants of a single common ancestor). Four species of ''Clivia'' were included in the analysis:<ref name=MeerClay04/>

{{clade|style=line-height:100%
|label1=Haemantheae
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Apodolirion]]'', ''[[Gethyllis]]'', ''[[Haemanthus]]'', ''[[Scadoxus]]''|state1=double
   |2={{clade
      |label1=''[[Cryptostephanus]]''
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Cryptostephanus haemanthioides|C. haemanthioides]]''
         |2=''[[Cryptostephanus vansonii|C. vansonii]]''
         }}
      |label2='''''Clivia'''''
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Clivia caulescens|C. caulescens]]''
            |2=''[[Clivia gardenii|C. gardenii]]''
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Clivia miniata|C. miniata]]''
            |2=''[[Clivia nobilis|C. nobilis]]''
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

The bulbless ''Clivia'' and ''Cryptostephanus'' appear to occupy a basal position within the clade. Meerow and Clayton suggest that a forest understorey habitat, associated with the absence of bulbs and the presence of fruits which are berries, may have been a factor in the evolutionary divergence of the Haemantheae clade from the rest of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae.<ref name=MeerClay04/>

==Species==

{{As of|2012|January}}, six species are recognized by the ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'':<ref name=WCSP>{{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do |accessdate=2012-01-31 }}, search for "Clivia"</ref>
*''[[Clivia caulescens]]'' <small>R.A.Dyer</small>
*''[[Clivia gardenii]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
*''[[Clivia miniata]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Bosse</small>
*''[[Clivia mirabilis]]'' <small>Rourke</small>
*''[[Clivia nobilis]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
*''[[Clivia robusta]]'' <small>B.G.Murray et al.</small>

''C. mirabilis'' was only named in 2000, and ''C. robusta'' even later, in 2004.<ref name=WCSP/> Thus older sources frequently state that there are only four or five species.

===Natural hybrids===
*[[Clivia × nimbicola|''Clivia'' × ''nimbicola'']] <small>Swanev., Truter & A.E.van Wyk</small> = ''C.&nbsp;caulescens'' × ''C.&nbsp;miniata''<ref name=WCSP/>

<gallery>
File:Clivia. gardenii Pastel Peach.jpg|''[[Clivia gardenii]]''
File:Clivia miniata, blomme en vrugte, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|''[[Clivia miniata]]''
File:Clivia nobilis00.jpg|''[[Clivia nobilis]]''
File:Clivia robusta-IMG 6513.JPG|''[[Clivia robusta]]''
</gallery><gallery>
File:Clivia caulescens flowers open - HNT.jpg|''[[Clivia caulescens]]''
File:Clivia sp., Mt Coot-tha Botanic Gardens, Toowong 100 9742.jpg|''Clivia'' sp.
File:Clivia × nimbicola 20D 0162.jpg|[[Clivia × nimbicola|''Clivia'' × ''nimbicola'']]
File:Clivia × cyrtanthiflora kz02.jpg|[[Clivia × cyrtanthiflora|''Clivia'' × ''cyrtanthiflora'']], an artificial hybrid
File:Clivia miniata variegata.jpg|''Clivia'' 'Variegata'
</gallery>

==Cultivation==
Of the species, ''[[Clivia miniata]]'' is the most widely cultivated; [[cultivar]]s with flowers ranging from deep red-orange to pale yellow have been bred by growers. Yellow plants can belong to one of two different groups which breed true for colour, producing seedlings with unpigmented stems and all yellow flowers when mature. When yellows from different groups are crossed, seedlings with pigmented stems occur and the resulting flowers are orange.<ref name="Marriott"/>

''C. miniata'', ''C. gardenii'', ''C. robusta'' and ''C. caulescens'' seedlings flower after four to five years. ''C. nobilis'' will flower after seven or eight years. It is reported that ''C. mirabilis'' also takes about six years to flower.

===Care===
In cultivation, it is recommended that plants are watered regularly in summer, although not overwatered, with a resting period from autumn till late winter, when the plants are kept almost dry at 46–50&nbsp;°F (8–10&nbsp;°C). Plants can be repotted yearly or every other year in all-purpose potting medium or coconut husks. 

Propagation is by seed or by offsets removed when repotting. Seeds are sown on the top of moist material in high humidity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clivia Plant Care |url=https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantinfo/clivia_plant_care |website=Chicago Botanic Gardens}}</ref>

Pests and diseases include scale insects, mealy bug, and rot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clivia |url=https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/clivia/ |website=Wisconsin Horticulture}}</ref>

==Toxicity==
Some species of ''Clivia'', including ''Clivia miniata'', produce small amounts of the alkaloid lycorine. [[Lycorine]] is toxic in sufficient quantities, particularly in pets and small children.<ref>[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=108&p_type=all&p_sci=sci Notes on poisoning: Clivia miniata] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318223414/http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=108&p_type=all&p_sci=sci |date=2012-03-18 }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of plants known as lily]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Spies|first1=P.|last2=Grobler|first2=J.P.|last3=Spies|first3=J.J.|title=A review of phylogenetic relationships in the genus ''Clivia''|journal=Philos. Trans. Genet.|date=2011|volume=1|pages=168–207|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256716776}}
* {{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Ferozah|title=Molecular Systematics, Biogeography and Dating of the tribe Haemantheae (Amaryllidaceae) and the Phylogeography of ''Clivia''|date=February 2008|publisher=Department of Botany, University of Cape Town|url=http://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/6243/thesis_sci_2008_conrad_f.pdf?sequence=1|format=PhD Thesis}}
{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1163100}}

[[Category:Amaryllidoideae]]
[[Category:Amaryllidaceae genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern Africa]]