View source for Military history of Scotland

{{short description|Aspect of Scottish history}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2011}}
[[File:Robert Gibb - The Thin Red Line.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[The Thin Red Line (1854 battle)|Thin Red Line]] of 1854, by [[Robert Gibb (painter)|Robert Gibb]], in his [[The Thin Red Line (painting)|1881 painting]]]]
Historically, [[Scotland]] has a long [[British military history|military tradition]] that predates the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] with England in 1707. Its soldiers today form part of the [[armed forces]] of the United Kingdom, more usually referred to domestically within the UK as the [[British Armed Forces]].

==History prior to the Union==

===Royal Scots Navy===
{{Main|Royal Scots Navy|History of the Royal Navy}}
[[File:A tomb in MacDufie's Chapel, Oronsay, 1772 (cropped).png|right|thumb|A carving of a birlinn from a sixteenth-century tombstone in MacDufie's Chapel, Oronsay, as engraved in 1772]]
There are mentions in Medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings including [[William the Lion]]<ref name=Tytler1829pp309-10>P. F. Tytler, ''History of Scotland, Volume 2'' (London: Black, 1829), pp. 309–10.</ref> and [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]]. The latter took personal command of a large naval force which sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of Kerrera in 1249, intended to transport his army in a campaign against the [[Kingdom of the Isles]], but he died before the campaign could begin.<ref>J. Hunter, ''Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland'' (London: Random House, 2011), {{ISBN|1-78057-006-6}}, pp. 106–111.</ref><ref name=Macquarrie2004p147>A. Macquarrie, ''Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation'' (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7509-2977-4}}, p. 147.</ref> Viking naval power was disrupted by conflicts between the Scandinavian kingdoms, but entered a period of resurgence in the thirteenth century when Norwegian kings began to build some of the largest ships seen in Northern European waters. These included king [[Hakon Hakonsson]]'s ''Kristsúðin'', built at Bergen from 1262 to 1263, which was {{convert|260|ft|m|0}} long, of 37 rooms.<ref>N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649'' (London: Penguin UK, 2004), {{ISBN|0-14-191257-X}}, pp. 74–5.</ref> In 1263 Hakon responded to [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]]'s designs on the Hebrides by personally leading a major fleet of forty vessels, including the ''Kristsúðin'', to the islands, where they were swelled by local allies to as many as 200 ships.<ref>P. J. Potter, ''Gothic Kings of Britain: the Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399'' (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2008), {{ISBN|0-7864-4038-4}}, p. 157.</ref> Records indicate that Alexander had several large oared ships built at [[Ayr]], but he avoided a sea battle.<ref name=Tytler1829pp309-10/> Defeat on land at the [[Battle of Largs]] and winter storms forced the Norwegian fleet to return home, leaving the Scottish crown as the major power in the region and leading to the ceding of the Western Isles to Alexander in 1266.<ref name=Macquarrie2004p153>A. Macquarrie, ''Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation'' (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7509-2977-4}}, p. 153.</ref>

English naval power was vital to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]'s successful campaigns in Scotland from 1296, using largely merchant ships from England, Ireland and his allies in the Islands to transport and supply his armies.<ref name=Rodger1997pp74-90>N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain. Volume One 660–1649'' (London: Harper, 1997) pp. 74–90.</ref> Part of the reason for Robert I's success was his ability to call on naval forces from the Islands. As a result of the expulsion of the Flemings from England in 1303, he gained the support of a major naval power in the North Sea.<ref name=Rodger1997pp74-90/> The development of naval power allowed Robert to successfully defeat English attempts to capture him in the Highlands and Islands and to blockade major English controlled fortresses at Perth and Stirling, the last forcing [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] to attempt the relief that resulted at English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314.<ref name=Rodger1997pp74-90/> Scottish naval forces allowed invasions of the Isle of Man in 1313 and 1317 and Ireland in 1315. They were also crucial in the blockade of Berwick, which led to its fall in 1318.<ref name=Rodger1997pp74-90/>

After the establishment of Scottish independence, Robert I turned his attention to building up a Scottish naval capacity. This was largely focused on the west coast, with the Exchequer Rolls of 1326 recording the feudal duties of his vassals in that region to aid him with their vessels and crews. Towards the end of his reign he supervised the building of at least one royal [[man-of-war]] near his palace at [[Cardross, Argyll and Bute|Cardross]] on the [[River Clyde]]. In the late fourteenth century naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers.<ref name="Grantppi-xii">J. Grant, "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710", ''Publications of the Navy Records Society'', 44 (London: Navy Records Society, 1913-4), pp. i–xii.</ref> James I took a greater interest in naval power. After his return to Scotland in 1424, he established a shipbuilding yard at [[Leith]], a house for marine stores, and a workshop. King's ships were built and equipped there to be used for trade as well as war, one of which accompanied him on his expedition to the Islands in 1429. The office of [[Lord High Admiral of Scotland|Lord High Admiral]] was probably founded in this period. In his struggles with his nobles in 1488 James III received assistance from his two warships the ''Flower'' and the ''King's Carvel'' also known as the ''Yellow Carvel''.<ref name="Grantppi-xii"/>

[[File:Great Michael.jpg|thumb|right|A model of the ''[[Great Michael]]'' in the [[Royal Museum]]]]
There were various attempts to create royal naval forces in the fifteenth century. James IV put the enterprise on a new footing, founding a harbour at [[Newhaven, Edinburgh|Newhaven]] and a dockyard at the Pools of [[Airth]].<ref>N. Macdougall, ''James IV'' (Tuckwell, 1997), p. 235.</ref> He acquired a total of 38 ships including the ''[[Great Michael]]'',<ref name=Smout1992p45>T. Christopher Smout, ''Scotland and the Sea'' (Edinburgh: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992), {{ISBN|0-85976-338-2}}, p. 45.</ref> at that time, the largest ship in Europe.<ref name=Smout1992p45/><ref name="S. Murdoch, 2010 pp. 33-4">S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, pp. 33–4.</ref> Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king on his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts Scandinavia and the Baltic,<ref name="Grantppi-xii"/> but were sold after the Flodden campaign and after 1516 and Scottish naval efforts would rely on privateering captains and hired merchantmen.<ref name=Grantppi-xii/> James V did not share his father's interest in developing a navy and shipbuilding fell behind the Low Countries.<ref>J. E. A. Dawson, ''Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0748614559}}, pp. 181–2.</ref> Despite truces between England and Scotland there were periodic outbreaks of a ''[[guerre de course]]''.<ref>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|9004185682}}, p. 39.</ref> James V built a new harbour at [[Burntisland]] in 1542.<ref>T. Andrea, ''The Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland 1528–1542'' (Birlinn, 2005), p. 164.</ref> The chief use of naval power in his reign was a series of expeditions to the Isles and France.<ref name="A. Dawson, 2007 p. 76">J. E. A. Dawson, ''Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0-7486-1455-9}}, p. 76.</ref> After the [[Union of Crowns]] in 1603 conflict between Scotland and England ended, but Scotland found itself involved in England's foreign policy, opening up Scottish shipping to attack. In 1626 a squadron of three ships were bought and equipped.<ref name="S. Murdoch, 2010 pp. 33-4"/> There were also several [[letter of marque|marque fleets]] of privateers.<ref>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, p. 169.</ref> In 1627, the Royal Scots Navy and accompanying contingents of burgh privateers participated in the [[Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (1627)|major expedition to Biscay]].<ref>R. B. Manning, ''An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0199261490}}, p. 118.</ref> The Scots also returned to West Indies<ref name=Murdoch2010p172>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, p. 172.</ref> and in 1629 took part in the capture of [[Quebec]].<ref>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, p. 174.</ref>

During the Bishop's Wars the king attempted to blockade Scotland and planned amphibious assaults from England on the East coast and from Ireland to the West.<ref name=Wheeler2002pp19-21/> Scottish privateers took a number of English prizes.<ref>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, p. 198.</ref> After the Covenanters allied with the English Parliament they established two patrol squadrons for the Atlantic and North Sea coasts, known collectively as the "Scotch Guard".<ref>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, pp. 204–10.</ref> The Scottish navy was unable to withstand the English fleet that accompanied the army led by Cromwell that conquered Scotland in 1649–51 and the Scottish ships and crews were split up among the Commonwealth fleet.<ref name=Murdoch2010p239>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|9004185682}}, p. 239.</ref> Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment by English men of war, but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast [[burgh]]s during the second half of the seventeenth century.<ref>D. Brunsman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ypImFPnX_1UC&dq=press+gang+scotland+royal+navy&pg=PT77 ''The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World''] (University of Virginia Press, 2013), {{ISBN|0813933528}}.</ref> Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime.<ref>A.Campbell, ''A History of Clan Campbell: From The Restoration To The Present Day'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0748617906}}, p. 44.</ref> In the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War|Second]] (1665–67) and [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]]s (1672–74) between 80 and 120 captains, took Scottish letters of marque and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict.<ref name=Murdoch2010pp239-41>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|9004185682}}, pp. 239–41.</ref> In the 1690s a small fleet of five ships was established by merchants for the [[Darien Scheme]],<ref>A. I. MacInnes and A. H. Williamson, eds., ''Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection'' (Brill, 2006), {{ISBN|900414711X}}, p. 349.</ref> and a professional navy was established for the protection of commerce in home waters during the Nine Years' War, with three purpose-built warships bought from English shipbuilders in 1696. After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, these vessels were transferred to the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name=Grantp48>J. Grant, "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710", ''Publications of the Navy Records Society'', 44 (London: Navy Records Society, 1913-4), p. 48.</ref>

===Scottish armies===
{{Main|Warfare in Medieval Scotland|Warfare in early modern Scotland|Royal Scottish Army}}
[[File:Scottish soldiers in the 14thC.jpg|thumb|right|Scottish soldiers in the period of the Hundred Years' War, detail from an edition of Froissart's Chronicles]]
Before the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] in 1644, there was no [[standing army]] in the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. In the [[Scotland in the Early Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]] war in Scotland was characterised by the use of small war-bands of household troops often engaging in raids and low level warfare.<ref>L. Alcock, ''Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850'' (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland), {{ISBN|0-903903-24-5}}, p. 56.</ref> By the [[Scotland in the High Middle Ages|High Middle Ages]], the [[kings of Scotland]] could command forces of tens of thousands of men for short periods as part of the "common army", mainly of poorly armoured spear and bowmen. After the "[[Davidian Revolution]]" of the 12th century, which introduced elements of feudalism to Scotland, these forces were augmented by small numbers of mounted and heavily armoured knights. These armies rarely managed to stand up to the usually larger and more professional armies produced by England, but they were used to good effect by [[Robert the Bruce|Robert I of Scotland]] at [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314 to secure Scottish independence.<ref>M. Brown, ''Bannockburn: the Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307–1323'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), {{ISBN|0-7486-3333-2}}, pp. 95–9.</ref> After the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]], the [[Auld Alliance]] between Scotland and France played a large part in the country's military activities, especially during the [[Hundred Years' War]]. In the [[Scotland in the Late Middle Ages|Late Middle Ages]] under the [[Royal House of Stewart|Stewart kings]] forces were further augmented by specialist troops, particularly [[men-at-arms]] and [[archery|archers]], hired by bonds of ''[[manrent]]'', similar to English [[indentures]] of the same period.<ref name=Brown2004>M. Brown, ''The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7486-1238-6}}, p. 58.</ref> Scottish warfare in this period was mostly raids and ambushes performed by Scottish nobles and men at arms who would fight on foot during pitched battles or on horse when skirmishing or carrying out raids. Contemporary depictions show nobles and their retinues in fine plate armor that is highly protective and well-suited for foot combat, with many wearing fine great bascinets late into the 15th century, possibly due to the need for extra protection from English bows and bills. They were accompanied by their retinues, usually mounted longbowmen or spearmen who would fight with the same flexibility, also preferring to fight on foot in pitched battle. Archers became much sought after as mercenaries in French armies of the 15th century in order to help counter the English superiority in this arm, becoming a major element of the French royal guards as the [[Garde Écossaise]].<ref>P. Contamine, "Scottish soldiers in France in the second half of the 15th century: mercenaries, immigrants, or Frenchmen in the making?" in G. G. Simpson, ed., ''The Scottish Soldier Abroad, 1247–1967'' (Edinburgh: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992), {{ISBN|0-85976-341-2}}, pp. 16–30.
</ref> Scotland played a major role in the Hundred Years War, with many Scots present from Bauge all the way to the end of the Loire Valley Campaign and the Battle of Patay "The Scots Men-at-Arms and Life-Guards in France, From Their Formation Until Their Final Dissolution, A.D. MCCCCXVIII-MDCCCXXX (Volume I)".
The Stewarts also adopted major innovations in continental warfare, such as longer pikes and the extensive use of artillery. However, in the early 16th century one of the best armed and largest Scottish armies ever assembled still met with defeat at the hands of an English army at the [[Battle of Flodden]] in 1513, which saw the destruction of a large number of ordinary troops, a large section of the nobility and the king [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]].<ref name=Wormald1991p19>J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0-7486-0276-3}}, p. 19.</ref>

[[File:Scottish mercenaries in the Thirty Years War.jpg|thumb|right|The earliest image of Scottish soldiers wearing tartan; 1631 German engraving.]]
In the sixteenth century the crown took an increasing role in the supply of military equipment.<ref name=Phillips1999p61>G. Phillips, ''The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550: A Military History'' (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999), {{ISBN|0851157467}}, p. 61.</ref> The pike began to replace the spear and the Scots began to convert from the bow to gunpowder firearms.<ref>G. Phillips, ''The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550: A Military History'' (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999), {{ISBN|0851157467}}, p. 68.</ref> The feudal heavy cavalry had begun to disappear from Scottish armies and the Scots fielded relatively large numbers of light horse, often drawn from the borders.<ref>G. Phillips, ''The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550: A Military History'' (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999), {{ISBN|0851157467}}, pp. 69–70.</ref> James IV brought in experts from France, Germany and the Netherlands and established a gun foundry in 1511.<ref name="A. Dawson, 2007 p. 76"/> A clan leader like [[John Grant of Freuchie (d. 1622)|John Grant of Freuchie]] in 1596 could muster from his kin, friends, and servants 500 men able to fight for [[James VI and I|King James]] and the Sheriff of Moray. Of these 40 had [[Hauberk|habergeons]], two handled swords, and helmets, and another 40 were armed "according to the Highland custom" with  bows, helmets, swords, and [[targe]]s.<ref>[[David Masson]], ''Register of the Privy Council, Addenda 1545-1625'', vol. 14 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 376-7.</ref>

In the early seventeenth century relatively large numbers of Scots took service in foreign armies involved in the [[Thirty Years' War]].<ref>R. Mitchison, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0415278805}}, p. 183.</ref> As armed conflict with Charles I in the Bishop's Wars became likely, hundreds of Scots mercenaries returned home from foreign service, including experienced leaders like Alexander and David Leslie and these veterans played an important role in training recruits.<ref name=Wheeler2002pp19-21>J. S. Wheeler, ''The Irish and British Wars, 1637–1654: Triumph, Tragedy, and Failure'' (London: Routledge, 2002), {{ISBN|0415221315}}, pp. 19–21.</ref> These systems would form the basis of the Covenanter armies that intervened in the Civil Wars in England and Ireland.<ref>J. S. Wheeler, ''The Irish and British Wars, 1637–1654: Triumph, Tragedy, and Failure'' (London: Routledge, 2002), {{ISBN|0415221315}}, p. 48.</ref> Scottish infantry were generally armed, as was almost universal in Western Europe, with a combination of pike and shot. Scottish armies may also have had individuals with a variety of weapons including bows, [[Lochaber axe]]s, and halberds.<ref>P. Edwards, S. Murdoch and A. MacKillop, ''Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience c. 1550–1900'' (Leiden: Brill, 2002), {{ISBN|9004128239}}, p. 240.</ref> Most cavalry were probably equipped with pistols and swords, although there is some evidence that they included lancers.<ref>M. C. Fissel, ''The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's Campaigns Against Scotland, 1638–1640'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), {{ISBN|0521466865}}, p. 28.</ref> Royalist armies, like those led by [[James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose|James Graham, Marquis of Montrose]] (1643–44) and in [[Glencairn's rising]] (1653–54), were mainly composed of conventionally armed infantry with pike and shot.<ref>S. Reid, ''The Campaigns of Montrose: A Military History of the Civil War in Scotland 1639–1646'' (Mercat Press, 1990), {{ISBN|0901824925}}, p. 51.</ref> Montrose's forces were short of heavy artillery suitable for siege warfare and had only a small force of cavalry.<ref>J. Barratt, ''Cavalier Generals: King Charles I and his Commanders in the English Civil War, 1642–46'' (Pen & Sword Military, 2004), {{ISBN|184415128X}}, p. 169.</ref>

[[File:Soldier of the Black Watch.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Soldier of the [[Black Watch]] c. 1740]]
At the Restoration the Privy Council established a force of several infantry regiments and a few troops of horse and there were attempts to found a national militia on the English model. The standing army was mainly employed in the suppression of Covenanter rebellions and the guerrilla war undertaken by the [[Cameronian]]s in the East.<ref name=Furgol2001pp637-82>E. M. Furgol, "Warfare, weapons and fortifications: 3 1600–1700" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 637–8.</ref> Pikemen became less important in the late seventeenth century and after the introduction of the [[socket bayonet]] disappeared altogether, while matchlock muskets were replaced by the more reliable [[flintlock]].<ref name=Furgol2001pp637-82/> On the eve of the Glorious Revolution the standing army in Scotland was about 3,000 men in various regiments and another 268 veterans in the major garrison towns.<ref name=Young2001pp24-5>J. Young, "Army: 1600–1750" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 24–5.</ref> After the Glorious Revolution the Scots were drawn into [[King William III|King William II]]'s continental wars, beginning with the [[Nine Years' War]] in Flanders (1689–97).<ref>{{cite book|last=Leask|first=Anthony|title=Sword of Scotland: Our Fighting Jocks|year=2006|publisher=Pen and Sword Books Limited|isbn=184415405X|page=85}}</ref> By the time of the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]], the Kingdom of Scotland had a [[standing army]] of seven units of infantry, two of horse and one troop of [[Household Cavalry|Horse Guards]], besides varying levels of fortress artillery in the garrison castles of Edinburgh, [[Dumbarton Castle|Dumbarton]], and Stirling.<ref name=Grove38>D. Grove, and C. Abraham, ''Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites'' (Batsford/Historic Scotland, 1995), {{ISBN|978-0-7134-7484-8}}, p. 38.</ref>

===Wars and battles to 1707===
{{Main|List of battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland}}
[[File:Battle of Bannockburn.jpg|thumb|upright|The earliest known depiction of the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314 from a 1440s manuscript of [[Walter Bower]]'s ''[[Scotichronicon]]'']]
[[File:Battle of Pinkie sketch, 1547.jpg|thumb|upright|Battle of Pinkie, woodcut illustration from William Patten, (1548)]]
*[[Scottish–Norwegian War]]
**[[Battle of Largs]]
*[[Wars of Scottish Independence]]
**[[First War of Scottish Independence]]
***[[Battle of Dunbar (1296)|Battle of Dunbar]]
***[[Battle of Stirling Bridge]]
***[[Battle of Falkirk]]
***[[Battle of Bannockburn]]
**[[Second War of Scottish Independence]]
***[[Battle of Halidon Hill]]
***[[Battle of Nesbit Moor (1355)|Battle of Nesbit Moor]]
*[[Anglo-Scottish Wars]]
**[[Battle of Otterburn]]
**[[Battle of Nesbit Moor (1402)|Battle of Nesbit Moor]]
**[[Battle of Piperdean]]
**[[Battle of Sark]]
*[[War of the League of Cambrai]]
**[[Battle of Flodden]]
*[[Rough Wooing]]
**[[Battle of Ancrum Moor]]
**[[Battle of Pinkie]]
**[[Siege of Haddington]]
*[[Marian civil war]]
**[[Battle of Langside]]
**[[Marian civil war#War comes to Edinburgh|Lang Siege]]
*[[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]
**[[Bishops' Wars]]
**[[Irish Confederate Wars]]
**[[First English Civil War]]
**[[Second English Civil War]]
***[[Battle of Preston (1648)|Battle of Preston]]
**[[Third English Civil War]]
***[[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]]
***[[Battle of Worcester]]
*[[Jacobite risings]]
**[[Jacobite rising of 1689|Jacobite rising (1689–92)]]
***[[Battle of Killiecrankie]]
*[[War of the Spanish Succession]]
**[[Battle of Blenheim]]

===Castles===
{{Main|Scottish castles}}
[[File:Caerlaverock Castle from the air.jpg|thumb|[[Caerlaverock Castle]], a moated triangular castle, first built in the thirteenth century]]
Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of [[feudalism]] in the twelfth century.<ref name=Simpson&Webster2003p225>G. G. Simpson and B. Webster, "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland", in R. Liddiard, ed., ''Anglo-Norman Castles'' (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), {{ISBN|978-0-85115-904-1}}, p. 225.</ref> Initially these were wooden [[motte-and-bailey]] constructions,<ref name="West1985p21">T. W. West, ''Discovering Scottish Architecture'' (Botley: Osprey, 1985), {{ISBN|0-85263-748-9}}, p. 21.</ref> but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall.<ref name="West1985p26">T. W. West, ''Discovering Scottish Architecture'' (Botley: Osprey, 1985), {{ISBN|0-85263-748-9}}, p. 26.</ref> During the [[Scottish Wars of Independence|Wars of Independence]], [[Robert the Bruce]] pursued a policy of castle [[slighting]].<ref>J. S. Hamilton, ''The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty'' (London: Continuum, 2010), {{ISBN|1-4411-5712-3}}, p. 116.</ref> In the late Middle Ages new castles were built, some on a grander scale as "[[livery and maintenance]]" castles that could support a large garrison.<ref name="West1985p26"/> Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment.<ref name=West1985p27>T. W. West, ''Discovering Scottish Architecture'' (Botley: Osprey, 1985), {{ISBN|0-85263-748-9}}, p. 27.</ref>

Many of the late Medieval castles built in the borders were in the form of [[tower houses]], smaller [[pele towers]] or simpler [[bastle house]]s.<ref name=Reid2006p12>S. Reid, ''Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650'' (Botley: Osprey, 2006), {{ISBN|1-84176-962-2}}, p. 12.</ref> From the fifteenth century there was a phase of [[Renaissance]] palace building, which restructured them as castle-type palaces, beginning at [[Linlithgow Palace|Linlithgow]].<ref name=Glendinningetal1996p16>M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, ''A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), {{ISBN|0-7486-0849-4}}, p. 16.</ref> Elements of Medieval castles, royal palaces and tower houses were used in the construction of [[Scots baronial]] [[estate houses]], which were built largely for comfort, but with a castle-like appearance.<ref name=Summerson1993pp502-11>J. Summerson, ''Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830'' (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), {{ISBN|0-300-05886-1}}, pp. 502–11.</ref><ref>J. Summerson, ''Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830'' (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), {{ISBN|0-300-05886-1}}, p. 502.</ref> In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the military significance of castles declined,<ref name=Whyte&Whytep77>I. D. Whyte, and K. A. Whyte, ''The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800'' (London: Routledge, 1991), {{ISBN|978-0-415-02992-6}}, p. 77.</ref><ref name=Reid2006p57>S. Reid, ''Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650'' (Botley: Osprey, 2006), {{ISBN|1-84176-962-2}}, p. 57.</ref> but they increasingly became tourist attractions.<ref>K. H. Grenier, ''Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914: Creating Caledonia'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3694-6}}, pp. 19 and 152.</ref> Elements of the Scots Baronial style would be revived from the late eighteenth century<ref>A. Jackson, ''The Two Unions: Ireland, Scotland, and the Survival of the United Kingdom, 1707–2007'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), {{ISBN|0-19-959399-X}}, p. 152.</ref> and the trend would be confirmed in popularity by the rebuilding of [[Balmoral Castle]] in the nineteenth century and its adoption as a retreat by [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>H.-R. Hitchcock, ''Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'' (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 4th edn., 1989), {{ISBN|0-300-05320-7}}, p. 146.</ref> In the twentieth century there were only isolated examples of new castle-influenced houses.<ref name=Mays2011pp326-8>D. Mays, "Housing: 4 Country seat, c. 1600–Present", in M. Lynch, ed., ''Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), {{ISBN|0-19-969305-6}}, pp.&nbsp;326–8.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sourcewire.com/news/33081/new-hotel-is-scotland-s-first-castle-of-the-st |title=New hotel is Scotland's first castle of the 21st century |date=10 August 2007 |publisher=Sourcewire}}</ref>

==Part of the British Armed Forces==
[[File:Scottish soldier's cap post-1707.jpg|thumb|140px|Scottish soldier's cap worn after the 1707 Union]][[File:Scottish soldier figure, c.1720.JPG|thumb|140px|Comical depiction of a Scottish soldier, c.1720]]
{{Main|British military history|History of the British Army}}
After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, the Scottish Army and Navy merged with those of England. The new [[British Army]] incorporated existing Scottish regiments, such as the [[Scots Guards]] (Marquis of Argyll's Royal Regiment), [[The Royal Scots 1st of Foot]] (Royal Regiment of Foot), [[King's Own Scottish Borderers 25th of Foot]] (Leven's Regiment), The [[26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot]] (The Earl of Angus's Regiment), [[Scots Greys]] (Scots Dragoons) and the [[Royal Scots Fusiliers 21st of Foot]] (Earl of Mar's Regiment of Foot). The three vessels of the small Royal Scottish Navy were transferred to the [[Royal Navy]] (Royal William, a fifth-rate 32-gun frigate, became HMS Edinburgh; Royal Mary, a sixth-rate 24 gun frigate, became HMS Glasgow; Dumbarton Castle, a sixth-rate frigate, became HMS Dumbarton Castle). The new Armed Forces were controlled by the [[War Office]] and [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] from London. From the mid-eighteenth century the British Army began to recruit relatively large numbers of Highlanders. The first official Highland regiment to be raised for the British army was the [[Black Watch]] in 1740, but the growth of Highland regiments was delayed by the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion.<ref name=Mackillop2001App25-6>A. Mackillop, "Highland Regiments 1750–1830" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 25–6.</ref> During this period, Scottish soldiers and sailors were instrumental in supporting the expansion of the [[British Empire]] and became involved in many international conflicts. These included the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–13), the [[War of the Quadruple Alliance|Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–20), the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–48), the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–63) and the [[American Wars of Independence]] (1775–83).<ref name=Furgol2001pp637-82/>

===Napoleonic Wars===
Scots had a notable influence in warfare during this period. Prominent sailors of the era included:

*[[Charles John Napier|Admiral Sir Charles (John) Napier]].
*[[Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan|Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan of Camperdown]], led the Royal Navy fleet that defeated the Dutch at the [[Battle of Camperdown]] on 11 October 1797.
*[[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald]], was one of the most daring and successful captains of the Napoleonic Wars, leading the French to nickname him "le loup de mer" ("the sea wolf"). After being dismissed from the Royal Navy, he served in the rebel navies of Chile, Brazil and Greece during their wars of independence, before being reinstated as an admiral in the Royal Navy. His life and exploits were one of the inspirations for the twentieth-century novelists [[C. S. Forester]]'s [[Horatio Hornblower]] and [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s [[Jack Aubrey]].
*[[John Moore (British Army officer)|Lieutenant-general Sir John Moore]].
*[[Alexander Abercromby (British Army officer)|Alexander Abercromby]].
*[[Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch]].
*[[George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie]].
*[[Robert Craufurd]].
*[[John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun]]

===Victorian & Colonial Warfare===

===First World War===
[[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4133.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]] in a trench at the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]], 1916]]
Field Marshal Sir [[Douglas Haig]] led the British Army on the Western Front from 1915, and oversaw some of the largest and bloodiest episodes of the war. Battles included the Somme(1916) Ypres (1917) Cambrai (1917) Amiens (1918) and Arras (1918) Due to the kilts worn by the Scottish soldiers on the World War I battlefront, their German enemies called them the "ladies from hell".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/lfhchi/ |title=Ladies From Hell, Chicago Chapter |date=28 July 2009 |access-date=2011-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728062641/http://geocities.com/lfhchi/ |archive-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> Haig founded the Earl Haig Poppy Fund, for ex-servicemen in the aftermath.

According to the historian [[Christopher Smout|T C Smout]], "It is still not known how many Scots died in the war. One well-argued estimate put the figure at 110,000, equivalent to about 10 percent of the Scottish male population aged between sixteen and fifty, and probably to about 15 per cent of total British war dead — the sacrifice was higher in proportionate terms than for any other country in the Empire."<ref>T C Smout, A Century of The Scottish People, 1830–1950, Collins 1986, p.267</ref>

===Second World War===
Scottish soldiers fought in many battles in World War II, in both the Pacific and European theatres.

===The Cold War & The End of Empire===

==Defence establishments in Scotland==
{{update|date=April 2012}}

===Army===
In the wake of the [[Jacobite risings]], several fortresses were built throughout the Highlands in the 18th century by [[George Wade|General Wade]] in order to pacify the region, including [[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]], [[Fort Augustus]] and [[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]]. The [[Ordnance Survey]] was also commissioned to map the region. Later, due to their [[topography]] and perceived remoteness, parts of Scotland have housed many sensitive defence establishments, some controversial. During World War II, [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and [[British Commandos]] trained at [[Achnacarry]] in the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] and the island of [[Gruinard]] was used for an exercise in [[biological warfare]]. Regular British Army Garrisons currently operational in Scotland are: [[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]] near Inverness; [[Redford Barracks]] and [[Dreghorn Barracks]] in Edinburgh; and [[Glencorse Barracks]] at [[Penicuik]].

===Royal Naval===
Between 1960 and 1991, the [[Holy Loch]] was a base for the [[US Navy]]'s fleet of [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]]-armed {{sclass|George Washington|submarine|0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]]s. Today, [[HMNB Clyde|HM Naval Base Clyde]], {{convert|25|mi|km}} west of [[Glasgow]], is the base for the four [[Trident missiles|Trident]]-armed {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|0}} ballistic missile submarines which are armed with approximately 200 Trident [[nuclear warhead]]s.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980714/text/80714w19.htm#80714w19.html_spnew0 House of Commons Written Answers], Hansard, 14 Jul 1998 : Column: 171</ref> Since the decommissioning of [[WE.177|free-falling bombs]] in 1998, the Trident [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|SLBM]] system is [[Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom|the UK's only nuclear deterrent]]. HMS ''Caledonia'' at [[Rosyth]] in [[Fife]] is the support base for navy operations in Scotland and also serves as the Naval Regional Office (NRO Scotland and [[Northern Ireland]]). The Royal Navy's ''[[LR5]]'' and [[Scorpio ROV|Submarine Rescue Service]] is based in Renfrew, near Glasgow. The Royal Navy's [[Rolls-Royce PWR|submarine nuclear reactor]] development establishment, is located at Vulcan NTRE, adjacent to [[Dounreay]], which was the site of the UK's [[fast breeder]] [[nuclear reactor]] programme. [[RM Condor]] at [[Arbroath]], [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]] is home to [[45 Commando]], [[Royal Marines]], part of [[3 Commando Brigade]]. Also, the [[Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines]] is based at [[HMNB Clyde]].

Since 1999, the [[Scottish Executive|Scottish Government]] has had devolved responsibility over [[Maritime patrol|fisheries protection]] duties in Scotland's [[exclusive economic zone]], carried out by the [[Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency]], which consists of a fleet of four [[offshore patrol vessel]]s and two [[Cessna 406]] maritime patrol aircraft.<ref>[http://www.sfpa.gov.uk/ Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency]</ref>

===Royal Air Force===
A single front-line [[Royal Air Force]] station is located in Scotland. [[RAF Lossiemouth]], located in [[Moray]], is the [[RAF]]'s northern QRA(I) base, supported by four squadrons of [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoons]].

===Military Training Areas===
The only open air live [[depleted uranium]] weapons test range in the British Isles is located near [[Dundrennan Range|Dundrennan]].<ref>BBC Scotland News Online "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1179662.stm DU shell test-firing resumes]", ''BBC Scotland News'', 2001-02-21.  Retrieved on 2006-09-13. (in English)</ref>  As a result, over 7000 weakly radioactive munitions lie on the seabed of the [[Solway Firth]].<ref>Parliament of the United Kingdom – Debates 7 February 2001 [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010207/debtext/10207-35.htm Depleted Uranium (Shelling)]</ref> In 2007, the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|MoD]] land holdings in Scotland (owned, leased or with legal rights) was 1,153&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> representing 31.5% of the MoD's British estate.<ref>UK Defence Statistics, 2005 {{cite web |url=http://www.dasa.mod.uk/natstats/ukds/2007/c6/table602.html |title=UKDS 2007 - Chapter 6 - Land Holdings and Buildings |access-date=2007-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614201829/http://www.dasa.mod.uk/natstats/ukds/2007/c6/table602.html |archive-date=14 June 2008 |df=dmy-all }}.</ref> Prominent Training Areas include [[Garelochhead Training Area|Garelochhead]], [[Cape Wrath]], [[Barry Buddon Training Area|Barry Buddon]], The Army Selection and Development Center in Penicuik, and Castlelaw in the [[Pentland Hills]].

===Industry===
[[File:HMS Daring at Scotstoun.JPG|thumb|250px|upright|The bulk of the [[Royal Navy]]'s surface fleet, such the [[Type 45 destroyer]] {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}}, is designed and built by [[BAE Systems Surface Ships]] in Glasgow. Although diminished from its early 20th century heights, Glasgow remains the hub of the UK's [[shipbuilding]] industry.]]
[[Defense contractor|Defence contractors]] and related companies employ around 30,000 people in Scotland and form an important part of the [[Economy of Scotland|economy]]. The principal companies operating in the country include: [[BAE Systems]], [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]], [[Raytheon]], [[Thales Group|Thales]] and [[Babcock International Group|Babcock]].

===Royal Navy bases in Scotland===
*[[HMNB Clyde]] (HMS Neptune), [[Argyll and Bute]]
*[[Rosyth Dockyard]] (HMS Caledonia), [[Fife]]
*[[DM Beith]], [[Beith]], [[North Ayrshire]]
*[[RM Condor]] formerly HMS Condor, [[Arbroath]], [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]]
*[[Loch Ewe]]

====Former Royal Navy bases in Scotland====
* [[Scapa Flow]], [[Orkney]]
* [[Invergordon]], [[Easter Ross]]
* [[Port Edgar]], [[South Queensferry]], [[City of Edinburgh (council area)|City of Edinburgh]]
* {{HMS|Cochrane}}, [[Rosyth]]
* [[Port HHZ]], [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]], Kylesku, [[Sutherland]], [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
* HMS ''Columbine'', [[Royal Navy]]  [[Destroyer]] Depot. Based at  [[Port Edgar]] 1917–1938
* HMS ''Curlew'', Inellan, [[Dunoon]], [[Argyll & Bute]] Harbour Defence Depot
* HMS ''Dundonald'', [[Troon]], Combined Operations Craft Working up base
* HMS ''Hopetoun'', [[Combined Operations]] Training Centre. Based at Port Edgar 1943–1945
* {{HMS|Lochinvar|shore establishment|6}}. Minesweeping & Fisheries Protection Depot. Based at Port Edgar 1939–1943 and 1946–1975. Based at [[Granton, Edinburgh|Granton]] 1943–1946
* HMS ''Quebec'', [[Inverary]], [[Argyll & Bute]], Combined Operations Craft Working up base
* {{HMS|Varbel}}, [[Port Bannatyne]], [[Argyll & Bute]], Midget submarine training shore base
* HMS ''Western Isles'', [[Tobermory, Mull|Tobermory]], [[Argyll & Bute]], Anti-submarine working up base

====Former Royal Naval Air Stations in Scotland====
*{{HMS|Condor}}, [[Arbroath]], [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]]
*{{HMS|Fieldfare}}, [[Evanton]], [[Ross and Cromarty]], [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
*{{HMS|Fulmar}}, [[Lossiemouth]], [[Moray]]
*{{HMS|Gannet}}, [[Prestwick]], [[South Ayrshire]]
*{{HMS|Jackdaw}}, [[Crail]], [[Fife]]
*[[RNAS Machrihanish (HMS Landrail)|HMS Landrail]], [[Macrihanish]], [[Argyll and Bute]]
*{{HMS|Merganser}}, [[Rattray, Aberdeenshire]]
*{{HMS|Merlin}}, [[Donibristle]], [[Fife]]
*[[RAF Drem|HMS Nighthawk]], [[Drem]], [[East Lothian]]
*{{HMS|Owl}}, [[RNAS Fearn|Fearn]], [[Wester Ross]], [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
*{{HMS|Peewit}}, [[East Haven, Angus|East Haven]], [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]]
*{{HMS|Robin}}, [[Grimsetter]], [[Kirkwall]], [[Orkney]]
*{{HMS|Sanderling}}, [[Abbotsinch]], [[Renfrewshire]]:  (Now [[Glasgow International Airport]])
*[[RNAS Hatston|HMS Sparrowhawk]], [[Hatston]], [[Orkney]]
*[[RNAS Twatt (HMS Tern)|HMS ''Tern'']], [[Twatt, Orkney]]
*{{HMS|Wagtail}}, [[Heathfield, South Ayrshire|Heathfield]], [[Ayr]], [[South Ayrshire]]

===Royal Air Force stations in Scotland===
[[File:Tornado GR4s, 617 Squadron 2006.jpg|thumb|250px|[[RAF Lossiemouth]]'s former [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]] [[Tornado GR4]] aircraft]]

*[[RAF Benbecula]]
*[[RAF Kirknewton]]
*[[RAF Lossiemouth]]
*[[RAF Tain]]
{{Clear}}

====Former Royal Air Force stations in Scotland====
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*[[RAF Alness]]
*[[RAF Annan]]
*[[RAF Balado Bridge]]
*[[RAF Banff]]
*[[RAF Bishopbriggs]]
*[[RAF Black Isle]]
*[[RAF Bowmore]]
*[[RAF Brackla]]
*[[RAF Buchan]]
*[[RAF Buttergask]] (11 EFTS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/buttergask/ |title=Buttergask |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Castle Kennedy]]
*[[RAF Castletown]]
*[[RAF Charterhall]]
*[[RAF Connel]] (244 MU)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/connel-oban/ |title=Connel (Oban) |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Dalcross]]
*[[RAF Dallachy]]
*[[RAF Dornoch]]
*[[RAF Drem]]
*[[RAF Dumfries]]
*[[RAF Dundonald]]
*[[RAF Dunino]]
*[[RAF Dyce]]
*[[RAF East Fortune]]
*[[RAF Edzell]]
*[[RAF Elgin]]
*[[RAF Errol]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[RAF Fordoun]]
*[[RAF Forres]]
*[[RAF Fraserburgh]]
*[[RAF Gailes]]
*[[RAF Grangemouth]]
*[[RAF Greenock]]
*[[RAF Helensburgh]] (MAEE)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/helensburgh-rhu/ |title=Helensburgh (Rhu) |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Inverness]]
*[[RAF Isbister Bay]]?
*[[RAF Kidsdale (Burrow Head)]] (No. 651 Sqn)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/kidsdale-burrow-head/ |title=Kidsdale / Burrow Head |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Kinloss]]
*[[RAF Kirkandrews]] (No. 15 EFTS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/kirkandrews/ |title=Kirkandrews |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Kirkpatrick]] (No. 15 EFTS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/kirkpatrick/ |title=Kirkpatrick |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Kirkton]]
*[[RAF Kirkwall]]?
*[[RAF Largs]] (No. 231 Sqn)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/largs/ |title=Largs |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Leanach]]
*[[RAF Lennoxlove]]
*[[RAF Lerwick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/lerwick/ |title=Lerwick |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Leuchars]]
*[[RAF Lossiemouth]]
*[[RAF Low Eldrig]]
*[[RAF Machrihanish]]
*[[RAF Milltown]]
*[[RAF Montrose]]
*[[RAF Oban]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[RAF Perth]]
*[[RAF Peterhead]]
*[[RAF Portellon]]?
*[[RAF Prestwick]]
*[[RAF Renfrew]]
*[[RAF Saxa Vord]]
*[[RAF Skatsa]]?
*[[RAF Skeabrae]]
*[[RAF Skitten]]
*[[RAF Stornoway]]
*[[RAF Stravithie]]
*[[RAF Sullom Voe]]
*[[RAF Sumburgh]]
*[[RAF Tealing]]
*[[RAF Tiree]]
*[[RAF Turnberry]]
*[[RAF Turnhouse]]
*[[RAF West Freugh]]
*[[RAF Whitefield]] (No 11 EFTS/No 5 FIS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/whitefield/ |title=Whitefield |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[RAF Wick]]
*[[RAF Windyhead]]?
*[[RAF Wigtown]]
*[[RAF Winterseugh]]
*[[RAF Woodhaven]] (No. 201 Sqn/No. 333 Sqn/No. 1477 (Norwegian) Flight)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/woodhaven-newport-tayport/ |title=Woodhaven (Newport) (Tayport) |publisher=Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

{{Col-end}}

===Scottish Units in the British Army===

Previously within the [[British Army]], the [[British Army Infantry|Scottish Infantry]] comprised a number of [[List of Regiments of Foot|'county regiments']], each recruiting from a local area. In 2006, the remaining regiments, known collectively as the [[Scottish Division]], were amalgamated to form the [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]. The amalgamation was vigorously opposed by [[veteran]]s and supporters of the old regiments. Scottish soldiers serve nationally alongside soldiers from England, Wales and Northern Ireland in all [[Units of the British Army|Combat Support Arms and Services]] ([[Royal Artillery|RA]], [[Royal Engineers|RE]], [[Royal Corps of Signals|Signals]], [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence]], [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|AAC]], [[Royal Logistic Corps|RLC]], [[Adjutant General's Corps|AGC]], [[Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers|REME]] and [[Army Medical Services|AMS]]), [[United Kingdom Special Forces|Special Forces]], the [[Household Cavalry]] and the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]] of the [[British Army]], with the following current Formations and Units having specific Scottish connections:

*[[British 51st Infantry Brigade|51 (Scottish) Brigade]]
*[[British 52nd Infantry Brigade|52 Infantry Brigade]]
*[[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
*[[Scots Guards]]
*[[Royal Scots Dragoon Guards]]
*[[1st Royal Tank Regiment]]
*[[19th Regiment Royal Artillery]]
*[[40th Regiment Royal Artillery]]
*A ([[London Scottish Regiment|London Scottish]]) Company [[London Regiment (1993)|London Regiment]]
*[[105th Regiment Royal Artillery]]
*[[32 (Scottish) Signal Regiment]]
*[[154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC]]
* A ([[Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry]]) & C ([[Fife and Forfar Yeomanry/Scottish Horse]]) Squadrons of the [[Queen's Own Yeomanry]] Regiment

====Former Scottish Units in the British Army====
*[[British 9th (Scottish) Division|9th (Scottish) Division]]
*[[British 15th (Scottish) Division|15th (Scottish) Division]]
*[[British 51st (Highland) Division|51st (Highland) Division]]
*[[British 52nd (Lowland) Division|52nd (Lowland) Division]]
*[[Highland Brigade (Scottish)|Highland Brigade]]
*[[Lowland Brigade (Scottish)|Lowland Brigade]]
*[[4th Royal Tank Regiment]]
*[[The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]
*[[Glasgow Highlanders]]
*[[The Gordon Highlanders]]
*[[Highland Light Infantry]]
*[[Liverpool Scottish]]
*[[London Scottish (regiment)|London Scottish]]
*[[King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
*[[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]]
*[[Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)]]
*[[The Royal Scots]]
*[[Royal Scots Fusiliers]]
*[[Scots Greys]]
*[[Seaforth Highlanders]]
*[[93rd Regiment of Foot|93rd (Sutherland) Highlanders]]

===Regular British Army Units currently based in Scotland===
*[[The Royal Highland Fusiliers]], 2nd Battalion [[The Royal Regiment of Scotland]] – Glencorse Barracks
*The [[Black Watch]], 3rd Battalion [[The Royal Regiment of Scotland]] – [[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]
*3rd Battalion, [[The Rifles]] – [[Redford Barracks]]
*Balaklava Company (Argylls) 5th Battalion [[The Royal Regiment of Scotland]] – [[Redford Barracks]] Edinburgh
*39 Engineer Regiment (Kinloss Barracks)
*Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Leuchars Station)

===Scottish units that are not part of the British Army===
*[[Atholl Highlanders]]
*[[Royal Company of Archers]]
*[[High Constables and Guard of Honour of the Palace of Holyroodhouse|High Constables of Holyroodhouse]]

==Scottish regiments in other countries==

===Australia===

List of active regiments in the [[Australian Army]]:

* 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment (Victorian Scottish Regiment)
* 10th/27th Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment (South Australian Scottish Regiment)
* 16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment (Cameron Highlanders)
* 41st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (Byron Scottish Regiment)

List of former Scottish regiments in Australia:

* 30th Battalion (The New South Wales Scottish Regiment)
* 61st Battalion (The Queensland Cameron Highlanders)

List of former Scottish regiments in the [[Australian colonial forces]]:
* Byron Regiment (Sutherland)
* New South Wales Scottish Regiment
* South Australian Scottish Regiment
* Victorian Scottish Regiment (VSR)

===Canada===

List of active regiments in the [[Canadian Forces]]:

* [[42nd Field Artillery Regiment (Lanark and Renfrew Scottish), RCA]]
* [[48th Highlanders of Canada]] 1891
* [[The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)]] 1903
* [[The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada]] 1862
* [[Cape Breton Highlanders]] 1871–1954 2011–present
* [[The Calgary Highlanders]] 1910
* [[The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)]] 1881
* [[The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)]] 1912
* [[The Essex and Kent Scottish]] 1954
* [[The Lake Superior Scottish Regiment]] 1905
* [[The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)]] 1866
* [[The Nova Scotia Highlanders]] 1871
* [[The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada]] 1910
* [[The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada]] late 1940s
* [[The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada]] 1910
* [[The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders]] 1804
* [[The Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)]] 1920

Defunct Scottish regiments, many merged to former larger regiments:

* [[The Essex Scottish Regiment]] 1885–1954 – merged into [[The Essex and Kent Scottish]]
* [[The Pictou Highlanders]] 1871–1954, [[Cape Breton Highlanders]] 1871–1954 and [[The North Nova Scotia Highlanders]] – 1936–1954 merged to form [[The Nova Scotia Highlanders]]
* [[Highland Light Infantry of Canada]] 1886–1954 – merged into [[The Perth and Waterloo Regiment (Highland Light Infantry of Canada)]]
* [[The New Brunswick Scottish]] 1946–1954 – merged into [[The Royal New Brunswick Regiment]]
* [[16th Canadian Battalion (The Canadian Scottish), CEF]] 1914–1920 – disbanded
* [[The 13th Scottish Light Dragoons]] 1872–1936 – disbanded
* [[Lorne Rifles (Scottish)]] – became [[The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)]]
* [[Cameronians Regiment of Foot]]
* [[Glengarry Fencibles]], [[Glengarry Light Infantry]]

===France===

Inactive regiments of the [[French Army]]:

* [[Garde Écossaise]] 1418–1830
* [[Garde du Corps (France)|Gens d'Armes Ecossais]] (Scots Men-At-Arms) – formed 1419 and dissolved 1791

===South Africa===
{{update section|date=March 2020}}
[[File:The Battle of Arras, April-may 1917 Q5293.jpg|thumb|Troops of the [[Union of South Africa|South African]] [[Scottish regiment]] in France, 1917]]
There are three regiments in the [[South African Defence Force]] with Scottish roots:

* [[Pretoria Highlanders]] 1939
* [[Transvaal Scottish Regiment]] 1902
* [[Cape Town Highlanders Regiment]] 1885

===New Zealand===

*[[New Zealand Scots Regiment]] ('''1st NZ Scottish Regiment''' and '''1st Armoured Car Regiment''') was raised in 1939 and renamed 1990 as '''New Zealand Scottish''' and disbanded amongst other units:
:*1st Royal New Zealand Armoured Regiment of the [[Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Scotland|United Kingdom}}
*''[[Nemo me impune lacessit]]''
*[[Scottish National War Memorial]]
*[[National War Museum of Scotland]]
*[[Army School of Bagpipe Music and Highland Drumming]]
*[[Claymore]]
*[[Schiltron]]
*[[Tam o'shanter (hat)|Tam o'Shanter]]
*[[Earl Haig Fund Scotland]]
*[[Edinburgh Military Tattoo]]
*[[Highland charge]]
*[[Lord High Constable of Scotland]]
*[[Scottish Militia Bill 1708]]
*[[The Poker Club]]
*[[Garde du Corps (France)|Garde du Corps]]
*[[The Thin Red Line (1854 battle)]]
*[[Scottish regiment]]
*[[Scottish War Memorials]]
*Munitions production:
**[[HM Factory, Gretna]]
**[[Nobel Industries (Scotland)]]
**[[ROF Bishopton]]
**[[ROF Dalmuir]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Dziennik, Matthew. "Fatal land: war, empire, and the Highland soldier in British America, 1756–1783." (PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 2011). [https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/8205/2/Dziennik2011.pdf Online], With detailed bibliography
* Henshaw, Victoria. ''Scotland and the British Army, 1700–1750: Defending the Union'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014)
* Kenyon, John, and Jane Ohlmeyer. ''The British and Irish Civil Wars: A Military History of Scotland, Ireland, and England, 1638–1660'' (1998).
* Konstam, Angus, and Peter Dennis. ''Strongholds of the Picts: The fortifications of Dark Age Scotland'' (2013)
* Murdoch, Steve, and A. Mackillop. ''Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience C. 1550–1900'' (2003)
* Peters, David. ''Scotland's Military History'' (2013)
* Phillips, Gervase. ''The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550: A Military History'' (1999)
* Scobie, Ian Hamilton Mackay, ed. ''The Scottish regiments of the British army'' (Oliver and Boyd, 1942)
* Spiers, Edward M.  and Jeremy A. Crang. ''A Military History of Scotland'' (2014)
* Spiers, Edward M. ''The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2006).
*[https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/pdfplus/10.3366/jshs.2019.0261 Watt, Patrick. 2019. " Manpower, Myth and Memory: Analysing Scotland's Military Contribution to the Great War." ''Journal of Scottish Historical Studies'' 39.1, 2019, 75–100]
*Wood, Stephen. ''The Scottish Soldier: An illustrated social and military history of Scotland's fighting men through two thousand years'' (1999)

==External links==
*[http://www.nms.ac.uk/warmuseumhomepage.aspx National War Museum of Scotland], [[National Museums of Scotland]]
*[http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/militarycollection Military Collection], [[Historic Scotland]]
*[http://www.nas.gov.uk/guides/military.asp Military Records], [[National Archives of Scotland]]
*[http://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/military.htm Military Records], [[Scottish Archive Network]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060807051631/http://www.fettes.com/scotsatwar/regpages.htm Scots at War Trust], [[Fettes College]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060807051631/http://www.fettes.com/scotsatwar/regpages.htm Regimental Page], [[Fettes College]]
*[http://warmemscot.s4.bizhat.com/ Scottish War Memorials Forum] (public access forum recording all of Scotland's War Memorials)
*[http://www.scottishmilitaryresearch.co.uk Scottish Military Research Group]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090418000817/http://www.scottishmilitaryresearch.org.uk/index.htm Scottish Military History Website]
*[http://www.scotwars.com/ Scottish Military History Website]
* [http://scottishmilitarydisasters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34:quick-guide-to-the-scottish-regiments&catid=1:smd&Itemid=2 Quick Guide to Scottish Regiments]
{{Royal Regiments of Scotland}}
{{Military of Europe}}
{{Scotland topics}}
{{Kingdom of Scotland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Military Of Scotland}}
[[Category:Military history of Scotland| ]]
[[Category:Military of Scotland| ]]
[[Category:Highland regiments]]
[[Category:Scottish regiments]]