Heinz Harmel: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|German general (1906–2000)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}} |
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{{Infobox military person |
{{Infobox military person |
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|name=Heinz Harmel |
|name = Heinz Harmel |
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|birth_date={{birth date|1906|6|29|df=y}} |
|birth_date = {{birth date|1906|6|29|df=y}} |
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|death_date={{death date and age|2000|9|2|1906|6|29|df=y}} |
|death_date = {{death date and age|2000|9|2|1906|6|29|df=y}} |
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|image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J28621, Heinz Harmel.jpg |
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|image=[[File:Harmelhan.jpg|250px]] |
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|caption= |
|caption = Harmel in 1944 |
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|birth_place=[[Metz]], [[German Empire]] |
|birth_place = [[Metz]], [[German Empire]] |
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|death_place=[[Krefeld]], [[Germany]] |
|death_place = [[Krefeld]], [[Germany]] |
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|nickname= |
|nickname = |
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|allegiance= |
|allegiance = [[Weimar Republic]] (1926–1933)<br/>[[Nazi Germany]] (1933–1945) |
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|serviceyears |
|serviceyears = 1926–1945 |
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|branch=[[ |
|branch = <!---- [[Reichsheer]]<br/>----> [[Waffen-SS]] |
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|rank=[[Brigadeführer|SS-Brigadeführer]] |
|rank = [[SS-Brigadeführer|''SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS'']] |
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| commands = [[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg]] |
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|commands= |
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|battles = <!-------[[World War II]] |
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|commands held=SS-PzGrenRgt "Deutschland"<br>[[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg|10. SS-PzDiv "Frundsberg"]] |
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*[[Operation Barbarossa]] |
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|battles=[[World War II]]<br>[[Operation Barbarossa]]<br>[[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]]<br>[[Operation Market Garden]] |
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*[[Operation Overlord]] -----> |
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|awards=[[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords]] |
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[[Operation Market Garden]] |
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|laterwork=}} |
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|awards = [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords]] |
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|laterwork = }} |
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'''Heinz Harmel''' ( |
'''Heinz Harmel''' (29 June 1906 – 2 September 2000) was a German [[SS]] commander during the [[Nazi era]]. He commanded the [[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg]] during [[World War II]]. Harmel was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of [[Nazi Germany]]. |
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== |
==Biography== |
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Born in 1906,<ref name="Williamson p14">Williamson 2006, p. 14.</ref> Harmel volunteered for the ''[[SS-Verfügungstruppe]]'' (later known as the [[Waffen-SS]]) in 1935 and served as a company commander in the [[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich|SS-Regiment ''Der Führer'']], with which he took part in the [[Battle of France]] in 1940. In 1941, Harmel took part in the [[Balkans campaign (World War II)|Balkans Campaign]] and [[Operation Barbarossa]]. In December 1941, Harmel took command of SS-Infanterie-Regiment "Deutschland".<ref name="Williamson p15">Williamson 2006, p. 15.</ref> Harmel participated in the capture of [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]] on 15 March 1943. Harmel received the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 31 March 1943. On 7 September 1943, he received the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]]. In early 1944 after completing a divisional commanders' training course, Harmel took command of the [[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg|SS Division Frundsberg]].<ref name="Williamson p16">Williamson 2006, p. 16.</ref> |
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J27784, Arnheim, Walter Model, Heinz Harmel.jpg|Heinz Harmel (right) with [[Generalfeldmarschall]] [[Walter Model]] at [[Arnhem]].|thumb|left]] |
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During the summer 1944, the division moved to the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]], in Normandy.<ref name="Williamson p16">Williamson 2006, p. 16.</ref> Harmel had been ordered to break the enemy's lines, to free the German units encircled in [[Falaise Pocket]] numbering approximately 125,000 troops of the [[7th Army (Wehrmacht)|7th Army]]. The operation ended with heavy losses and serious damage. Harmel was then sent to the [[Netherlands]]. He fought against the Allied offensive ([[Operation Market Garden]]).<ref>A Bridge Too Far, by Cornelius Ryan (Simon&Schuster, 1974) {{ISBN|978-8171676361}}, The Battle of Arnhem in detail, inclusive of the roles of the Waffen-SS Divisions Hohenstaufen and Frundsberg. Based on Cornelius Ryan's extensive interviews of Waffen-SS Generals Willi Bittrich, Heinz Harmel and Walter Harzer (Chapter 3 and 4), the commanding officers on the German side during the battle of Arnhem.</ref> After the battles around [[Nijmegen]], Harmel received the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords]] on 15 December 1944. His division was then transferred to [[Alsace]], where Harmel was ordered to establish a bridgehead to join the [[Colmar Pocket]]. After the failure of the December 1944/January 1945 offensive in Alsace, Harmel's division was transferred to the Eastern Front, initially fighting in Pomerania and Brandenburg to hold the Oder Front. The division was subsequently transferred to Heeresgruppe Mitte where in late April it was ordered to counterattack the forces of Marshal [[Ivan Konev]]. Harmel refused and was dismissed from command by Field Marshal [[Ferdinand Schörner|Schörner]]. Harmel subsequently commanded an ad hoc battle group formed around the [[24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger|24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS]], the SS Officer's School at Graz and other smaller units. Harmel surrendered to the Allied forces in Austria and ended up in British captivity. Harmel died in 2000.<ref name="Williamson p16">Williamson 2006, p. 16.</ref> |
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===Early life=== |
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Heinz Harmel was born on June 29, 1906, in Metz, the largest fortress of the [[German Empire]]. Harmel was the son of a medical officer of the 67th Infantry Regiment in [[Magdeburg]]. A military career seemed to offer the best opportunities for him. Volunteering in 1926, Heinz Harmel enlisted in the [[Reichswehr]], in the 15th Company of the 6th Infantry Regiment in [[Ratzeburg]]. But the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the size of the Reichswehr, did not allow him to pursue an active military career, so Harmel continued to serve in the Army reserve, where he achieved the rank of [[Feldwebel|Oberfeldwebel]]. |
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When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Harmel retired from the Army and on October 2, 1935, entered to the [[SS-Verfügungstruppe]] (Later known as Waffen-SS) as [[Oberscharführer|SS-Oberscharführer]] and was assigned to the 1st Company of the SS-Standarte "Germania" in Hamburg. On January 30, 1937, Harmel was promoted to the [[Untersturmführer|SS-Untersturmführer]] and served as platoon commander in the 7th Company of the SS-Standarte "Deutschland" in [[Munich]]. On 30 January 1938, Harmel obtained the rank of [[Obersturmführer|SS-Obersturmführer]]. After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich, on March 13, 1938, Harmel moved with his unit to [[Klagenfurt]], capital of [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]]. There, Harmel was appointed as commander of the 9th Company of the new SS-Regiment "Der Führer". On January 30, 1939, Harmel was further promoted to the rank of [[Hauptsturmführer|SS-Hauptsturmführer]], captain. |
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===World War II=== |
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During the [[Battle of France]], on 1940, Harmel fought with his company in the [[Holland]] and [[Flanders]], where he received the [[Iron Cross]] 2nd Class and 1st Class, and the [[Infantry Assault Badge]]. Then, Harmel went to the south of France. On 1 January 1941, Harmel became commander of the 2nd Battalion of the SS-Infanterie-Regiment "Der Führer". On April 1941, Harmel took part in the [[Balkans Campaign (World War II)|Balkans Campaign]]. In [[Belgrade]], Harmel was promoted to the rank of [[Sturmbannführer|SS-Sturmbannführer]], major. On June 1941, the German offensive ([[Operation Barbarossa]]) began against the [[Soviet Union]]. With [[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich|SS-Infanterie-Division (mot.) "Reich"]] (Later known as 2. SS-Panzer-Division "Das Reich"), under the command of the [[Gruppenführer|SS-Gruppenführer]] [[Paul Hausser]] , Harmel took part in fights near Jelna. For this action, Harmel was awarded the [[German Cross]] in gold on the November 29, 1941. |
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On December 4, 1941, Harmel took command of SS-Infanterie-Regiment "Deutschland", whose commander, SS-Oberführer Wilhelm Bittrich, replaced SS-Gruppenführer Paul Hausser as divisional commander when he was seriously wounded. Harmel officially became commander of the SS-Infanterie-Regiment "Deutschland" on June 18, 1942. He was promoted to the rank of [[SS-Obersturmbannführer]], lieutenant colonel, on October 20, 1942. During the winter of 1942-1943, Harmel struggled with his men near Rzhev-Oskol, with courage and selflessness. Harmel participated in the capture of [[Kharkov]] on March 15, 1943. He distinguished himself by attacking with his regiment at night. To honor these heroic actions, Heinz Harmel received the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on March 31, 1943. He also received the [[Tank Destruction Badge]]. This badge was instituted by Adolf Hitler on March 9, 1942 to honor individuals who single-handedly destroyed an enemy tank with hand held explosives. On April 20, 1943, Harmel was promoted to the rank of [[Standartenführer|SS-Standartenführer]]. On September 7, 1943, he received the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]] and the [[Close Combat Clasp]] in silver. |
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From March 1944 to April 1944, SS-Standartenführer Harmel followed a training for divisional commanders at [[Hirschberg]]. On April 1944, Heinz Harmel took command of the [[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg|10th SS Panzer Division "Frundsberg"]] and on May 18, 1944, Harmel was promoted to the [[SS-Oberführer]]. On September 9, 1944, Harmel was promoted to the rank of [[Brigadeführer|SS-Brigadeführer]]. At 38-years-old, Harmel was respectfully called "Der Alte" (The Old) by his men, who were often themselves teenagers. The 10th SS Panzer Division "Frundsberg" theoretically accounted 19,513 men, but it was already greatly reduced by the fighting and never reached this count. |
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During the summer 1944, the division moved from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] to the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]], in Normandy. Harmel had been ordered to break the enemy's lines, to free the German units, trapped at [[Falaise pocket|Falaise Pocket]]. On August 1944, approximately 125,000 German soldiers of the [[7th Army (Germany)|7th Army]] was encircled. The operation ended with heavy losses and serious damage. Harmel was then sent to the [[Netherlands]]. He fought for the defense of the Reich against the Allied offensive ([[Operation Market Garden]]). He distinguished himself again during the battle. After the fights around [[Nijmegen]], Harmel received the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords]] on December 15, 1944. His division was then transferred to [[Alsace]], where Harmel was ordered to establish a bridgehead to join the [[Colmar Pocket]]. SS-Brigadeführer Harmel ended the war on May 1945, at [[Spremberg]]. |
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===Post-World War II === |
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Harmel was a prisoner of war in the United Kingdom for 2 years. Upon his release, he returned to Germany and worked as a sales representative. Forty years after the [[Invasion of Normandy|Battle of Normandy]], Heinz Harmel received a commemorative medal in [[Bayeux]]. Heinz Harmel was one of the most decorated officer of the Waffen-SS during World War II. Heinz Harmel died in [[Krefeld]], on September 2, 2000. |
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In the 1977 movie [[A Bridge Too Far]], [[Germany|German]] actor [[Hardy Kruger]] portrays a character named SS-Brigadeführer Ludwig, which based on Heinz Harmel and Walter Harzer. Harmel did not want his name to be mentioned in the movie. |
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==Awards== |
==Awards== |
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* [[Iron Cross]] (1939) 2nd Class (30 May 1940) & 1st Class (1 June 1940)<ref name="Thomas p247">Thomas 1997, p. 247.</ref> |
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* [[Sudetenland Medal]] with Prague Castle Bar |
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* [[German Cross]] in Gold (29 November 1941)<ref name="Scherzer p366">Scherzer 2007, p. 366.</ref> |
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* [[Memel Medal]] |
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* [[Iron Cross]] |
* [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords]] |
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** Knight's Cross on 31 March 1943 as SS-''[[Obersturmbannführer]]'' and commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment "Deutschland".<ref name="Scherzer p366"/> |
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** 2nd Class (30 May 1940) |
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** 296th Oak Leaves on 7 September 1943 as SS-''[[Standartenführer]]'' and commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment "Deutschland"<ref name="Scherzer p366"/> |
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** 1st Class (1 June 1940) |
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** 116th Swords on 15 November 1944 as SS-''[[Brigadeführer]] and [[Generalmajor]] der Waffen SS'' and commander of 10. SS-Panzer-Division "Frundsberg"<ref name="Scherzer p366"/> |
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* [[Infantry Assault Badge]] in Silver (4 December 1940) |
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* [[Wound Badge]] (1939) |
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** in Black (21 March 1943) |
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* [[Close Combat Clasp]] |
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** in Bronze |
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** in Silver (10 September 1943) |
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* [[Eastern Front Medal]] (15 August 1942) |
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* [[Tank Destruction Badge|Tank Destruction Badge for Individual Combatants]] (31 March 1943) |
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* [[German Cross]] in Gold (29 November 1941) |
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* [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords]] |
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** Knight's Cross on 31 March 1943 as ''[[Obersturmbannführer]]'' and commander of SS-Panzergrenadier Regiment 3 "Deutschland" |
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** 296th Oak Leaves on 7 September 1943 as ''[[Standartenführer]]'' and commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment "Deutschland" |
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** 116th Swords on 15 November 1944 as ''[[Brigadeführer]] and [[Generalmajor]] der Waffen SS'' and commander of 10.SS-Panzer-Division "Frundsberg" |
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* Mentioned in the [[Wehrmachtbericht]] (16 July 1944) |
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== |
==See also== |
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*[[Register of SS-Leaders in general’s rank#List SS-Brigadeführer|List SS-Brigadeführer]] |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{commons category|Heinz Harmel}} |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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* Berger, Florian, ''Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern. Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges''. Selbstverlag Florian Berger, 2006. ISBN 3-9501307-0-5. |
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* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer. ''Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945''. Friedburg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas, 2000. ISBN 3-7909-0284-5. |
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</div> |
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== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|25em}} |
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* Biography of Heinz Harmel on [http://www.ritterkreuztraeger-1939-45.de/Waffen-SS/H/Harmel-Heinz.htm ritterkreuztraeger-1939-45.de] |
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==Sources== |
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* [[A Bridge Too Far (book)|''A Bridge Too Far'']], by [[Cornelius Ryan]] (Simon&Schuster, 1974) {{ISBN|978-8171676361}}, The Battle of Arnhem in detail, inclusive of the roles of the Waffen-SS Divisions Hohenstaufen and Frundsberg. Based on Cornelius Ryan's extensive interviews of Waffen-SS Generals Willi Bittrich, Heinz Harmel and Walter Harzer (Chapter 3 and 4), the commanding officers on the German side during the battle of Arnhem. |
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* ''German Commanders of World War II (2): Waffen-SS, Luftwaffe & Navy'' (Elite) (v. 2), by [[Gordon Williamson (writer)|Gordon Williamson]] (Osprey Publishing, 2006) {{ISBN|978-1841765976}}. |
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* {{Cite book |
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|last=Scherzer |
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|first=Veit |
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|year=2007 |
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|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945. Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |
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|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |
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|language=German |
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|location=Jena, Germany |
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|publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |
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|isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |
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}} |
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{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
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{{s-mil}} |
{{s-mil}} |
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{{succession box |
{{succession box |
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before= SS-Gruppenführer [[Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld]] |
|before= SS-Gruppenführer [[Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld]] |
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after= SS-Obersturmbannführer [[Franz Roestel]] |
|after= SS-Obersturmbannführer [[Franz Roestel]] |
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title= Commander of [[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg|''10.SS-Panzer-Division Frundsberg'']] |
|title= Commander of [[10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg|''10.SS-Panzer-Division Frundsberg'']] |
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years=27 April 1944 |
|years=27 April 1944 – 28 April 1945 |
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}} |
}} |
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{{s-end}} |
{{s-end}} |
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{{Subject bar |
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{{KCwithOLandSW}} |
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| portal1=Biography |
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{{KCwithOL}} |
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}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Harmel, Heinz |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 29 June 1906 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Metz]], [[Alsace-Lorraine]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 2 September 2000 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Krefeld]], [[Germany]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Harmel, Heinz}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harmel, Heinz}} |
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[[Category:1906 births]] |
[[Category:1906 births]] |
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[[Category:2000 deaths]] |
[[Category:2000 deaths]] |
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[[Category:SS |
[[Category:SS-Brigadeführer]] |
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[[Category:Military personnel from Metz]] |
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[[Category:Military personnel from Alsace-Lorraine]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold German Cross]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross]] |
[[Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Reichswehr personnel]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Members of HIAG]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Waffen-SS personnel]] |
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[[Category:Military personnel referenced in the Wehrmachtbericht]] |
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[[cs:Heinz Harmel]] |
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[[ko:하인츠 하르멜]] |
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[[it:Heinz Harmel]] |
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[[ja:ハインツ・ハルメル]] |
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[[pt:Heinz Harmel]] |
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[[ru:Хармель, Хайнц]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:07, 11 February 2024
Heinz Harmel | |
|---|---|
 Harmel in 1944 | |
| Born | 29 June 1906 Metz, German Empire |
| Died | 2 September 2000 (aged 94) Krefeld, Germany |
| Allegiance | Weimar Republic (1926–1933) Nazi Germany (1933–1945) |
| Service | Waffen-SS |
| Years of service | 1926–1945 |
| Rank | SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS |
| Commands | 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg |
| Battles / wars | Operation Market Garden |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Heinz Harmel (29 June 1906 – 2 September 2000) was a German SS commander during the Nazi era. He commanded the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg during World War II. Harmel was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany.
Biography
[edit]Born in 1906,[1] Harmel volunteered for the SS-Verfügungstruppe (later known as the Waffen-SS) in 1935 and served as a company commander in the SS-Regiment Der Führer, with which he took part in the Battle of France in 1940. In 1941, Harmel took part in the Balkans Campaign and Operation Barbarossa. In December 1941, Harmel took command of SS-Infanterie-Regiment "Deutschland".[2] Harmel participated in the capture of Kharkov on 15 March 1943. Harmel received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 31 March 1943. On 7 September 1943, he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. In early 1944 after completing a divisional commanders' training course, Harmel took command of the SS Division Frundsberg.[3]
During the summer 1944, the division moved to the Western Front, in Normandy.[3] Harmel had been ordered to break the enemy's lines, to free the German units encircled in Falaise Pocket numbering approximately 125,000 troops of the 7th Army. The operation ended with heavy losses and serious damage. Harmel was then sent to the Netherlands. He fought against the Allied offensive (Operation Market Garden).[4] After the battles around Nijmegen, Harmel received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 15 December 1944. His division was then transferred to Alsace, where Harmel was ordered to establish a bridgehead to join the Colmar Pocket. After the failure of the December 1944/January 1945 offensive in Alsace, Harmel's division was transferred to the Eastern Front, initially fighting in Pomerania and Brandenburg to hold the Oder Front. The division was subsequently transferred to Heeresgruppe Mitte where in late April it was ordered to counterattack the forces of Marshal Ivan Konev. Harmel refused and was dismissed from command by Field Marshal Schörner. Harmel subsequently commanded an ad hoc battle group formed around the 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS, the SS Officer's School at Graz and other smaller units. Harmel surrendered to the Allied forces in Austria and ended up in British captivity. Harmel died in 2000.[3]
Awards
[edit]- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (30 May 1940) & 1st Class (1 June 1940)[5]
- German Cross in Gold (29 November 1941)[6]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
- Knight's Cross on 31 March 1943 as SS-Obersturmbannführer and commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment "Deutschland".[6]
- 296th Oak Leaves on 7 September 1943 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment "Deutschland"[6]
- 116th Swords on 15 November 1944 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor der Waffen SS and commander of 10. SS-Panzer-Division "Frundsberg"[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Williamson 2006, p. 14.
- ^ Williamson 2006, p. 15.
- ^ a b c Williamson 2006, p. 16.
- ^ A Bridge Too Far, by Cornelius Ryan (Simon&Schuster, 1974) ISBN 978-8171676361, The Battle of Arnhem in detail, inclusive of the roles of the Waffen-SS Divisions Hohenstaufen and Frundsberg. Based on Cornelius Ryan's extensive interviews of Waffen-SS Generals Willi Bittrich, Heinz Harmel and Walter Harzer (Chapter 3 and 4), the commanding officers on the German side during the battle of Arnhem.
- ^ Thomas 1997, p. 247.
- ^ a b c d Scherzer 2007, p. 366.
Sources
[edit]- A Bridge Too Far, by Cornelius Ryan (Simon&Schuster, 1974) ISBN 978-8171676361, The Battle of Arnhem in detail, inclusive of the roles of the Waffen-SS Divisions Hohenstaufen and Frundsberg. Based on Cornelius Ryan's extensive interviews of Waffen-SS Generals Willi Bittrich, Heinz Harmel and Walter Harzer (Chapter 3 and 4), the commanding officers on the German side during the battle of Arnhem.
- German Commanders of World War II (2): Waffen-SS, Luftwaffe & Navy (Elite) (v. 2), by Gordon Williamson (Osprey Publishing, 2006) ISBN 978-1841765976.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945. Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
