Jump to content

German submarine U-320: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 61°32′N 1°53′E / 61.533°N 1.883°E / 61.533; 1.883
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
lk
 
(28 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|German World War II submarine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
Line 6: Line 7:
{{Infobox ship career
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Ship country= {{nowrap|[[Nazi Germany]]}}
|Ship country=[[Nazi Germany]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
|Ship name=''U-320''
|Ship name=''U-320''
|Ship ordered=14 October 1942
|Ship ordered=14 October 1941
|Ship builder=[[Flender Werke]], [[Lübeck]]
|Ship builder=[[Flender Werke]], [[Lübeck]]
|Ship yard number=320
|Ship yard number=320
|Ship laid down=1 December 1942
|Ship laid down=1 December 1942
|Ship launched=6 November 1943
|Ship launched=6 November 1943
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=30 December 1943
|Ship commissioned=30 December 1943
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship struck=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship motto=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship fate=Badly damaged by a British aircraft on 8 May 1945; scuttled off Norway<ref name="uboatnet"/>
|Ship honors=
|Ship fate=Badly damaged by a British aircraft in May 1945; scuttled in Norway{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=261}}
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
}}
}}
Line 30: Line 26:
|Header caption=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[German Type VII submarine#Type VIIC/41|Type VIIC/41]] [[submarine]]
|Ship class=[[German Type VII submarine#Type VIIC/41|Type VIIC/41]] [[submarine]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|759|t|LT|0}} surfaced<br />{{convert|860|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship displacement=
*{{convert|759|t|LT|0|lk=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|860|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship length={{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[o/a]]<br />{{convert|50.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[pressure hull]]
|Ship length=
*{{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[o/a]]
*{{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[pressure hull]]
|Ship beam={{convert|6.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a<br />{{convert|4.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull
|Ship beam=
*{{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a
*{{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull
|Ship height=
|Ship height={{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=2&nbsp;×&nbsp;[[supercharged]] [[Germaniawerft]] 6-cylinder 4-stroke F46 [[diesel engine]]s, totalling {{convert|2800|-|3200|PS|bhp kW|abbr=on}}. Max [[rpm]]: 470-490<br />2&nbsp;×&nbsp;[[Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co.|GL]] RP 137/c [[electric motor]]s, totalling {{convert|750|PS|shp kW|abbr=on}} and max rpm: 296.
*{{convert|2800|–|3200|PS|kW bhp|abbr=on}} (diesels)
|Ship speed={{convert|17.7|kn}} surfaced<br />{{convert|7.6|kn}} submerged
*{{convert|750|PS|kW shp|abbr=on}} (electric)
|Ship range={{convert|8,500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced<br />{{convert|80|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}} submerged
|Ship propulsion=
|Ship test depth={{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />[[Crush depth]]: {{convert|275|-|325|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*2 shafts
|Ship complement= 44–52 officers and ratings
*2 × [[diesel engine]]s
*2 × [[Motor-generator|electric motors]]
|Ship speed=
*{{convert|17.7|kn}} surfaced
*{{convert|7.6|kn}} submerged
|Ship range=
*{{convert|8,500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced
*{{convert|80|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}} submerged
|Ship test depth=
*{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*[[Crush depth]]: {{convert|275|–|325|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=4 officers, 40–56 enlisted
|Ship sensors=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament={{plainlist|
|Ship armament=
*5&nbsp;×&nbsp;{{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (four bow, one stern)
*5 × {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (four bow, one stern)
*14&nbsp;×&nbsp;torpedoes
*14 × [[torpedo]]es
*1&nbsp;×&nbsp;[[8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun|{{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} deck gun]] (220 rounds)
*1 × [[8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun|{{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} deck gun]] (220 rounds)
*1 × [[3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43|{{convert|3.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} Flak M42]] AA gun
*various AA guns
*2 × [[2 cm FlaK 30|{{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30]] AA guns
}}
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
}}
}}
{{Service record
{{Infobox service record
|is_ship=yes
|is_ship=yes
|label=Service record<ref name="uboatnet">{{cite web
|label=Service record<ref name="uboatnet">{{cite web
|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/u320.htm
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u320.htm
|title=The Type VIIC/41 boat U-320
|title=The Type VIIC/41 boat U-320
|last=Helgason
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|accessdate=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/u320.html
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/u320.html
|title=War Patrols by German U-boat U-320
|title=War Patrols by German U-boat U-320
|last=Helgason
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|accessdate=19 August 2012
|access-date=19 August 2012
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
|partof=
|partof=[[4th U-boat Flotilla]]<br />(30 December 1943&ndash;1 April 1944)<br />5th U-boat Flotilla<br />(1 April&ndash;8 May 1945)
*[[4th U-boat Flotilla]]
|codes=
*30 December 1943 – 1 April 1945
|commanders=''[[Oblt.z.S.]]'' Siegfried Breinlinger<br />(3 December 1943&ndash;10 July 1944)<br />''[[Oblt.z.S.]]'' Heinz Emmerich<ref group=note>Kemp spells his surname "Emmerich".</ref><br />(1 July 1944&ndash;8 May 1945)
*[[5th U-boat Flotilla]]
|operations=Two patrols:<br /> 16&ndash;21 April 1945<br /> 27 April&ndash;8 May 1945
*1 April – 8 May 1945
|codes=M 06 051
|commanders=
*''[[Oblt.z.S.]]'' Siegfried Breinlinger
*30 December 1943 – 10 July 1944
*''Oblt.z.S.'' Heinz Emmrich<ref group=note>Kemp spells his surname "Emmerich".</ref>
*11 July 1944 – 8 May 1945
|operations=*2 patrols:
*1st patrol:
*16 – 21 April 1945
*2nd patrol:
*27 April – 8 May 1945
|victories=None
|victories=None
|awards=
}}
}}
|}
|}
Line 79: Line 104:
She carried out just two patrols, but did not sink any ships.
She carried out just two patrols, but did not sink any ships.


The boat was badly damaged in early May 1945 by a British aircraft and consequently scuttled by the crew in the [[North Sea]]; the last to be sunk by direct action.{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=261}}
The boat was badly damaged on 8 May 1945 by a British aircraft and consequently scuttled by the crew in the [[North Sea]]; the last to be sunk by direct action.{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=261}}

==Design==
[[German Type VII submarine#Type VIIC/41|German Type VIIC/41 submarines]] were preceded by the heavier [[German Type VII submarine#Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarines]]. ''U-320'' had a displacement of {{convert|759|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|860|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} She had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a [[pressure hull]] length of {{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a [[draught (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two [[Germaniawerft]] F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder [[supercharged]] [[diesel engine]]s producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two [[Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co.]] RP 137/c [[Motor–generator|double-acting electric motors]] producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} [[propeller]]s. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}}

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|80|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. ''U-320'' was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen [[torpedo]]es, one [[8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun|{{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun]], (220 rounds), one [[3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43|{{convert|3.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} Flak M42]] and two [[2 cm FlaK 30|{{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30]] anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a [[Ship's company|complement]] of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}}


==Service history==
==Service history==

The submarine was laid down on 1 December 1942 by the [[Flender Werke]] yard at [[Lübeck]] as yard number 320, launched on 6 November 1943 and commissioned on 30 December under the command of ''[[Oberleutnant zur See]]'' Siegfried Breinlinger.
The submarine was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 1 December 1942 by the [[Flender Werke]] yard at [[Lübeck]] as yard number 320, [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 6 November 1943 and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 30 December under the command of ''[[Oberleutnant zur See]]'' Siegfried Breinlinger.


She served with the [[4th U-boat Flotilla]] for training, from 30 December 1943 to 1 April 1944 and the [[5th U-boat Flotilla|5th flotilla]] for operations until her sinking on 8 May 1945.
She served with the [[4th U-boat Flotilla]] for training, from 30 December 1943 to 1 April 1944 and the [[5th U-boat Flotilla|5th flotilla]] for operations until her sinking on 8 May 1945.


===1st patrol===
===First patrol===
''U-320'' departed [[Kiel]] on 16 April 1945 and arrived in [[Horten]] (south of [[Oslo]]), on the 21st.
''U-320'' departed [[Kiel]] on 16 April 1945 and arrived in [[Karljohansvern|Horten Naval Base]] (south of [[Oslo]]), on the 21st.


===2nd patrol and loss===
===Second patrol and loss===
The boat left Horten on 27 April 1945. On 8 May she was badly damaged by [[depth charge]]s dropped from a British [[PBY Catalina|Catalina]] of [[No. 210 Squadron RAF]]. The battered submarine managed to surface off the Norwegian coast, where she was [[Scuttling|scuttled]].{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=261}}
The boat left Horten on 27 April 1945. On 8 May she was badly damaged by [[depth charge]]s dropped from a British [[PBY Catalina|Catalina]] of [[No. 210 Squadron RAF]]. The battered submarine managed to surface off the Norwegian coast, where she was [[Scuttling|scuttled]].{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=261}}


Line 96: Line 127:
* [[Actions of 7–8 May 1945]]
* [[Actions of 7–8 May 1945]]


==References==
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

;Citations
==Citations==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book | last1 = Busch | first1 = Rainer | last2 = Röll | first2 = Hans-Joachim | translator-last = Brooks | translator-first = Geoffrey | title = German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary | publisher = Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press | location = London, Annapolis, Md | year = 1999 | isbn = 1-55750-186-6 }}
|last=Gröner
|first=Erich
|title=U-Boote, Hilfskreuzer, Minenschiffe, Netzleger, Sperrbrecher
|work=Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945
|volume=III
|publisher=[[Bernard & Graefe]]
|location=Koblenz
|year=1985
|isbn=3-7637-4802-4
|language=German
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
|last1=Busch
|last1=Busch
Line 121: Line 142:
|first2=Hans-Joachim
|first2=Hans-Joachim
|title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945
|title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945
|trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945
|work=Der U-Boot-Krieg
|series=Der U-Boot-Krieg
|volume=IV
|volume=IV
|publisher=Mittler
|publisher=Mittler
Line 127: Line 149:
|year=1999
|year=1999
|isbn=3-8132-0514-2
|isbn=3-8132-0514-2
|language=German
|language=de
|ref=harv
}}
}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
|last=Gröner
|last1=Gröner
|first=Erich
|first1=Erich
|last2=Jung
|title=U-Boote, Hilfskreuzer, Minenschiffe, Netzleger, Sperrbrecher
|first2=Dieter
|work=Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945
|last3=Maass
|volume=III
|first3=Martin
|publisher=[[Bernard & Graefe]]
|translator-last1=Thomas
|location=Koblenz
|translator-first1=Keith
|year=1985
|translator-last2=Magowan
|isbn=3-7637-4802-4
|translator-first2=Rachel
|language=German
|year=1991
|ref=harv
|title=German Warships 1815–1945, U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels
|volume=2
|location=London
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|isbn=0-85177-593-4
|ref=CITEREFGröner1991
}}
}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
Line 151: Line 178:
|publisher=Arms & Armour
|publisher=Arms & Armour
|isbn=1-85409-515-3
|isbn=1-85409-515-3
|ref=harv
}}
}}

{{Refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite web
*{{Cite web
| url =http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0320.html
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u320.htm
| title =''U 320''
|title=The Type VII/C41 boat U-320
| last =Hofmann
| first =Markus
| website =Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de
| language =German
| accessdate =2014-12-06
}}
* {{Cite web
|url= http://www.uboat.net/boats/u320.htm
|title= The Type VII/C41 boat U-320
|last=Helgason
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|accessdate= 6 December 2014
|access-date=6 December 2014
}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0320.html
|title=''U 320''
|last=Hofmann
|first=Markus
|website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de
|language=de
|access-date=2014-12-06
}}
}}
* [http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/boat.cgi?boat=320 ''U-320'' at ubootwaffe.net] {{Dead link|date=November 2013}}


{{German Type VII submarines}}
{{German Type VII submarines}}
{{May 1945 shipwrecks}}

{{coord|61|32|N|1|53|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}
{{coord|61|32|N|1|53|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}
{{Italic title prefixed|16}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}


Latest revision as of 12:27, 2 March 2024

History
Nazi Germany
NameU-320
Ordered14 October 1941
BuilderFlender Werke, Lübeck
Yard number320
Laid down1 December 1942
Launched6 November 1943
Commissioned30 December 1943
FateBadly damaged by a British aircraft on 8 May 1945; scuttled off Norway[1]
General characteristics
Class and typeType VIIC/41 submarine
Displacement
Length
Beam
  • 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a
  • 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull
Height9.60 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draught4.74 m (15 ft 7 in)
Installed power
  • 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels)
  • 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced
  • 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged
Range
  • 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
  • 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth
  • 250 m (820 ft)
  • Crush depth: 275–325 m (902–1,066 ft)
Complement4 officers, 40–56 enlisted
Armament
Service record[1][2]
Part of:
Identification codes: M 06 051
Commanders:
  • Oblt.z.S. Siegfried Breinlinger
  • 30 December 1943 – 10 July 1944
  • Oblt.z.S. Heinz Emmrich[note 1]
  • 11 July 1944 – 8 May 1945
Operations:
  • 2 patrols:
  • 1st patrol:
  • 16 – 21 April 1945
  • 2nd patrol:
  • 27 April – 8 May 1945
Victories: None

German submarine U-320 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She carried out just two patrols, but did not sink any ships.

The boat was badly damaged on 8 May 1945 by a British aircraft and consequently scuttled by the crew in the North Sea; the last to be sunk by direct action.[3]

Design

[edit]

German Type VIIC/41 submarines were preceded by the heavier Type VIIC submarines. U-320 had a displacement of 759 tonnes (747 long tons) when at the surface and 860 tonnes (850 long tons) while submerged.[4] She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).[4]

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph).[4] When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-320 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.[4]

Service history

[edit]

The submarine was laid down on 1 December 1942 by the Flender Werke yard at Lübeck as yard number 320, launched on 6 November 1943 and commissioned on 30 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Siegfried Breinlinger.

She served with the 4th U-boat Flotilla for training, from 30 December 1943 to 1 April 1944 and the 5th flotilla for operations until her sinking on 8 May 1945.

First patrol

[edit]

U-320 departed Kiel on 16 April 1945 and arrived in Horten Naval Base (south of Oslo), on the 21st.

Second patrol and loss

[edit]

The boat left Horten on 27 April 1945. On 8 May she was badly damaged by depth charges dropped from a British Catalina of No. 210 Squadron RAF. The battered submarine managed to surface off the Norwegian coast, where she was scuttled.[3]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Kemp spells his surname "Emmerich".

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC/41 boat U-320". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  2. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "War Patrols by German U-boat U-320". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  3. ^ a b Kemp 1999, p. 261.
  4. ^ a b c d Gröner 1991, pp. 43–46.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
  • Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg; Berlin; Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
  • Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815–1945, U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
  • Kemp, Paul (1999). U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.
[edit]
  • Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VII/C41 boat U-320". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  • Hofmann, Markus. "U 320". Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de (in German). Retrieved 6 December 2014.

61°32′N 1°53′E / 61.533°N 1.883°E / 61.533; 1.883

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_submarine_U-320&oldid=1211415760"