HNoMS Norge: Difference between revisions

	Norge transporting the coffin of writer Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1910
History
Norway
Name	Norge
Namesake	Norway
Builder	Armstrong Whitworth at Newcastle on Tyne
Launched	31 March 1900
Commissioned	7 February 1901
Fate	Sunk 9 April 1940 in Narvik Harbour, Norway
General characteristics
Class and type	Eidsvold-class coastal defence ship
Displacement	4,233 tons (standard)
Length	94.60 m (310 ft 4 in)
Beam	15.70 m (51 ft 6 in)
Draft	5.40 m (17 ft 9 in)
Propulsion	steam engines with; 4,500 hp (3,400 kW);
Speed	17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph)
Complement	270 fully crewed, reduced to 229 in 1940, just 191 aboard when sunk
Armament	2 × 21 cm (8.26-inch) guns; 6 × 15 cm (5.90-inch) guns; 6 × 7.6 cm (3-inch) guns; Torpedo tubes; Anti-aircraft armament:; 2 × 76 mm anti-aircraft guns; 2 × 20 mm Oerlikon guns; 2 × 12.7 mm Colt anti-aircraft machine guns; 4 × 7.92 mm Colt anti-aircraft machine guns;
Notes

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HNoMS Norge was a coastal defence ship of the Eidsvold class in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Built by Armstrong Whitworth at Newcastle on Tyne, she was torpedoed and sunk by German destroyers in Narvik harbour on 9 April 1940.

Description

Built as part of the general rearmament in the time leading up to the events in 1905, Norge remained, along with her sister-ship Eidsvold, the backbone of the Royal Norwegian Navy for just over 40 years. Norge and Eidsvold were the largest vessels in the Royal Norwegian Navy, displacing 4,233 tons and crewed by 270 men. Both vessels were considered to be quite powerful for their time, with two 21 cm (8.26 inch) guns as their main armament. They were armoured to withstand battle with ships of a similar size, with 6 inches (15.24 cm) of Krupp cemented armour in the belt and 9 inches (22.86 cm) of the same armour on the two gun turrets.

It was intended to augment the Norwegian coastal defence ship fleet with the two ships of the Bjørgvin class, ordered in 1912, but after these were requisitioned by the British Royal Navy while still under construction at the outbreak of World War I the Eidsvold class and the older, two ship strong, Tordenskjold class were kept in service long after they were obsolete.

First and final battle

On the morning of 9 April 1940, a German force of ten destroyers, carrying troops of a mountain division, entered Ofotfjord under cover of fog and heavy snow. The Germans contacted the captain of Eidsvold, demanding that he surrender, and when this was turned down, the battle-ready German destroyers torpedoed Eidsvold before she could fire her guns.

Aboard Norge, deeper inside the fjord, the explosions were heard, but nothing could be seen until two German destroyers suddenly appeared out of the darkness. Captain Per Askim of Norge gave orders to open fire. Four rounds were fired from the 21 cm guns (one from the fore gun and three from the aft) as well as seven or eight rounds from the starboard 15 cm guns, directed against the German destroyer Bernd von Arnim. The range has been estimated as 800 metres (870 yd). Due to the difficult weather conditions, it was hard to use the optical sights for the guns, which resulted in the first salvo falling short of the target and the others going over the target.

The German destroyers waited until they were alongside the pier before returning fire. Bernd von Arnim opened fire with her 12.7 cm (5-inch) guns, as well as with machine guns, but the weather gave the Germans problems as well. The destroyer also fired torpedoes—in all three salvoes of two torpedoes each. The first two salvoes missed, but the last struck Norge midships, and she sank in less than one minute, her propellers still turning. Ninety of the crew were rescued from the freezing water, but 101 perished in the battle which had lasted less than 20 minutes.

The wreck

The remains of Norge lie at a depth of about 20 metres (66 ft), in the middle of Narvik harbour. Partly salvaged in situ, it is considered a war memorial and diving on the wreck is prohibited.^[4]

Notes

^ Campbell, "Norway," 370.
^ DET TYSKE ANGREP I OFOTFJORDEN. P/S "Eidsvold" senkes Archived 4 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian), retrieved 8 Dec 2005
^ HNoMS Norge Krigsseilerregisteret (in Norwegian)
^ PS Norge Archived 18 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Skovheim.org, retrieved 2 January 2007

Sources

Abelsen, Frank (1986). Norwegian naval ships 1939–1945 (in Norwegian and English). Oslo: Sem & Stenersen AS. ISBN 82-7046-050-8.
Campbell, N J M (1979). "Norway". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 369–70. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.

External links

Media related to Norge (ship, 1899) at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Campbell, "Norway," 370.

[2] DET TYSKE ANGREP I OFOTFJORDEN. P/S "Eidsvold" senkes Archived 4 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian), retrieved 8 Dec 2005

[3] HNoMS Norge Krigsseilerregisteret (in Norwegian)

[4] PS Norge Archived 18 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Skovheim.org, retrieved 2 January 2007

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Ship of the Eidsvold-class in the Royal Norwegian Navy}}
-{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
+{{for|the Norwegian [[royal yacht]]|HNoMY Norge}}
-{{Infobox Ship Image
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
-|Ship image=[[Image:HNoMS Norge, with Bjørnson's coffin on board.jpg|300px]]
+{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
-|Ship caption=''Norge'' transporting the coffin of writer [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] in 1910.
+{{Infobox ship image
+|Ship image=HNoMS Norge, with Bjørnson's coffin on board.jpg
+|Ship caption=''Norge'' transporting the coffin of writer [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] in 1910
 }}
-{{Infobox Ship Career
+{{Infobox ship career
 |Hide header=
 |Ship country=Norway
-|Ship flag=[[Image:Flag of Norway, state.svg|60px|Norwegian State Flag]]
+|Ship flag=[[File:Naval Ensign of Norway (1844-1905).svg|60px]] {{shipboxflag|Norway|naval}}
 |Ship name=''Norge''
 |Ship namesake=[[Norway]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 16: @@
 |Ship builder=[[Armstrong Whitworth]] at [[Newcastle on Tyne]]
 |Ship laid down=
-|Ship launched=1899
+|Ship launched=31 March 1900<ref>Campbell, "Norway," 370.</ref>
 |Ship acquired=
 |Ship commissioned=7 February 1901
@@ Line 23: / Line 26: @@
 |Ship honours=
 |Ship fate=Sunk 9 April 1940 in Narvik Harbour, Norway
-|Ship status=
 |Ship notes=
 }}
-{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
+{{Infobox ship characteristics
 |Hide header=
 |Header caption=
-|Ship class=[[Eidsvold class coastal defence ship|''Eidsvold'' class]]
+|Ship class={{sclass|Eidsvold|coastal defence ship}}
 |Ship displacement=4,233&nbsp;tons (standard)
-|Ship length={{convert|94.60|m|ft|2}}
+|Ship length={{convert|94.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
-|Ship beam={{convert|15.70|m|ft|2}}
+|Ship beam={{convert|15.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
-|Ship draft={{convert|5.40|m|ft|2}}
+|Ship draft={{convert|5.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
-|Ship propulsion=steam engines with<br>4,500 [[horsepower|hp]](3,355.65 kW)
+|Ship propulsion=*steam engines with
+* {{cvt|4500|hp}}
-|Ship speed={{convert|17.2|kn|km/h|2|lk=on}}
+|Ship speed={{convert|17.2|kn|lk=in}}
 |Ship range=
-|Ship complement=270 fully crewed, reduced to 229 in 1940, just 191 aboard when sunk<ref>[http://www.vrakdykking.com/narvik3.htm ''DET TYSKE ANGREP I OFOTFJORDEN. P/S "Eidsvold" senkes''] {{no icon}}, retrieved 8 Dec 2005</ref>
+|Ship complement=270 fully crewed, reduced to 229 in 1940, just 191 aboard when sunk<ref>[http://www.vrakdykking.com/narvik3.htm ''DET TYSKE ANGREP I OFOTFJORDEN. P/S "Eidsvold" senkes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404152348/http://vrakdykking.com/narvik3.htm |date=4 April 2005 }} {{in lang|no}}, retrieved 8 Dec 2005</ref>
-|Ship armament=2 x 21 cm (8.26 inch) guns<br>6 x 15 cm (5.90 inch) guns<br>6 x 7.6 cm (3 inch) guns<br>Torpedo tubes<br>'''AA Armament:'''<br>2 x 76 mm AA guns<br>2 x [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon guns]]<br>2 x 12.7 mm [[Colt's Manufacturing Company|Colt]] anti-aircraft machine guns<br>4 x 7.92 mm Colt anti-aircraft machine guns
+|Ship armament=*2 × 21 cm (8.26-inch) guns
+*6 × 15 cm (5.90-inch) guns
+*6 × 7.6 cm (3-inch) guns
+*Torpedo tubes
+*Anti-aircraft armament:
+*2 × 76 mm anti-aircraft guns
+*2 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon guns]]
+*2 × 12.7 mm [[Colt's Manufacturing Company|Colt]] anti-aircraft machine guns
+*4 × 7.92 mm Colt anti-aircraft machine guns
 |Ship armour=
 |Ship armor=
-|Ship aircraft=none
+|Ship aircraft=
+|Ship notes=<ref>[https://www.krigsseilerregisteret.no/en/skip/20959/ HNoMS Norge] [[Krigsseilerregisteret]] {{in lang|no}}</ref>
-|Ship notes=
 }}
 |}
+'''HNoMS ''Norge''''' was a [[coastal defence ship]] of the {{sclass|Eidsvold|coastal defence ship|4}} in the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]]. Built by [[Armstrong Whitworth]] at [[Newcastle on Tyne]], she was torpedoed and sunk by German [[destroyer]]s in [[Narvik]] harbour on 9 April 1940.
-:''For the Norwegian [[Royal Yacht]], see [[HNoMY Norge|HNoMY ''Norge'']].''
-'''HNoMS ''Norge''''' ('''Panserskipet ''Norge''''' in Norwegian) was a [[coastal defence ship]] of the [[Eidsvold class coastal defence ship|''Eidsvold'' class]] in the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]]. Built by [[Armstrong Whitworth]] at [[Newcastle on Tyne]] in 1899, she was obsolete when torpedoed and sunk by German [[destroyer]]s in [[Narvik]] harbour on 9 April 1940.
 ==Description==
+Built as part of the general rearmament in the time leading up to the events in 1905, ''Norge'' remained, along with her sister-ship {{HNoMS|Eidsvold||2}}, the backbone of the Royal Norwegian Navy for just over 40 years. ''Norge'' and ''Eidsvold'' were the largest vessels in the Royal Norwegian Navy, displacing 4,233 tons and crewed by 270 men. Both vessels were considered to be quite powerful for their time, with two 21&nbsp;cm (8.26 inch) guns as their main armament. They were armoured to withstand battle with ships of a similar size, with 6 inches (15.24&nbsp;cm) of [[Krupp]] [[Cementation (metallurgy)|cemented]] [[armour]] in the belt and 9 inches (22.86&nbsp;cm) of the same armour on the two gun turrets.
-[[Image:Eidsvold class costal defence cruiser photo.jpg|thumb|left|An ''Eidsvold'' class coastal defence ship underway.]]
+[[File:Håkon inspects KNM Eidsvold.gif|thumb|left|The recently elected King [[Haakon VII of Norway|Haakon VII]] boards ''Norge'' on 28 November 1905]]
-Built as part of the general rearmament in the time leading up to the events in [[Norway in 1905|1905]], ''Norge'' remained, along with her sister-ship [[HNoMS Eidsvold|''Eidsvold'']], the backbone of the Norwegian Navy for just over 40 years. ''Norge'' and ''Eidsvold'' were the largest vessels in the Norwegian Navy, displacing 4,233 tons and crewed by 270 men. Both vessels were considered to be quite powerful for their time, with two 21 cm (8.26 inch) guns as their main armament. They were armoured to withstand battle with ships of a similar size, with 6 inches (15.24 cm) of Krupp [[Cementation|cemented]] [[armour]] in the belt and 9 inches (22.86 cm) of the same armour on the two gun turrets.
+It was intended to augment the Norwegian [[coastal defence ship]] fleet with the two ships of the {{sclass|Bjørgvin|coastal defence ship|4}}, ordered in 1912, but after these were requisitioned by the British [[Royal Navy]] while still under construction at the outbreak of [[World War I]] the ''Eidsvold'' class and the older, two ship strong, {{sclass|Tordenskjold|coastal defence ship|4}} were kept in service long after they were obsolete.
-[[Image:Håkon inspects KNM Eidsvold.gif|thumb|200px|left|The recently elected King [[Haakon VII of Norway|Haakon VII]] boards ''Norge'' on 28 November 1905.]]
-It was intended to augment the Norwegian Panserskip fleet with the two ships of the [[Bjørgvin class coastal defence ship|''Bjørgvin'' class]], ordered in 1912, but after these were requisitioned by the British [[Royal Navy]] while still under construction at the outbreak of [[World War I]] the Eidsvold class and the older, two ship strong, [[Tordenskjold class coastal defence ship|''Tordenskjold'' class]] was forced to soldier on long after they were obsolete.
 ==First and final battle==
-[[Image:HNoMS Norge - steering wheel recovered 1983.png|thumb|200px|left|The emergency steering wheel from ''Norge'', retrieved from Narvik harbour by divers in 1983.]]
+[[File:HNoMS Norge - steering wheel recovered 1983.png|thumb|left|The emergency steering wheel from ''Norge'', retrieved from Narvik harbour by divers in 1983]]
-On the morning of 9 April 1940, German forces entered [[Ofotfjord]] under cover of fog and heavy snow. The Germans contacted the captain of ''Eidsvold'', demanding that he surrender, and when this was turned down, the battle-ready German destroyers torpedoed ''Eidsvold'' before she could fire her guns.
+On the morning of 9 April 1940, a German force of [[Norwegian campaign order of battle#Kriegsmarine|ten destroyers]], carrying troops of a [[Gebirgsjäger|mountain division]], entered [[Ofotfjord]] under cover of fog and heavy snow. The Germans contacted the captain of ''Eidsvold'', demanding that he surrender, and when this was turned down, the battle-ready German destroyers torpedoed ''Eidsvold'' before she could fire her guns.
-Aboard ''Norge'', deeper inside the fjord, the explosions were heard, but nothing could be seen until two German destroyers suddenly appeared out of the darkness. Captain Per Askim of ''Norge'' gave orders to open fire. Four rounds were fired from the 21 cm guns (one from the fore gun and three from the aft) as well as seven or eight rounds from the starboard 15 cm guns, directed against the German destroyer ''[[Bernd von Arnim]]''. The range has been estimated as 800 metres (1/2 mile). Due to the difficult weather conditions, it was hard to use the optical sights for the guns, which resulted in the first salvo falling short of the target and the others going over the target.
+Aboard ''Norge'', deeper inside the fjord, the explosions were heard, but nothing could be seen until two German destroyers suddenly appeared out of the darkness. Captain [[Per Askim]] of ''Norge'' gave orders to open fire. Four rounds were fired from the 21&nbsp;cm guns (one from the fore gun and three from the aft) as well as seven or eight rounds from the starboard 15&nbsp;cm guns, directed against the German destroyer ''[[German destroyer Z11 Bernd von Arnim|Bernd von Arnim]]''. The range has been estimated as {{convert|800|m|yd}}. Due to the difficult weather conditions, it was hard to use the optical sights for the guns, which resulted in the first salvo falling short of the target and the others going over the target.
+The German destroyers waited until they were alongside the pier before returning fire. ''Bernd von Arnim'' opened fire with her 12.7&nbsp;cm (5-inch) guns, as well as with machine guns, but the weather gave the Germans problems as well. The destroyer also fired torpedoes—in all three salvoes of two torpedoes each. The first two salvoes missed, but the last struck ''Norge'' midships, and she sank in less than one minute, her propellers still turning. Ninety of the crew were rescued from the freezing water, but 101 perished in the battle which had lasted less than 20 minutes.
+[[File:Anchor of Norge in Narvik.jpg|thumb|right|The salvaged anchor of ''Norge'' outside the War Museum in Narvik]]
-The German destroyers waited until they were alongside the pier before returning fire. ''Bernd von Arnim'' opened fire with her 12.7 cm (5 inch) guns, as well as with machine guns, but the weather gave the Germans problems as well. The destroyer also fired torpedoes -- in all three salvoes of two torpedoes each. The first two salvoes missed, but the last struck ''Norge'' midships, and she sank in less than one minute, her propellers still turning. Ninety of the crew were rescued from the freezing water, but 101 perished in the battle which had lasted less than 20 minutes.
-[[File:Anchor of Norge in Narvik.jpg|thumb|right|The salvaged anchor of ''Norge'' outside the War Museum in Narvik.]]
 ==The wreck==
-The remains of ''Norge'' lie at a depth of about {{convert|20|m|0}}, in the middle of Narvik harbour. Partly salvaged in situ, it is considered a war memorial and diving on the wreck is prohibited.<ref>[http://www.skovheim.org/located/nordland/norge/norge.html PS Norge] at Skovheim.org, retrieved 2 January 2007</ref>
+The remains of ''Norge'' lie at a depth of about {{convert|20|m}}, in the middle of Narvik harbour. Partly salvaged in situ, it is considered a war memorial and diving on the wreck is prohibited.<ref>[http://www.skovheim.org/located/nordland/norge/norge.html PS Norge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818135931/http://www.skovheim.org/located/nordland/norge/norge.html |date=18 August 2007 }} at Skovheim.org, retrieved 2 January 2007</ref>
 ==Notes==
 {{Reflist}}
-==Source==
+==Sources==
-* {{cite book |title=Norwegian naval ships 1939-1945 |last=Abelsen |first=Frank |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1986 |publisher=Sem & Stenersen AS |location=Oslo |isbn=82-7046-050-8 |page= |pages= |url= |language=Norwegian and English}}
+* {{cite book |title=Norwegian naval ships 1939–1945 |last=Abelsen |first=Frank |year=1986 |publisher=Sem & Stenersen AS |location=Oslo |isbn=82-7046-050-8 |language=no, en}}
+* {{cite book |last=Campbell|first=N J M|chapter=Norway|editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Chesneau|editor2-first=Roger|editor3-last=Kolesnik|editor3-first=Eugene M.|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_361|url-access=limited|year=1979|location=London|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|isbn=0-85177-133-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_361/page/n376 369]–70}}
-==See also==
-* [[List of World War II ships]]
-* [[List of ship launches in 1899]]
-* [[List of shipwrecks in 1940]]
 ==External links==
+{{Commons-inline|Norge (ship, 1899)}}
-*[http://www.mil.no/sjo/start/fakta/historie/dagfordag/feb/#5 Royal Norwegian Navy website with details on ''Eidsvold'' and ''Norge'']
-*[http://www.vrakdykking.com/narvik4.htm DET TYSKE ANGREPET I OFOTFJORDEN. P/S Norge senkes] Norwegian website describing the battle between ''Norge'' and the ''Bernd von Arnim'' - plenty of pictures
-*[http://www.vrakdykking.com/bilder/storebilder/norge,%20ved%20kanonen.gif Old postcard showing sailors manning one of the 15 cm guns]
-*[http://www.vrakdykking.com/bilder/storebilder/ps%20norge1.gif Rare colour photo of ''Norge'' from 1906]
 {{Norwegian coastal defence ships}}
+{{April 1940 shipwrecks}}
-{{coord missing}}
+{{coord missing|Atlantic Ocean}}
-{{DISPLAYTITLE:HNoMS ''Norge''}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Norge}}
-[[Category:Eidsvold class coastal defence ships]]
+[[Category:Eidsvold-class coastal defence ships]]
-[[Category:Tyne-built ships]]
+[[Category:Ships built on the River Tyne]]
-[[Category:1899 ships]]
+[[Category:1900 ships]]
 [[Category:World War II coastal defence ships of Norway]]
-[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1940]]
+[[Category:Maritime incidents in April 1940]]
 [[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea]]
-[[de:Norge (1900)]]
-[[hu:HNoMS Norge]]
-[[no:«Norge» (panserskip) (1901-1940)]]
-[[pl:Norge (1901)]]
-[[fi:KNM Norge]]
-[[sv:Pansarskeppet Norge]]
-Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qY-eEKFqEU&feature=channel_video_title

Coastal defence ships of the Royal Norwegian Navy
Tordenskjold class	Tordenskjold Harald Haarfagre
Eidsvold class	Eidsvold Norge
Bjørgvin class	Bjørgvin Nidaros
Coastal defence ships of the Royal Norwegian Navy

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1940
Shipwrecks	6 Apr: U-1, U-50 8 Apr: HMS Glowworm, Rio de Janeiro 9 Apr: HNoMS Æger, Blücher, HNoMS Eidsvold, HMS Gurkha, German cruiser Karlsruhe, HNoMS Norge, Seattle, Sørland, HNoMS Tor 10 Apr: Albatros, Z22 Anton Schmitt, Friedenau, HMS Hardy, HMS Hunter, Königsberg, HMS Tarpon, HMS Thistle, Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp 11 Apr: V 105 Cremon 13 Apr: Z11 Bernd von Arnim, Z17 Diether von Roeder, Z12 Erich Giese, Z13 Erich Koellner, HNoMS Frøya, Z2 Georg Thiele, Z18 Hans Lüdemann, Z19 Hermann Künne, HNoMS Storm, U-64, Z9 Wolfgang Zenker 14 Apr: Bärenfels, Brummer, Oldenburg 15 Apr: U-49 18 Apr: HNoMS Sæl, HMS Sterlet 20 Apr: Stegg 25 Apr: HMS Bradman, Trygg 26 Apr: HNoMS Garm 29 Apr: HMS Unity 30 Apr: HMS Bittern, HMS Dunoon, Maillé Brézé
Other incidents	8 Apr: HNoMS Pol III 10 Apr: Alster, HMS Hotspur 11 Apr: Alster, HNoMS Brand 12 Apr: HMS Eskimo, Schürbek, HNoMS Storm 13 Apr: Malangen 16 Apr: HNoMS Brand 18 Apr: Achille, Pasteur
1939 1940 1941 March 1940 May 1940