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{{more citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2011}}


'''Llan''' ({{IPA-cy|ɬan}}) and its variants ({{lang-br|lan}}; {{lang-kw|lann}}; {{lang-xpi|lhan}}; [[Irish language|Irish]] and {{lang-gd|lann}}<ref name="cpns">{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |last2=Taylor |first2=Simon |title=The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland |date=2011 |publisher=Birlinn LTD |isbn=9781906566357 |page=387 |edition=reprint }}</ref>) are a common element of [[Celtic toponymy|Celtic placenames]] in the [[British Isles]] and [[Brittany]], especially of [[Welsh toponymy]]. In Welsh, an (often [[colloquial Welsh morphology|mutated]]) name of a local saint or a geomorphological description{{refn|A number of placenames now beginning with ''llan'' owe their present form to confusion, having originated as ''glan'' ("river bank") or ''nant'' ("stream, [[hollow (geography)|hollow]]"). An example is [[Llanbradach]], which was originally Nant Bradach ("Valley of the Bradach"). An example in Cornish is [[Lanteglos-by-Fowey|Lanteglos]], from an original Nanseglos ("Church Valley").}} follows the ''Llan'' [[morpheme]] to form a single word: for example Llanfair is the parish or settlement around the church of {{nowrap|St. Mair}} (Welsh for "[[Mary, Mother of Jesus|Mary]]"). Whereas, [[Goidelic]] toponyms end in ''-lann''.
'''Llan''' ({{IPA|cy|ɬan}}) and its variants ({{langx|br|lan}}; {{langx|kw|lann}}; {{langx|xpi|lhan}}; [[Irish language|Irish]] and {{langx|gd|lann}}<ref name="cpns">{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |last2=Taylor |first2=Simon |title=The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland |date=2011 |publisher=Birlinn LTD |isbn=9781906566357 |page=387 |edition=reprint }}</ref>) are a common element of [[Celtic toponymy|Celtic placenames]] in the [[British Isles]] and [[Brittany]], especially of [[Welsh toponymy]]. In Welsh the (often [[colloquial Welsh morphology|mutated]]) name of a local saint or a geomorphological description{{refn|A number of placenames now beginning with ''llan'' owe their present form to confusion, having originated as ''glan'' ("river bank") or ''nant'' ("stream, [[hollow (geography)|hollow]]"). An example is [[Llanbradach]], which was originally Nant Bradach ("Valley of the Bradach"). An example in Cornish is [[Lanteglos-by-Fowey|Lanteglos]], from an original Nanseglos ("Church Valley").}} follows the ''Llan'' [[morpheme]] to form a single word: for example Llanfair is the parish or settlement around the church of {{nowrap|St. Mair}} (Welsh for "[[Mary, Mother of Jesus|Mary]]"). [[Goidelic]] toponyms end in ''-lann''.


The various forms of the word are distantly [[cognate]] with [[English language|English]] ''land'' and ''lawn'' and presumably initially denoted a specially cleared and enclosed area of land.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st&nbsp;ed. [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/105432 "land, ''n.¹''"]. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1901.</ref><ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st&nbsp;ed. [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/106277 "laund, ''n.''"] Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1902.</ref> In [[Sub-Roman Britain|late antiquity]], it came to be applied particularly to the sanctified land occupied by communities of [[Celtic Christianity|Christian]] [[Christianization of Wales|converts]]. It is part of the name of over 630 locations in [[Wales]] and nearly all have some connection with a [[list of Welsh saints|local patron saint]]. These were usually the founding saints of the parish,<ref name=sabi67>Baring-Gould, Sabine. [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari ''The Lives of the Saints'', Vol.&nbsp;16, "The Celtic Church and its Saints", p.&nbsp;67]. Longmans, Green, &&nbsp;Co. (New York), 1898.</ref> relatives of the ruling families who invaded Wales during the early Middle Ages.<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari p.&nbsp;40].</ref> The founder of a new ''llan'' was obligated to reside at the site and to eat only once a day, each time taking a bit of bread and an egg and drinking only water and milk. This lasted for forty days, Sundays excepted, after which the land was considered sanctified forever.<ref name=sabi67/> The typical ''llan'' employed or erected a circular or oval embankment with a protective [[stockade]], surrounded by wood or stone huts.<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari p.&nbsp;33].</ref> Unlike [[Christianization of England|Saxon practice]], these establishments were not chapels for the local lords but almost separate tribes, initially some distance away from the [[caer|secular community]].<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari p.&nbsp;92].</ref> Over time, however, it became common for prosperous communities to either become [[clas (ecclesiastical settlement)|monasteries]] forbidden to [[laity|lay residents]] or to become fully secular communities controlled by the local lord.<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari pp.&nbsp;37–38].</ref>
The various forms of the word are distantly [[cognate]] with [[English language|English]] ''land'' and ''lawn'' and presumably initially denoted a specially cleared and enclosed area of land.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st&nbsp;ed. [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/105432 "land, ''n.¹''"]. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1901.</ref><ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st&nbsp;ed. [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/106277 "laund, ''n.''"] Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1902.</ref> In [[Sub-Roman Britain|late antiquity]] it came to be applied particularly to the sanctified land occupied by communities of [[Celtic Christianity|Christian]] [[Christianization of Wales|converts]]. It is part of the name of more than 630 locations in [[Wales]] and nearly all have some connection with a [[list of Welsh saints|local patron saint]]. These were usually the founding saints of the parish,<ref name=sabi67>Baring-Gould, Sabine. [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari ''The Lives of the Saints'', Vol.&nbsp;16, "The Celtic Church and its Saints", p.&nbsp;67]. Longmans, Green, &&nbsp;Co. (New York), 1898.</ref> relatives of the ruling families who invaded Wales during the early Middle Ages.<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari p.&nbsp;40].</ref> The founder of a new ''llan'' was obliged to reside at the site and to eat only once a day, each time taking a bit of bread and an egg and drinking only water and milk. This lasted for forty days, Sundays excepted, after which the land was considered sanctified for ever.<ref name=sabi67/> The typical ''llan'' employed or erected a circular or oval embankment with a protective [[stockade]], surrounded by wooden or stone huts.<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari p.&nbsp;33].</ref> Unlike [[Christianization of England|Saxon practice]], these establishments were not chapels for the local lords but almost separate tribes, initially some distance away from the [[caer|secular community]].<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari p.&nbsp;92].</ref> Over time, however, it became common for prosperous communities to become either [[clas (ecclesiastical settlement)|monasteries]] forbidden to [[laity|lay residents]] or fully secular communities controlled by the local lord.<ref>Baring-Gould, [https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints16bari pp.&nbsp;37–38].</ref>


In the later Middle Ages, ''llan'' also came to denote entire [[parish]]es, both as an ecclesiastical region and as a subdivision of a [[commote]] or [[hundred (county subdivision)|hundred]].
In the later Middle Ages ''llan'' also came to denote entire [[parish]]es, both as an ecclesiastical region and as a subdivision of a [[commote]] or [[hundred (county subdivision)|hundred]].


==Place names in Wales==
==Place names in Wales==


===Places named after saints===
===Places named after saints===
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}} (''{{look from|Llan}}'')
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}} (''{{look from|Llan}}'')
*[[Llanaelhaearn]], Saint [[Aelhaiarn]]
*[[Llanaelhaearn]], Saint [[Aelhaiarn]]
*[[Llanafan Fawr]] 'Great Llanafan', [[Saint Afan]]
*[[Llanafan Fawr]] 'Great Llanafan', [[Saint Afan]]
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*[[Llanddwywe]], [[Saint Dwywe]]
*[[Llanddwywe]], [[Saint Dwywe]]
*[[Llanddyfnan]], [[Saint Dyfnan]]
*[[Llanddyfnan]], [[Saint Dyfnan]]
*[[Llandetty]], [[Saint Detyw and Saint Tetta]]
*[[Llandissilio]], Saint [[Tysilio]]
*[[Llandissilio]], Saint [[Tysilio]]
*[[Llandogo]], in Welsh Llaneuddogwy, St Euddogwy ([[Oudoceus]])
*[[Llandogo]], in Welsh Llaneuddogwy, St Euddogwy ([[Oudoceus]])
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*[[Llanfihangel y Creuddyn]], St [[Michael (archangel)]]
*[[Llanfihangel y Creuddyn]], St [[Michael (archangel)]]
*[[Llanfihangel-yng-Ngwynfa]], St Michael, the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel-yng-Ngwynfa]], St Michael, the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel-y-Pennant]] , St Michael, the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel-y-Pennant]], St Michael, the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel-y-Pennant, Dolbenmaen]], St Michael, the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel-y-Pennant, Dolbenmaen]], St Michael, the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog]], St [[Michael and All Angels]]
*[[Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog]], St [[Michael and All Angels]]
*[[Llanfihangel-y-Traethau]], [[Saint Michael]], the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel-y-Traethau]], [[Saint Michael]], the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel yn Nhowyn]], St Michael, ([[Mihangel]]) the Archangel
*[[Llanfihangel yn Nhowyn]], St Michael, ([[Michael (archangel)|Mihangel]]) the Archangel
*[[Llanfilo]], [[Saint Bilo]]
*[[Llanfilo]], [[Saint Bilo]]
*[[Llanfoist]], Saint Fwyst
*[[Llanfoist]], Saint Fwyst
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*[[Llangeitho]], [[Saint Ceitho]]
*[[Llangeitho]], [[Saint Ceitho]]
*[[Llangeler]], [[Saint Celer]]
*[[Llangeler]], [[Saint Celer]]
*[[Llangelynnin]], [[Saint Celynin]]
*[[Llangelynnin, Conwy|Llangelynnin]], [[Saint Celynin]]
*[[Llangelynnin, Gwynedd]], [[Saint Celynin]]
*[[Llangelynnin, Gwynedd]], [[Saint Celynin]]
*[[Llangennech]], Saint Cennych
*[[Llangennech]], Saint Cennych
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*[[Llanmartin]], [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]]
*[[Llanmartin]], [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]]
*[[Llanmihangel]], [[Vale of Glamorgan]], St [[Michael (archangel)|Michael, the Archangel]]
*[[Llanmihangel]], [[Vale of Glamorgan]], St [[Michael (archangel)|Michael, the Archangel]]
*[[Llannefyd]], [[Conwy County Borough]] Saint Nefydd
*[[Llannefydd]], [[Conwy County Borough]] Saint Nefydd
*[[Llannon]], [[Saint Non]]
*[[Llannon]], [[Saint Non]]
*[[Llanon]], Saint Non
*[[Llanon]], Saint Non
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*[[Llantrisant, Monmouthshire]], three saints: St Peter, St Paul and St John
*[[Llantrisant, Monmouthshire]], three saints: St Peter, St Paul and St John
*[[Llantrithyd]], of St Illtyd
*[[Llantrithyd]], of St Illtyd
*[[Llantwit Major]] ({{lang-cy|Llanilltud Fawr|italic=no}}), [[Saint Illtud]]
*[[Llantwit Major]] ({{langx|cy|Llanilltud Fawr|italic=no}}), [[Saint Illtud]]
*[[Llantwit Fardre]] ('Llanilltud on the Prince's own farm'; from {{lang|owl|faerdref}}: [on the] 'land (or farm) of the prince'), Saint Illtud
*[[Llantwit Fardre]] ('Llanilltud on the Prince's own farm'; from {{lang|owl|faerdref}}: [on the] 'land (or farm) of the prince'), Saint Illtud
*[[Llantysilio]], [[Saint Tysilio]]
*[[Llantysilio]], [[Saint Tysilio]]
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*[[Llanddarog]], uncertain; church dedicated to Saint [[Twrog]]
*[[Llanddarog]], uncertain; church dedicated to Saint [[Twrog]]
*[[Llandow]], derives from Llandhuw, meaning Church of God
*[[Llandow]], derives from Llandhuw, meaning Church of God
*[[Llandrindod]], named after the [[Trinity]] ({{lang-cy|y Drindod}})
*[[Llandrindod]], named after the [[Trinity]] ({{langx|cy|y Drindod}})
*[[Llanfachraeth]], {{lang|cy|fach}}, 'small', and {{lang|cy|(t)raeth}}, 'beach', meaning 'place, or church, of the little beach'
*[[Llanfachraeth]], {{lang|cy|fach}}, 'small', and {{lang|cy|(t)raeth}}, 'beach', meaning 'place, or church, of the little beach'
*[[Llanfaes]], 'church of the field' from {{lang|cy|llan}} + {{lang|cy|maes}}, 'field'. (Originally dedicated to Saint Fagan)
*[[Llanfaes]], 'church of the field' from {{lang|cy|llan}} + {{lang|cy|maes}}, 'field'. (Originally dedicated to Saint Fagan)
Line 315: Line 316:


===Place names without a religious connection===
===Place names without a religious connection===
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
*Bwlch-Llan, Ceredigion
*Bwlch-Llan, Ceredigion
*[[Landimore]] from Mor- Sea
*[[Landimore]] from Mor- Sea
Line 375: Line 376:
*[[Llanrhyddlad]]
*[[Llanrhyddlad]]
*[[Llanrug]], (former name: "Llanfihangel-y-Rug")
*[[Llanrug]], (former name: "Llanfihangel-y-Rug")
*[[Llanrumney]], named after [[River Rhymney]] ([[Rebracketing|rebracketed]] from "''Glanrhymni''", lit. bank of the Rhymney, due to [[Lenition|mutation]] of "''Glan''-", to "''Lan''-" after certain prepositions (e.g. "''o Lanrhymni"'', "from Glanrhymni"), confused for the mutation (or mispronunciation) of "''Llan''-" as "''Lan''-" in the same circumstances)
*[[Llanrumney]], named after [[River Rhymney]]
*[[Llanteg]]
*[[Llanteg]]
*[[Llanuwchllyn]], Gwynedd, ''llan'' + ''uwch'' + ''llyn'': llan 'above the lake'
*[[Llanuwchllyn]], Gwynedd, ''llan'' + ''uwch'' + ''llyn'': llan 'above the lake'
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===Place names in counties bordering Wales===
===Place names in counties bordering Wales===
*[[Lancaut]] ({{lang-cy|Llan Cewydd}}), Gloucestershire
*[[Lancaut]] ({{langx|cy|Llan Cewydd}}), Gloucestershire
*[[List of civil parishes in Herefordshire|Llancillo]], Herefordshire
*[[List of civil parishes in Herefordshire|Llancillo]], Herefordshire
*[[Landican]] (Birkenhead, Merseyside), Saint Tegan
*[[Landican]] (Birkenhead, Merseyside), Saint Tegan
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*[[Llanymynech]] (part), Shropshire
*[[Llanymynech]] (part), Shropshire
*[[Llanyblodwel]], Shropshire
*[[Llanyblodwel]], Shropshire

Furthermore, some Welsh exonyms for English settlements contain the element ''llan'', these include:
* ''Llancrug'' ([[Kenderchurch]]), Herefordshire
* ''Llanllieni'' ([[Leominster]]), Herefordshire
* ''Llantiuoi'' ([[Foy, Herefordshire|Foy]]), Herefordshire


===Uncertain of origin===
===Uncertain of origin===
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==Place names in Brittany==
==Place names in Brittany==
*[[Lampaul-Guimiliau]] ({{Lang-br|Lambaol-Gwimilio}}), [[Paul Aurelian|Saint Paul]]
*[[Lampaul-Guimiliau]] ({{Langx|br|Lambaol-Gwimilio}}), [[Paul Aurelian|Saint Paul]]
*[[Landerneau]] ({{Lang-br|Landerne}}), Saint Ténénan
*[[Landerneau]] ({{Langx|br|Landerne}}), Saint Ténénan
*[[Langolen]] ({{Lang-br|Langolen}}), [[Saint Collen]]
*[[Langolen]] ({{Langx|br|Langolen}}), [[Saint Collen]]
*[[Landeleau]] ({{Lang-br|Landelo}}), [[Saint Teilo]]
*[[Landeleau]] ({{Langx|br|Landelo}}), [[Saint Teilo]]
*[[Saint-Jacut-de-la-Mer|Landoac]] ({{Lang-br|Landoac}}), Saint Doac
*[[Saint-Jacut-de-la-Mer|Landoac]] ({{Langx|br|Landoac}}), Saint Doac
*[[Lanildut]] ({{Lang-br|Lannildud}}), [[Illtud]]
*[[Lanildut]] ({{Langx|br|Lannildud}}), Saint [[Illtud]]
*[[Lannédern]] ({{Lang-br|Lannedern}}), [[Saint Edern]]
*[[Lannédern]] ({{Langx|br|Lannedern}}), [[Saint Edern]]
*[[Landévennec]] ({{Lang-br|Landevenneg}}), [[Winwaloe]]
*[[Landévennec]] ({{Langx|br|Landevenneg}}), [[Winwaloe]]
*[[Landivisiau]] ({{Lang-br|Landivizio}}), [[Saint Gwisiau]]
*[[Landivisiau]] ({{Langx|br|Landivizio}}), [[Saint Gwisiau]]
*[[Landudal]] ({{Lang-br|Landudal}}), [[Tudwal]]
*[[Landudal]] ({{Langx|br|Landudal}}), [[Tudwal]]
*[[Lanhouarneau]] ({{Lang-br|Lanhouarne}}), [[Saint Hervé]]
*[[Lanhouarneau]] ({{Langx|br|Lanhouarne}}), [[Saint Hervé]]
*[[Landévant]] ({{Lang-br|Landevant}}), Saint Tevant
*[[Landévant]] ({{Langx|br|Landevant}}), Saint Tevant
*[[Landudec]] ({{Lang-br|Landudeg}}), Saint Tadec
*[[Landudec]] ({{Langx|br|Landudeg}}), Saint Tadec
*[[Landunvez]] ({{Lang-br|Landunvez}}), Sainte Tunvez
*[[Landunvez]] ({{Langx|br|Landunvez}}), Sainte Tunvez
*[[Langoëlan]] ({{Lang-br|Lanwelan}}), Saint Gouelan
*[[Langoëlan]] ({{Langx|br|Lanwelan}}), Saint Gouelan
*[[Languidic]] ({{Lang-br|Langedig}}), Saint [[Cynedd]]
*[[Languidic]] ({{Langx|br|Langedig}}), Saint [[Cynedd]]
*[[Landéda]] ({{Lang-br|Landeda}}), Saint Tédia or Saint Tydeu
*[[Landéda]] ({{Langx|br|Landeda}}), Saint Tédia or Saint Tydeu
*[[Landujan]] ({{Lang-br|Landujan}}), Saint Tudin ([[Tudwal]])
*[[Landujan]] ({{Langx|br|Landujan}}), Saint Tudin ([[Tudwal]])
*[[Langast]] ({{Lang-br|Lanwal}}), Saint Gal
*[[Langast]] ({{Langx|br|Lanwal}}), Saint Gal
*[[Langourla]] ({{Lang-br|Langourlae}}), Saint Gourlae
*[[Langourla]] ({{Langx|br|Langourlae}}), Saint Gourlae
*[[Langrolay-sur-Rance]] ({{Lang-br|Langorlae}}), Saint Gourlae
*[[Langrolay-sur-Rance]] ({{Langx|br|Langorlae}}), Saint Gourlae
*[[Languenan]] ({{Lang-br|Langenan}}), Saint Kenan
*[[Languenan]] ({{Langx|br|Langenan}}), Saint Kenan
*[[Langonnet]] ({{Lang-br|Langoned}}), Saint Konoed (Saint Cynwyd)
*[[Langonnet]] ({{Langx|br|Langoned}}), Saint Konoed (Saint Cynwyd)
*[[Lanmodez]] ({{Lang-br|Lanvaodez}}), [[Saint Maudez]]
*[[Lanmodez]] ({{Langx|br|Lanvaodez}}), [[Saint Maudez]]
*[[Landrévarzec]] ({{Lang-br|Landrevarzeg}}), Saint Harzheg
*[[Landrévarzec]] ({{Langx|br|Landrevarzeg}}), Saint Harzheg
*[[Lanarvily]] ({{Lang-br|Lannarvili}}), Saint Haeruili
*[[Lanarvily]] ({{Langx|br|Lannarvili}}), Saint Haeruili
*[[Lanvénégen]] ({{Lang-br|Lannejenn}}), Saint Menegean
*[[Lanvénégen]] ({{Langx|br|Lannejenn}}), Saint Menegean
*[[Lanvollon]] ({{Lang-br|Lannolon}}), Saint Volon
*[[Lanvollon]] ({{Langx|br|Lannolon}}), Saint Volon
*[[Landaul]] ({{Lang-br|Landaol}}), (Perhaps [[Saint Teilo]])
*[[Landaul]] ({{Langx|br|Landaol}}), (Perhaps [[Saint Teilo]])
*[[Landébia]] ({{Lang-br|Landebiav}}), Saint Tebiav
*[[Landébia]] ({{Langx|br|Landebiav}}), Saint Tebiav
*[[Lannéanou]] ({{Lang-br|Lanneanoù}}), Saint Leanou
*[[Lannéanou]] ({{Langx|br|Lanneanoù}}), Saint Leanou
*[[La Harmoye]] ({{Lang-br|Lanhervoed}}), Saint Harmoël
*[[La Harmoye]] ({{Langx|br|Lanhervoed}}), Saint Harmoël
*[[La Landec]] ({{Lang-br|Lannandeg}}), Saint Deg
*[[La Landec]] ({{Langx|br|Lannandeg}}), Saint Deg
*[[Landéhen]] ({{Lang-br|Landehen}}), Saint Guéhen
*[[Landéhen]] ({{Langx|br|Landehen}}), Saint Guéhen
*[[La Méaugon]] ({{Lang-br|Lanvealgon}}), Saint Algon
*[[La Méaugon]] ({{Langx|br|Lanvealgon}}), Saint Algon
*[[Lancieux]] ({{Lang-br|Lanseeg}}), Saint Séoc (or Sieu)
*[[Lancieux]] ({{Langx|br|Lanseeg}}), Saint Séoc (or Sieu)
*[[Langueux]] ({{Lang-br|Langaeg}}), Saint Guéthénoc
*[[Langueux]] ({{Langx|br|Langaeg}}), Saint Guéthénoc
*[[Lanhélin]] ({{Lang-br|Lanhelen}}), Saint Helen
*[[Lanhélin]] ({{Langx|br|Lanhelen}}), Saint Helen
*[[Laniscat]] ({{Lang-br|Lanniskad}}), Saint Escat
*[[Laniscat]] ({{Langx|br|Lanniskad}}), Saint Escat
*[[Lanneuffret]] ({{Lang-br|Lanneured}}), Saint Gwévret
*[[Lanneuffret]] ({{Langx|br|Lanneured}}), Saint Gwévret
*[[Saint-Urbain, Finistère|Saint-Urbain]] ({{Lang-br|Lannurvan}}), Saint Urvan
*[[Saint-Urbain, Finistère|Saint-Urbain]] ({{Langx|br|Lannurvan}}), Saint Urvan
*[[Lannion]] ({{Lang-br|Lannuon}})
*[[Lannion]] ({{Langx|br|Lannuon}})
*[[Landebaëron]] ({{Lang-br|Landebaeron}})
*[[Landebaëron]] ({{Langx|br|Landebaeron}})
*[[La Malhoure]] ({{Lang-br|Lanvelor}})
*[[La Malhoure]] ({{Langx|br|Lanvelor}})
*[[La Nouaye]] ({{Lang-br|Lanwaz}})
*[[La Nouaye]] ({{Langx|br|Lanwaz}})
*[[Lanrigan]] ({{Lang-br|Lanrigan}}), Saint Rigan
*[[Lanrigan]] ({{Langx|br|Lanrigan}}), Saint Rigan
*[[Lanrivoaré]] ({{Lang-br|Lanriware}}), Saint Riware
*[[Lanrivoaré]] ({{Langx|br|Lanriware}}), Saint Riware
*[[La Vraie-Croix]] ({{Lang-br|Langroez}})
*[[La Vraie-Croix]] ({{Langx|br|Langroez}})
*[[Lanfains]] ({{Lang-br|Lanfeun}}), Lanfains' name comes from the Breton language « lann » (hermitage) and, it seems, from the Latin « fanum » (temple). Lanfains was situated at the border of the Gallo and Breton languages.
*[[Lanfains]] ({{Langx|br|Lanfeun}}), Lanfains' name comes from the Breton language « lann » (hermitage) and, it seems, from the Latin « fanum » (temple). Lanfains was situated at the border of the Gallo and Breton languages.
*[[Langan, Ille-et-Vilaine]] ({{Lang-br|Langan}})
*[[Langan, Ille-et-Vilaine]] ({{Langx|br|Langan}})
*[[Langon, Ille-et-Vilaine|Langon]] ({{Lang-br|Landegon}})
*[[Langon, Ille-et-Vilaine|Langon]] ({{Langx|br|Landegon}})
*[[Languédias]] ({{Lang-br|Langadiarn}}), Saint Catihern
*[[Languédias]] ({{Langx|br|Langadiarn}}), Saint Catihern
*[[Lanmérin]] ({{Lang-br|Lanvilin}}), Saint Mérin (Sant Vilin in Breton)
*[[Lanmérin]] ({{Langx|br|Lanvilin}}), Saint Mérin (Sant Vilin in Breton)
*[[Lannebert]] ({{Lang-br|Lannebeur}}), Saint Eber
*[[Lannebert]] ({{Langx|br|Lannebeur}}), Saint Eber
*[[Lanvellec]] ({{Lang-br|Lanvaeleg}}), Saint Maeleg
*[[Lanvellec]] ({{Langx|br|Lanvaeleg}}), Saint Maeleg
*[[Lanvéoc]] ({{Lang-br|Lañveog}}), Saint Maeoc
*[[Lanvéoc]] ({{Langx|br|Lañveog}}), Saint Maeoc
*[[Laurenan]] ({{Lang-br|Lanreunan}}), Saint Ronan
*[[Laurenan]] ({{Langx|br|Lanreunan}}), Saint Ronan*


==Place names in Cumbria==
==Place names in Cumbria==
The [[Cumbric language]] was spoken in [[Cumbria]] and elsewhere in [[Hen Ogledd|The Old North]] up until the [[Early Middle Ages]] and as such, some place names in Cumbria and surrounding counties have a Brythonic origin.
The [[Cumbric language]] was spoken in [[Cumbria]] and elsewhere in [[Hen Ogledd|The Old North]] up until the [[Early Middle Ages]] and some place names in Cumbria and surrounding counties have a Brythonic origin.


* Ketland. The first element is possibly equivalent to Welsh ''coed'', "forest, wood".<ref name="bliton" />
* Ketland. The first element is possibly equivalent to Welsh ''coed'', "forest, wood".<ref name="bliton" />
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*[[Lamplugh]]. The second element '-plugh' has been explained as equivalent to Welsh ''plwyf'' "parish",<ref>{{cite web |title=Lamplugh |url=http://www.whitehavenandwesternlakeland.co.uk/loweswater/lamplugh.htm |website=Whitehaven and Western Lakeland |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> or ''blwch'' "bare".<ref name="bliton">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |website=SPNS – The Brittonic Language in the Old North |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011121/http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Lamplugh]]. The second element '-plugh' has been explained as equivalent to Welsh ''plwyf'' "parish",<ref>{{cite web |title=Lamplugh |url=http://www.whitehavenandwesternlakeland.co.uk/loweswater/lamplugh.htm |website=Whitehaven and Western Lakeland |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> or ''blwch'' "bare".<ref name="bliton">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |website=SPNS – The Brittonic Language in the Old North |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011121/http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The historic name ''Llan Lleenawc'' may have been in this region, and named for either ''Laenauc'', a father of ''Guallauc'', or ''*Lennóc'', a saint-name.<ref name="bliton" />
The historic name ''Llan Lleenawc'' may have been in this region and named after either ''Laenauc'', a father of ''Guallauc'', or ''*Lennóc'', a saint name.<ref name="bliton" />


=== Place-names in areas bordering Cumbria ===
=== Place-names in areas bordering Cumbria ===
* Lampert, [[Northumberland]], also spelt Lampart. The second element has been explained as an equivalent of Welsh ''perth'', "hedge, thicket".<ref name="bliton" />
* Lampert, [[Northumberland]], also spelt Lampart. The second element has been explained as an equivalent of Welsh ''perth'', "hedge, thicket".<ref name="bliton" />


In addition, ''*landā-'', the earlier Brittonic word ancestral to ''llan'' occurs in [[Vindolanda]], the name of a Roman-era fort.<ref name="bliton" />
In addition, ''*landā-'', the earlier Brittonic word ancestral to ''llan'' occurs in [[Vindolanda]], the name of a Roman fort.<ref name="bliton" />


==Place names in Scotland==
==Place names in Scotland==
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===Places with other religious connections===
===Places with other religious connections===
* Landis, Kirkcudbrightshire. Uncertain; may be of [[Scots language|Scots]] origin.<ref name="bliton" />
* Landis, Kirkcudbrightshire. Uncertain; may be of [[Scots language|Scots]] origin.<ref name="bliton" />
* [[Lincluden]], Kirkcudbrightshire. The location of an abbey. The second part of the name refers to the nearby [[Cluden Water]].<ref name="bliton" /> The first part could also be ''lïnn'', "pool".<ref name="bliton" /><ref name="pns">{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=James B |title=Place-names of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofscot00johnuoft |date=1892 |publisher=D Douglas |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofscot00johnuoft/page/162 162]}}</ref>
* [[Lincluden]], Kirkcudbrightshire. The location of an abbey. The second part of the name refers to the nearby [[Cluden Water]].<ref name="bliton" /> The first part could also be ''lïnn'', "pool".<ref name="bliton" /><ref name="pns">{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=James B |title=Place-names of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofscot00johnuoft |date=1892 |publisher=D Douglas |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofscot00johnuoft/page/162 162]|isbn=9780854096343 }}</ref>
* [[Lindores]], Fife (Gaelic: ''Lann Doras''). An [[Lindores Abbey|abbey]] is located here. The name may mean "church at the pass".<ref name="PNF" />
* [[Lindores]], Fife (Gaelic: ''Lann Doras''). An [[Lindores Abbey|abbey]] is located here. The name may mean "church at the pass".<ref name="PNF" />
* [[Longannet]], [[Fife]] (Gaelic: ''Lann na H-Annaide''). Occupied by a now-decommissioned power station. The name probably meant "former church enclosure".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/2127/name/Longannet+Point+Tulliallan+Fife|title=Longannet Point – Tulliallan, Fife – Places of Worship in Scotland &#124; SCHR}}</ref>
* [[Longannet]], [[Fife]] (Gaelic: ''Lann na H-Annaide''). Occupied by a now-decommissioned power station. The name probably meant "former church enclosure".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/2127/name/Longannet+Point+Tulliallan+Fife|title=Longannet Point – Tulliallan, Fife – Places of Worship in Scotland &#124; SCHR}}</ref>
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===Places with no known religious connections===
===Places with no known religious connections===
* Conland, Fife. Possibly meaning "dog-enclosure" (G ''conlann'', W ''cwnllan'') or "grouping of enclosures" (G ''cu-lann'').<ref name="PNF" />
* Conland, Fife. Possibly meaning "dog-enclosure" (G ''conlann'', W ''cwnllan'') or "grouping of enclosures" (G ''cu-lann'').<ref name="PNF" />
* Drumdratland, Fife. Exact etymology unclear, but the firs element is likely ''druim'', "a ridge".<ref name="PNF" />
* Drumdratland, Fife. Exact etymology unclear, but the first element is likely ''druim'', "a ridge".<ref name="PNF" />
* [[Falkland, Fife|Falkland]], Fife. The first element in the name is unclear.<ref name="PNF" />
* [[Falkland, Fife|Falkland]], Fife. The first element in the name is unclear.<ref name="PNF" />
* Lumquhat, Fife. The name may mean "enclosure of the wild-cats".<ref name="PNF">{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Taylor |last2=Markus |first2=Gilbert |title=The Place-names of Fife |date=2006 |publisher=Shaun Tyas |isbn=9781900289771 |edition=Illustrated}}</ref>
* Lumquhat, Fife. The name may mean "enclosure of the wild-cats".<ref name="PNF">{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Taylor |last2=Markus |first2=Gilbert |title=The Place-names of Fife |date=2006 |publisher=Shaun Tyas |isbn=9781900289771 |edition=Illustrated}}</ref>
Line 619: Line 625:


*The long running [[United States|American]] [[soap opera]] ''[[One Life to Live]]'' is set in fictional [[Llanview, Pennsylvania]], set just outside the city of [[Philadelphia]]. In the fictional universe of the soap, Llanview is the county seat for Llantano County. An important historical estate, Llanfair, is also set in Llanview.
*The long running [[United States|American]] [[soap opera]] ''[[One Life to Live]]'' is set in fictional [[Llanview, Pennsylvania]], set just outside the city of [[Philadelphia]]. In the fictional universe of the soap, Llanview is the county seat for Llantano County. An important historical estate, Llanfair, is also set in Llanview.
*Llanwelly is the fictional Welsh village that serves as the setting for ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 film)|The Wolfman]]'', 1941, written by [[Curt Siodmak]]. Llanwelly is also featured in the first section of ''[[Frankenstein Meets the Wolfman]]''.


==See also==
==See also==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Llan Place Name Element}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Llan Place Name Element}}
⚫
[[Category:Welsh language]]
[[Category:Welsh words and phrases]]
[[Category:Welsh words and phrases]]
[[Category:Welsh toponyms]]
[[Category:Welsh toponyms]]
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[[Category:Geography of Wales]]
[[Category:Geography of Wales]]
[[Category:Wales-related lists]]
[[Category:Wales-related lists]]
⚫
[[Category:English suffixes]]
[[Category:Prefixes]]

Latest revision as of 23:18, 25 October 2024

Llan (Welsh pronunciation: [ɬan]) and its variants (Breton: lan; Cornish: lann; Pictish: lhan; Irish and Scottish Gaelic: lann[1]) are a common element of Celtic placenames in the British Isles and Brittany, especially of Welsh toponymy. In Welsh the (often mutated) name of a local saint or a geomorphological description[2] follows the Llan morpheme to form a single word: for example Llanfair is the parish or settlement around the church of St. Mair (Welsh for "Mary"). Goidelic toponyms end in -lann.

The various forms of the word are distantly cognate with English land and lawn and presumably initially denoted a specially cleared and enclosed area of land.[3][4] In late antiquity it came to be applied particularly to the sanctified land occupied by communities of Christian converts. It is part of the name of more than 630 locations in Wales and nearly all have some connection with a local patron saint. These were usually the founding saints of the parish,[5] relatives of the ruling families who invaded Wales during the early Middle Ages.[6] The founder of a new llan was obliged to reside at the site and to eat only once a day, each time taking a bit of bread and an egg and drinking only water and milk. This lasted for forty days, Sundays excepted, after which the land was considered sanctified for ever.[5] The typical llan employed or erected a circular or oval embankment with a protective stockade, surrounded by wooden or stone huts.[7] Unlike Saxon practice, these establishments were not chapels for the local lords but almost separate tribes, initially some distance away from the secular community.[8] Over time, however, it became common for prosperous communities to become either monasteries forbidden to lay residents or fully secular communities controlled by the local lord.[9]

In the later Middle Ages llan also came to denote entire parishes, both as an ecclesiastical region and as a subdivision of a commote or hundred.

Place names in Wales

[edit]

Places named after saints

[edit]

(All pages with titles beginning with Llan)

Place names with religious connections other than a saint

[edit]

Place names without a religious connection

[edit]

Place names in counties bordering Wales

[edit]

Furthermore, some Welsh exonyms for English settlements contain the element llan, these include:

Uncertain of origin

[edit]

Place names in Cornwall

[edit]

Places named after saints

[edit]

Place names with religious connections other than a saint

[edit]

Place names without a religious connection

[edit]
  • Landrevik, Landrivick, originally Hendrevik (little old farm)
  • Landu, Landue, originally Nansdu (black or dark valley)
  • Landu, Lanjew (Withiel), originally Lendu (black or dark strip field)
  • Landuwy, Lantewey, originally Nantduwey (valley of the river Dewey)
  • Lannestek, Lanescot, originally Lysnestek (Nestoc's court)
  • Langarth, Langarth, originally Lenangath (the cat's strip field)
  • Langover, Langore, originally Nansgover (stream valley)
  • Lanjergh, Lanjeth, originally Nansyergh (roebucks valley)
  • Lanjiogh, Lanjew (Kea), originally Nanskiogh (stream valley)
  • Lankarrow, Lancarrow, originally Nanskarrow (stag's valley)
  • Lanlegh, Lanteague, originally Nanslegh (rock slab valley)
  • Lanlowarn, Lanlawren, originally Nanslowarn (fox's valley)
  • Lanmelin, Lamellion, originally Nansmelin (mill valley)
  • Lanmelin, Lamellyn, originally Nansmelin (mill valley)
  • Lanmorek, Lamorick, originally Nansmorek (Moroc's valley)
  • Lanmornow, Lamorna, originally Nansmornow (valley of a stream called Morno)
  • Lannergh, Lanarth, woodland clearing
  • Lannergh, Landrake, woodland clearing
  • Lannergh, Lannarth, woodland clearing
  • Lannergh, Lanner, woodland clearing
  • Lannergh, Larrick, woodland clearing
  • Lannergh, Larrick (South Petherwin), woodland clearing
  • Lannergh, Muchlarnick, woodland clearing
  • Lansewigy, Lanseague, originally Nansewigy (hinds valley)
  • Lanteglos, Lanteglos-by-Camelford, originally Nanteglos (church valley)
  • Lanteglos, Lanteglos-by-Fowey, originally Nanteglos (church valley)
  • Lantlogh, Landlooe, originally Nantlogh (valley of the river Looe)
  • Lantollek, Lantallack, originally Nanstollek (hollowed valley)
  • Lantyvet, Lantivet, originally Nantyvet (cultivated valley)
  • Lantyeyn, Lantyan, originally Nantyeyn (cold valley)
  • Lanyeyn, Lanyon, originally Lynyeyn (cold pool)
  • Lanyeyn, Lanyon (Gwinear), named after the Lanyon family from Lynyeyn (cold pool)

Place names in areas bordering Cornwall

[edit]

Place names in Brittany

[edit]

Place names in Cumbria

[edit]

The Cumbric language was spoken in Cumbria and elsewhere in The Old North up until the Early Middle Ages and some place names in Cumbria and surrounding counties have a Brythonic origin.

  • Ketland. The first element is possibly equivalent to Welsh coed, "forest, wood".[11]
  • Lambert Ladd. Compare Lampert below.[11]
  • Lamplugh. The second element '-plugh' has been explained as equivalent to Welsh plwyf "parish",[12] or blwch "bare".[11]

The historic name Llan Lleenawc may have been in this region and named after either Laenauc, a father of Guallauc, or *Lennóc, a saint name.[11]

Place-names in areas bordering Cumbria

[edit]
  • Lampert, Northumberland, also spelt Lampart. The second element has been explained as an equivalent of Welsh perth, "hedge, thicket".[11]

In addition, *landā-, the earlier Brittonic word ancestral to llan occurs in Vindolanda, the name of a Roman fort.[11]

Place names in Scotland

[edit]

Some place names in Scotland have Pictish and Cumbric elements such as aber- and lhan- (also spelled lum-, lon- and lin-) that are cognate with those in other Brittonic languages. The Gaelic form lann ("enclosure, churchyard") also occurs, and its existence in Pictland may represent adoption into Gaelic of the Pictish usage.[13]

Places named after saints

[edit]

Places with other religious connections

[edit]
  • Landis, Kirkcudbrightshire. Uncertain; may be of Scots origin.[11]
  • Lincluden, Kirkcudbrightshire. The location of an abbey. The second part of the name refers to the nearby Cluden Water.[11] The first part could also be lïnn, "pool".[11][14]
  • Lindores, Fife (Gaelic: Lann Doras). An abbey is located here. The name may mean "church at the pass".[15]
  • Longannet, Fife (Gaelic: Lann na H-Annaide). Occupied by a now-decommissioned power station. The name probably meant "former church enclosure".[16]

Places with no known religious connections

[edit]
  • Conland, Fife. Possibly meaning "dog-enclosure" (G conlann, W cwnllan) or "grouping of enclosures" (G cu-lann).[15]
  • Drumdratland, Fife. Exact etymology unclear, but the first element is likely druim, "a ridge".[15]
  • Falkland, Fife. The first element in the name is unclear.[15]
  • Lumquhat, Fife. The name may mean "enclosure of the wild-cats".[15]
  • Lynchat, Inverness-shire. Meaning "wildcat's enclosure".[1]
  • Pentland, Midlothian. The first element may be pen ("head", "top") or pant ("hollow").[11]
  • Pouterlampert, near Castleton, Scottish Borders.[11] The -lampert part of the name may share an etymology with the aforementioned Lampart in Northumberland.[11] The first part of the name is *polter, an obscure[11] Brittonic suffix.

In fiction

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See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Watson, W.J.; Taylor, Simon (2011). The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland (reprint ed.). Birlinn LTD. p. 387. ISBN 9781906566357.
  2. ^ A number of placenames now beginning with llan owe their present form to confusion, having originated as glan ("river bank") or nant ("stream, hollow"). An example is Llanbradach, which was originally Nant Bradach ("Valley of the Bradach"). An example in Cornish is Lanteglos, from an original Nanseglos ("Church Valley").
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "land, n.¹". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1901.
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "laund, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1902.
  5. ^ a b Baring-Gould, Sabine. The Lives of the Saints, Vol. 16, "The Celtic Church and its Saints", p. 67. Longmans, Green, & Co. (New York), 1898.
  6. ^ Baring-Gould, p. 40.
  7. ^ Baring-Gould, p. 33.
  8. ^ Baring-Gould, p. 92.
  9. ^ Baring-Gould, pp. 37–38.
  10. ^ "GO BRITANNIA! Wales: Sacred Places – Llandaff (Thlan daff) Cathedral". Britannia.com. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m James, Alan. "A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence" (PDF). SPNS – The Brittonic Language in the Old North. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  12. ^ "Lamplugh". Whitehaven and Western Lakeland. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  13. ^ James, Alan G. "A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence – Guide to the Elements" (PDF). Scottish Place Name Society – The Brittonic Language in the Old North. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  14. ^ Johnston, James B (1892). Place-names of Scotland. Edinburgh, Scotland: D Douglas. p. 162. ISBN 9780854096343.
  15. ^ a b c d e Simon, Taylor; Markus, Gilbert (2006). The Place-names of Fife (Illustrated ed.). Shaun Tyas. ISBN 9781900289771.
  16. ^ "Longannet Point – Tulliallan, Fife – Places of Worship in Scotland | SCHR".
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