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{{Short description|Series of timber circles at the Cahokia archaeologial site, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
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| name = Cahokia Woodhenge
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The '''Cahokia Woodhenge''' was a series of large [[timber circle]]s located roughly {{convert|850|m|ft}} to the west of [[Monks Mound]] at the [[Mississippian culture]] [[Cahokia]] [[archaeological site]] near [[Collinsville, Illinois]]. They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE; with each one being larger and having more posts than its predecessor.<ref name=VIS>{{Cite web| title= Visitors Guide to the Woodhenge| url= http://greatriverroad.com/somadco/collins/woodhenge.htm| accessdate=2017-12-19 }}</ref> The site was discovered as part of salvage archaeology in the early 1960s [[Interstate Highway System|interstate highway construction boom]] and one of the circles was reconstructed in the 1980s.<ref name=VIS/> The circle has been used to investigate [[archaeoastronomy]] at Cahokia.<ref name=ARCHAEOASTRO>{{Cite thesis| degree= Bachelors| title= American Woodhenge: Archaeoastronomy at Cahokia |url= https://commons.lib.niu.edu/bitstream/handle/10843/16705/Thomas%2C%20Mary%202005.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |author= |last= Thomas |first= Mary |year= 2005 |publisher= [[Northern Illinois University]] | docket= |oclc= | accessdate= 2017-12-20 }}</ref> Annual [[equinox]] and [[solstice]] sunrise observation events are held at the site.<ref name=ICT>{{Cite newspaper| title= Cahokia Mounds Mark Spring Equinox : The keepers of Cahokia Mounds will host a spring gathering to celebrate the vernal equinox | url= https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/travel/destinations/spring-equinox-cahokia-mounds/ | newspaper=Indian Country Today | publisher= [[Indian Country Media Network]] | accessdate=2017-12-20 }}</ref>
The '''Cahokia Woodhenge''' was a series of large [[timber circle]]s located roughly {{convert|850|m|ft}} to the west of [[Monks Mound]] at the [[Mississippian culture]] [[Cahokia]] [[archaeological site]] near [[Collinsville, Illinois]], United States. They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100{{nbsp}}CE, with each one being larger and having more posts than its predecessor.<ref name=VIS>{{Cite web| title= Visitors Guide to the Woodhenge| url= http://greatriverroad.com/somadco/collins/woodhenge.htm| access-date= 2017-12-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051732/http://greatriverroad.com/somadco/collins/woodhenge.htm| archive-date= 2017-12-22| url-status= dead}}</ref> The site was discovered as part of salvage archaeology in the early 1960s [[Interstate Highway System|interstate highway construction boom]], and one of the circles was reconstructed in the 1980s.<ref name=VIS/> The circle has been used to investigate [[archaeoastronomy]] at Cahokia.<ref name=ARCHAEOASTRO>{{Cite thesis |degree= Bachelors |title= American Woodhenge: Archaeoastronomy at Cahokia |url= https://commons.lib.niu.edu/bitstream/handle/10843/16705/Thomas%2C%20Mary%202005.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |last= Thomas |first= Mary |year= 2005 |publisher= [[Northern Illinois University]] |access-date= 2017-12-20 |archive-date= 2017-12-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053324/https://commons.lib.niu.edu/bitstream/handle/10843/16705/Thomas%2C%20Mary%202005.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status= dead }}</ref> Annual [[equinox]] and [[solstice]] sunrise observation events are held at the site.<ref name=ICT>{{cite news | title= Cahokia Mounds Mark Spring Equinox : The keepers of Cahokia Mounds will host a spring gathering to celebrate the vernal equinox | url= https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/travel/destinations/spring-equinox-cahokia-mounds/ | newspaper= Indian Country Today | publisher= [[Indian Country Media Network]] | access-date= 2017-12-20 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052220/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/travel/destinations/spring-equinox-cahokia-mounds/ | archive-date= 2017-12-22 | url-status= dead }}</ref>


==Discovery and excavation==
==Discovery and excavation==
The existence of the series of woodhenges at Cahokia was discovered during [[salvage archaeology]] undertaken by Dr. Warren Wittry in the early 1960s in preparation for a proposed highway interchange. Although the majority of the site contained village house features, a number of unusually shaped large post holes were also discovered. The post holes were {{convert|7|ft|m}} in length and {{convert|2|ft|m}} in width and formed sloping ramps to accommodate the insertion and raising of the estimated {{convert|20|ft|m}} tall posts to a {{convert|4|ft|m}} depth into the ground.<ref name=CMSH>{{Cite web| url= https://cahokiamounds.org/explore/#tab-id-4| title= Woodhenge| publisher= Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site |accessdate= 2017-12-19 }}</ref> When the holes were plotted out it was realized that they formed several arcs of equally spaced holes.<ref name=ISEMINGER>{{cite web| title= The Skywatchers of Cahokia | author= Iseminger, William R. | url= http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/home/skywatchers-of-cahokia | publisher= Mexicolore | accessdate= 2017-12-19 }}</ref> Detailed analytical work supported the hypothesis that the placement of these posts was by design.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Friedlander, Michael W. | title= The Cahokia Sun Circles| journal =The Wisconsin Archeologist | volume= 88(1)| pages= 78–90| date= 2007}}</ref> Wittry hypothesized that the arcs could be whole circles and that the site was possibly a calendar for tracking solar events such as solstice and equinoxes. He began referring to the circles as "woodhenges"; comparing the structures to England's well-known circles at [[Woodhenge]] and [[Stonehenge]].<ref>{{cite journal | author= Wittry, Warren L. | title= An American Woodhenge | journal= Cranbrook Institute of Science Newsletter | volume= 33(9)| pages = 102–107| date= 1964|via= ''Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology'', Bulletin 7, Illinois Archaeological Survey, 1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Wittry, Warren L. | title= Discovering and Interpreting the Cahokia Woodhenges | journal= The Wisconsin Archaeologist | volume=77(3/4)| pages= 26–35}}</ref>
The existence of the series of woodhenges at Cahokia was discovered during [[salvage archaeology]] undertaken by Warren Wittry in the early 1960s in preparation for a proposed highway interchange. Although the majority of the site contained village house features, a number of unusually shaped large post holes were also discovered. The post holes were {{convert|7|ft|m|0}} in length and {{convert|2|ft|cm|-1}} in width and formed sloping ramps to accommodate the insertion and raising of the estimated {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} tall posts to a {{convert|4|ft|m|0}} depth into the ground.<ref name=CMSH>{{Cite web| url= https://cahokiamounds.org/explore/#tab-id-4| title= Woodhenge| publisher= Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site |access-date= 2017-12-19 }}</ref> When the holes were plotted out it was realized that they formed several arcs of equally spaced holes.<ref name=ISEMINGER>{{cite web| title= The Skywatchers of Cahokia | author= Iseminger, William R. | url= http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/home/skywatchers-of-cahokia | publisher= Mexicolore | access-date= 2017-12-19 }}</ref> Detailed analytical work supported the hypothesis that the placement of these posts was by design.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Friedlander, Michael W. | title= The Cahokia Sun Circles| journal =The Wisconsin Archeologist | volume= 88 | issue= 1| pages= 78–90| date= 2007}}</ref> Wittry hypothesized that the arcs could be whole circles and that the site was possibly a calendar for tracking solar events such as solstice and equinoxes. He began referring to the circles as "woodhenges"; comparing the structures to England's well-known circles at [[Woodhenge]] and [[Stonehenge]].<ref>{{cite journal | author= Wittry, Warren L. | title= An American Woodhenge | journal= Cranbrook Institute of Science Newsletter | volume= 33 | issue= 9| pages = 102–107| date= 1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Wittry, Warren L. | title= Discovering and Interpreting the Cahokia Woodhenges | journal= The Wisconsin Archaeologist | volume=77 |issue=3/4| pages= 26–35}}</ref>


Additional excavations were undertaken at the site by Dr. [[Robert L. Hall]] in 1963. Hall used the predicted locations from the arcs found in the previous excavation and was able to find more post holes as well as posts near the centers of the circles now thought to be central observation points. Wittry undertook another series of excavations at the site in the late 1970s and confirmed the existence of five separate timber circles in the general vicinity. The circles are now designated Woodhenges I through V in [[Roman numerals]]. Each was a different diameter and had a different number of posts. Because four of the circles overlap each other it is thought they were built in a sequence, with each iteration generally being larger and containing twelve more posts than its predecessor.<ref name=ISEMINGER/>
Additional excavations were undertaken at the site by [[Robert L. Hall]] in 1963. Hall used the predicted locations from the arcs found in the previous excavation and was able to find more post holes as well as posts near the centers of the circles now thought to be central observation points. Wittry undertook another series of excavations at the site in the late 1970s and confirmed the existence of five separate timber circles in the general vicinity. The circles are now designated Woodhenges I through V in [[Roman numerals]]. Each was a different diameter and had a different number of posts. Because four of the circles overlap each other it is thought they were built in a sequence, with each iteration generally being larger and containing twelve more posts than its predecessor.<ref name=ISEMINGER/>


[[File:Cahokia Aerial HRoe 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Woodhenge lies to the west of Monks Mound, at the lower left edge of the illustration]]
[[File:Cahokia Aerial HRoe 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Woodhenge lies to the west of Monks Mound, at the lower left edge of the illustration.]]
The remains of several posts were discovered in the post pits. The type of wood used, red cedar ([[Juniperus virginiana]]), is considered sacred by many [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] groups.<ref name=ISEMINGER/> The red cedar is the only native evergreen species in the area and is resistant to disease and decay.<ref name=ISEMINGER2/> Traces of [[red ochre]] pigment was also found, suggesting that the posts were probably painted at some point.<ref name=CMSH/> In 1985 William R. Iseminger led a series of excavations to finish finding a full circular sequence of posts. He was able to complete the sequence for what has become known as Woodhenge III (except for nine posts in on the western edge that had been lost to dump trucks for road construction fill) and then led a reconstruction of the circle. The reconstruction team was able to obtain enough red cedar logs for half of the holes and then made do with black locust ([[Robinia pseudoacacia]]) for the other half; placing them into the original excavated post positions.<ref name=ISEMINGER/> The [[Illinois Historic Preservation Division]] (a division of the [[Illinois Department of Natural Resources]]) oversees the Cahokia site and hosts public sunrise observations at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices. Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind.<ref>{{cite web| title= Welcome the Fall Equinox at Cahokia Mounds| author= Iseminger, William | publisher= [[Illinois Department of Natural Resources]] | url= https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/news/Pages/Welcome-the-Fall-Equinox-at-Cahokia-Mounds.aspx | accessdate= 2017-12-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title= Winter Solstice Sunrise Observance at Cahokia Mounds| publisher = Collinsville Chamber of Commerce| url = http://www.discovercollinsville.com/events/details/winter-solstice-sunrise-observance-at-cahokia-mounds-3895 | accessdate= 2017-12-20 }}</ref><ref name=ICT/>
The remains of several posts were discovered in the post pits. The type of wood used, red cedar (''[[Juniperus virginiana]]''), is considered sacred by many [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] groups.<ref name=ISEMINGER/> The red cedar is the only native evergreen species in the area and is resistant to disease and decay.<ref name=ISEMINGER2/> Traces of [[red ochre]] pigment was also found, suggesting that the posts were probably painted at some point.<ref name=CMSH/> In 1985 William R. Iseminger led a series of excavations to finish finding a full circular sequence of posts. He was able to complete the sequence for what has become known as Woodhenge III (except for nine posts on the western edge that had been lost to dump trucks for road construction fill) and then led a reconstruction of the circle. The reconstruction team was able to obtain enough red cedar logs for half of the holes and then made do with black locust (''[[Robinia pseudoacacia]]'') for the other half; placing them into the original excavated post positions.<ref name=ISEMINGER/> The [[Illinois Historic Preservation Division]] (a division of the [[Illinois Department of Natural Resources]]) oversees the Cahokia site and hosts public sunrise observations at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices. Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind.<ref>{{cite web | title= Welcome the Fall Equinox at Cahokia Mounds | author= Iseminger, William | publisher= [[Illinois Department of Natural Resources]] | url= https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/news/Pages/Welcome-the-Fall-Equinox-at-Cahokia-Mounds.aspx | access-date= 2017-12-20 | archive-date= 2017-12-22 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052135/https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/news/Pages/Welcome-the-Fall-Equinox-at-Cahokia-Mounds.aspx | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title= Winter Solstice Sunrise Observance at Cahokia Mounds| publisher = Collinsville Chamber of Commerce| url = http://www.discovercollinsville.com/events/details/winter-solstice-sunrise-observance-at-cahokia-mounds-3895 | access-date= 2017-12-20 }}</ref><ref name=ICT/>


==Construction sequence==
==Construction sequence==
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The woodhenge is thought by archaeologists to be a [[solar calendar]], capable of marking equinox and solstice sunrises and sunsets for the timing of the agricultural cycle and religious observances. During the equinoxes the sun rises due east of the timber circle. From the vantage point of the center of the circle it appears as if the sun is emerging from the front of Monks Mound which is roughly {{convert|.5|mi|km}} away.<ref name=ISEMINGER/> One of the reasons for the changing position and size of the timber circles may have been the growing size of Monks Mound as additional layers of earth raised its height and increased its geographic footprint and the desire to keep this symbolic emergence and alignment intact.<ref name=ISEMINGER2/>
The woodhenge is thought by archaeologists to be a [[solar calendar]], capable of marking equinox and solstice sunrises and sunsets for the timing of the agricultural cycle and religious observances. During the equinoxes the sun rises due east of the timber circle. From the vantage point of the center of the circle it appears as if the sun is emerging from the front of Monks Mound which is roughly {{convert|.5|mi|km}} away.<ref name=ISEMINGER/> One of the reasons for the changing position and size of the timber circles may have been the growing size of Monks Mound as additional layers of earth raised its height and increased its geographic footprint and the desire to keep this symbolic emergence and alignment intact.<ref name=ISEMINGER2/>


The winter solstice sunrise pole is aligned with the Fox Mound<ref name=ISEMINGER2/> (Mound 60, a rectangular [[platform mound]] paired with a conical burial mound, Mound 59) which sits across the grand plaza {{convert|1640|ft|m}} to the south of Monks Mound.<ref name=CMSH2>{{Cite web| url= https://cahokiamounds.org/mound/mound-59/ | title= Mound 59| publisher= Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site |accessdate= 2017-12-21 }}</ref> The top of the roughly {{convert|46|ft|m}} tall mound projects above the horizon and in Cahokian times would have had a large temple structure at its summit, raising it even higher. From the central pole of Woodhenge III the sun would have appeared to rise from this mound and temple at the winter solstice. Besides their celestial marking functions, the woodhenges also carried religious and ritual meaning that are reflected in their stylized depiction as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Motifs|cross in circle motif]] on ceremonial beakers. One prominent example has markers added to the winter sunrise and sunset positions,<ref name=CAHOKIALAYOUT/> and was found in an offertory pit near the winter solstice post pit. It also had radiating lines that probably symbolized the rays of the sun.<ref>{{Cite book| author= Chappell, Sally A. Kitt| date=2002| title= Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos| location= Chicago| publisher= University of Chicago Press| ISBN = 978-0-226-10136-1| page= 100}}</ref><ref name=ISEMINGER2/>
The winter solstice sunrise pole is aligned with the Fox Mound<ref name=ISEMINGER2/> (Mound 60, a rectangular [[platform mound]] paired with a conical burial mound, Mound 59) which sits across the grand plaza {{convert|1640|ft|m}} to the south of Monks Mound.<ref name=CMSH2>{{Cite web| url= https://cahokiamounds.org/mound/mound-59/ | title= Mound 59| publisher= Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site |access-date= 2017-12-21 }}</ref> The top of the roughly {{convert|46|ft|m}} tall mound projects above the horizon and in Cahokian times would have had a large temple structure at its summit, raising it even higher. From the central pole of Woodhenge III the sun would have appeared to rise from this mound and temple at the winter solstice. Besides their celestial marking functions, the woodhenges also carried religious and ritual meaning that are reflected in their stylized depiction as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Motifs|cross in circle motif]] on ceremonial beakers. One prominent example has markers added to the winter sunrise and sunset positions,<ref name=CAHOKIALAYOUT>{{cite web| title= Cahokia Layout | publisher= Illinois State Museum |url = http://www.museum.state.il.us/RiverWeb/landings/Ambot/prehistory/mississippian/technology/fac-cahokia-layout.html |access-date= 2017-12-19}}</ref> and was found in an offertory pit near the winter solstice post pit. It also had radiating lines that probably symbolized the rays of the sun.<ref>{{Cite book| author= Chappell, Sally A. Kitt| date= 2002| title= Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos| location= Chicago| publisher= University of Chicago Press| ISBN= 978-0-226-10136-1| page= [https://archive.org/details/cahokiamirrorofc0000chap/page/100 100]| url= https://archive.org/details/cahokiamirrorofc0000chap/page/100}}</ref><ref name=ISEMINGER2/>


As there are many more posts than are necessary for these simple alignments some archaeoastronomists have speculated that they were also used to observe other celestial events, such as [[lunar cycle]]s, the motion of the [[Pleiades]], or other stars and planets;<ref name=ARCHAEOASTRO/> while others have suggested they were used to align mound and causeway constructions projects.<ref name=ISEMINGER/>
As there are many more posts than are necessary for these simple alignments some archaeoastronomists have speculated that they were also used to observe other celestial events, such as [[lunar cycle]]s, the motion of the [[Pleiades]], or other stars and planets;<ref name=ARCHAEOASTRO/> while others have suggested they were used to align mound and causeway constructions projects.<ref name=ISEMINGER/>

==Other timber circles==
[[File:North carolina algonkin-rituale02.jpg|thumb|right|Secotans dancing in a timber circle in North Carolina; watercolor painted by John White in 1585]]
Timber circles have a long history among Native American societies; their use stretches back for thousands of years and continues into the present day. From the 3400 year old [[Archaic period (North America)|Archaic period]] [[Poverty Point]] site in [[Louisiana]] to 2000 year old [[Hopewell tradition]] circles found in [[Ohio]] to the [[Sun Dance]] performed in wooden pole "corrals" by the [[Dhegihan languages|Dhegihan-Siouan]] and [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] speaking peoples of the [[Great Plains]]. Archaeologist Timothy Pauketat has hypothesized that some [[Plains Indian]] [[medicine wheels]] and Sun Dance ceremonies may even be descendants of the Cahokia timber circles and their associated rituals and performances.<ref name=PAUKETATCAHOKIA>{{cite book|authorlink= Timothy Pauketat| last=Timothy R.| first=Pauketat |title= Cahokia : Ancient Americas Great City on the Mississippi| publisher=[[Viking Press]]| year=2009|isbn=978-0-670-02090-4 |chapter= High Plains Drifting }}</ref>

An early example of a timber circle witnessed by Europeans was recorded by watercolor artist [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]] in July 1585 when he visited the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] village of [[Secotan]] in [[North Carolina]]. White was the artist-illustrator and mapmaker for the [[Roanoke Colony]] expedition sent by [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] to begin the first attempts at [[British colonization of the Americas]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia= NCpedia| url= http://ncpedia.org/biography/governors/white| title=John White |author= Daniels, Dennis F.|accessdate= 2017-12-19}}</ref> White's works represent the sole-surviving visual record of the native inhabitants of the Americas as encountered by England's first colonizers on the Atlantic seaboard.<ref>{{Cite journal| url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/sketching-the-earliest-views-of-the-new-world-92306407/ | title= Sketching the Earliest Views of the New World | journal= Smithsonian Magazine | author= Tucker, Abigal| date= December 2008| accessdate=2017-12-19}}</ref> Whites watercolor and the writings of the chronicler who accompanied him, [[Thomas Harriot]], describes a great religious festival, possibly the [[Green Corn ceremony]], with participants holding a ceremonial dance at a timber circle. The posts of the circle were carved with faces. Harriot noted that many of the participants had come from surrounding villages and that "every man attyred in the most strange fashion they can devise havinge certayne marks on the backs to declare of what place they bee" and that "Three of the fayrest Virgins" danced around a central post at the center of the timber circle.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Virginia | url= https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/slide_player?mets_filename=sld3762mets.xml | title= A Selection of John White's Watercolors : A festive dance | accessdate=2017-12-19}}</ref>

===Poverty Point===
[[Image:Circular structures at Poverty Point IMG 7433.JPG|right|thumb|Concrete markers in the plaza area at Poverty Point]]
{{main|Poverty Point}}
The oldest known timber circles in North American archaeology were found at Poverty Point in 2009 by archaeologists from the [[University of Louisiana at Monroe]] and [[Mississippi State University]], led by Poverty Point station archaeologist Dr. Diana Greenlee. They discovered evidence in the {{convert|37.5|acre|ha}} plaza area for multiple wooden post circular structures ranging from {{convert|82|ft|m}} to {{convert|206|ft|m}} in diameter; built during the earliest habitation of the site circa 2400 BCE. The site now has a ring of concrete posts marking the position of one of the circles.<ref>{{cite book| title= The Archaeology of Events: Cultural Change and Continuity in the Pre-Columbian Southeast | page= 149| editor1= Gilmore, Zackary I. | editor2= O'Donoughue, Jason M. | publisher= [[University of Alabama Press]] | date= 2015| isbn= 978-0817318505}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title= Poverty Point : Plaza | url= https://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/archaeology/povertypoint/plaza.html |publisher = Louisiana Division of Archaeology |accessdate=2017-12-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title= Poverty Point| author= Greenlee, Diana | url= http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/poverty-point-7 |publisher = Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities |accessdate=2017-12-20 }}</ref>

===Hopewell timber circles===
{{main|Moorehead Circle|Stubbs Earthworks}}
Two examples have been found at [[Hopewell culture]] sites in Ohio. [[Moorehead Circle]] was constructed about two millennia ago at the [[Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)|Fort Ancient Earthworks]] near [[Lebanon, Ohio]]. It was discovered in 2005 by Jarrod Burks during [[Magnetic survey (archaeology)|magnetic surveys]] at the large hilltop earthen [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]].<ref>{{cite thesis| title= Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Bladelet Use at the Moorehead Circle, Fort Ancient | author= Miller, Gregory L. | url= http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Miller%20Gregory%20Logan.pdf?osu1275003441 | format= Masters| publisher= [[Ohio State University]] | year= 2010}}</ref> The site consists of three concentric circles; with the outer circle being about {{convert|60|m|ft}} in diameter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/hocu/planyourvisit/upload/Lecture%20Series%202008.pdf|title= The Robert L. Harness Lecture Series on Ohio Archeology Summer Lecture Series 2008|accessdate =2017-12-19}}</ref> Robert Riordan, Professor of Archaeology at [[Wright State University]] and lead archaeologist investigating the site, estimates that about two hundred wooden {{convert|10|ft|m}} to {{convert|15|ft|m}} tall posts were set in the outer circle. According to radiocarbon dates performed on charcoal found at the site, it was built between 40 BCE and 130 CE, with other charcoal fragments from burnt posts dating to 250 to 420 CE, suggesting the circle was in use for several centuries.<ref name=LEPPER>{{Cite web| last= Lepper| first= Bradley T. | date=2007-05-01| url= http://lostworlds.org/woodhenge-at-fort-ancient-raises-interest-in-ritual-past/ | title= ‘Woodhenge’ at Fort Ancient raises interest in ritual past | accessdate= 2017-12-20 }}</ref>

In September 2005 archaeologist Frank Cowan conducted excavations at the smaller circular enclosure at the [[Stubbs Earthworks]] in [[Warren County, Ohio]]; discovering a timber circle {{convert|240|ft|m}} in diameter and composed of 172 large posts. Carbon dating of charcoal found in post molds at the site have dated the structure to 200-300 CE.<ref name=COWAN>{{cite book| author= Cowan, Frank| chapter = Stubbs Earthworks : An Ohio Hopewell "Woodhenge" |editor = Lepper, Bradley T. |title= Ohio Archaeology : An illustrated chronicle of Ohio's Ancient American Indian Cultures |year= 2005 |publisher= [[Orange Frazer Press]] | location = [[Wilmington, Ohio]] | pages= 148–151 | isbn= 978-1882203390 }}</ref>

===Mound 72 Woodhenge===
[[File:Mound 72 Woodhenge diagram HRoe 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Solstice and equinox markers at the Md 72 woodhenge, with the hypothesized full circle of posts]]
{{main|Mound 72}}
Archaeologist Marvin Fowler has speculated that the woodhenges also served as “aligners” and that there may have been as many as three more in other strategic locations around the city of Cahokia, built to triangulate and lay out construction projects. At least one other possible circle at Cahokia has been put forward by Fowler, but his suggestion has not yet gained full acceptance by other archaeologists.<ref name=ISEMINGER/> This location was discovered near [[Mound 72|Mounds 72 and 96]], directly to the south of Monks Mound. Several post holes of what may have been a ceremonial area with a {{convert|412|ft|m}} in diameter circle and 48 posts.<ref name=YoungWoodhenges>{{cite book | author= Young & Fowler | chapter= Woodhenges revisited | title = Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis | year = 2000 |pages=216–243 }}</ref> Archaeologists have dated the placement of at least one of the posts to approximately 950 CE.<ref name=UWMALMOUND72>{{cite web| title= Mound 72 | publisher= UW-Milwaukee Archaeological Laboratory |url = http://www4.uwm.edu/archlab/cahokia/mound72.cfm |accessdate= 2017-12-19}}</ref> Archaeological research has shown that four of the posts were at the cardinal locations of north, south, east and west, with eastern and western posts marking the position of the equinox sunrise and sunsets. Four other posts in the circle were shown to be at the summer solstice sunrise and sunset and the winter solstice sunrise and sunset positions. This setup is nearly identical to the diameter and post positions of Woodhenge III, differing only in that Woodhenge III was {{convert|2|ft|m}} smaller in diameter. The placement of the two mounds at the location and the directions in which they are oriented correspond to several of the solstice marking posts.<ref name=YoungWoodhenges/> The post nearest the later elite burial of the "Birdman" is the location that marked the summer solstice sunrise at the times of the sites use.<ref name=CAHOKIALAYOUT>{{cite web| title= Cahokia Layout | publisher= Illinois State Museum |url = http://www.museum.state.il.us/RiverWeb/landings/Ambot/prehistory/mississippian/technology/fac-cahokia-layout.html |accessdate= 2017-12-19}}</ref> The early stages of the mounds were actually constructed around the posts, although at a later point the posts were removed.<ref name=YoungWoodhenges/>


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Pre-Columbian North America}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}


[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1100]]
[[Category:1960s archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Middle Mississippian culture]]
[[Category:Middle Mississippian culture]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Illinois]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Illinois]]
[[Category:Archaeoastronomy]]
[[Category:Archaeoastronomy]]
[[Category:Ancient astronomical observatories]]
[[Category:Ancient astronomical observatories]]
[[Category:Cahokia]]
[[Category:Solstices]]

Latest revision as of 06:13, 10 January 2025

Cahokia Woodhenge
Artist's conception of Woodhenge III at sunrise circa 1000 CE
Cahokia Woodhenge is located in Illinois
Cahokia Woodhenge
Location within Illinois today
LocationCollinsville, Illinois, United States
RegionMadison County, Illinois
Coordinates38°39′36.1794″N 90°4′30″W / 38.660049833°N 90.07500°W / 38.660049833; -90.07500
History
CulturesMiddle Mississippian culture
Site notes
ArchaeologistsWarren Wittry, Robert L. Hall, William R. Iseminger
Architecture
Architectural stylestimber circle
Architectural detailsNumber of monuments: 1 Number of temples:

The Cahokia Woodhenge was a series of large timber circles located roughly 850 metres (2,790 ft) to the west of Monks Mound at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois, United States. They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE, with each one being larger and having more posts than its predecessor.[1] The site was discovered as part of salvage archaeology in the early 1960s interstate highway construction boom, and one of the circles was reconstructed in the 1980s.[1] The circle has been used to investigate archaeoastronomy at Cahokia.[2] Annual equinox and solstice sunrise observation events are held at the site.[3]

Discovery and excavation

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The existence of the series of woodhenges at Cahokia was discovered during salvage archaeology undertaken by Warren Wittry in the early 1960s in preparation for a proposed highway interchange. Although the majority of the site contained village house features, a number of unusually shaped large post holes were also discovered. The post holes were 7 feet (2 m) in length and 2 feet (60 cm) in width and formed sloping ramps to accommodate the insertion and raising of the estimated 20 feet (6 m) tall posts to a 4 feet (1 m) depth into the ground.[4] When the holes were plotted out it was realized that they formed several arcs of equally spaced holes.[5] Detailed analytical work supported the hypothesis that the placement of these posts was by design.[6] Wittry hypothesized that the arcs could be whole circles and that the site was possibly a calendar for tracking solar events such as solstice and equinoxes. He began referring to the circles as "woodhenges"; comparing the structures to England's well-known circles at Woodhenge and Stonehenge.[7][8]

Additional excavations were undertaken at the site by Robert L. Hall in 1963. Hall used the predicted locations from the arcs found in the previous excavation and was able to find more post holes as well as posts near the centers of the circles now thought to be central observation points. Wittry undertook another series of excavations at the site in the late 1970s and confirmed the existence of five separate timber circles in the general vicinity. The circles are now designated Woodhenges I through V in Roman numerals. Each was a different diameter and had a different number of posts. Because four of the circles overlap each other it is thought they were built in a sequence, with each iteration generally being larger and containing twelve more posts than its predecessor.[5]

Woodhenge lies to the west of Monks Mound, at the lower left edge of the illustration.

The remains of several posts were discovered in the post pits. The type of wood used, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), is considered sacred by many Native American groups.[5] The red cedar is the only native evergreen species in the area and is resistant to disease and decay.[9] Traces of red ochre pigment was also found, suggesting that the posts were probably painted at some point.[4] In 1985 William R. Iseminger led a series of excavations to finish finding a full circular sequence of posts. He was able to complete the sequence for what has become known as Woodhenge III (except for nine posts on the western edge that had been lost to dump trucks for road construction fill) and then led a reconstruction of the circle. The reconstruction team was able to obtain enough red cedar logs for half of the holes and then made do with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) for the other half; placing them into the original excavated post positions.[5] The Illinois Historic Preservation Division (a division of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources) oversees the Cahokia site and hosts public sunrise observations at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices. Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind.[10][11][3]

Construction sequence

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View of the reconstructed Woodhenge III and its alignment with the equinox pole and Monks Mound .5 miles (0.80 km) away

The structure was rebuilt a number of times during the urban center's roughly 300 year history. The presence of single set posthole houses and midden deposits at the location suggests the area was a habitation area during the early Emergent Mississippian period; before the timber circles were constructed. And a separate layer of later Mississippian wall trench houses suggests it became a habitation area again after the final woodhenge was no longer in use.[9]

  • Woodhenge I was located to the east of the other circles, the only one not built on the same spot as the other four. It had 24 posts and was 240 feet (73 m) in diameter. This circle was dismantled and at a later date Mound 44 was constructed, partially covering this location.
  • Woodhenge II was constructed to the west of the previous circle. It had 36 posts and was 408 feet (124 m) in diameter.
  • Woodhenge III had 48 posts and was 410 feet (120 m) in diameter. It is thought to have been constructed in approximately 1000 CE.[1] This version of the woodhenge was reconstructed in 1985 using the original holes found during excavations. The 48 posts of the circle are set at 7° 30′ (7 degrees 30 minutes) apart as measured from the geometric center of the circle, although the central post of the circle is offset from the true center by 5.6 feet (1.7 m) to the east. This facilitates the alignment with perimeter posts marking the winter and summer solstice sunrise positions, correcting for the latitude of Cahokias location.[9]
  • Woodhenge IV had 60 posts and was 476 feet (145 m) in diameter.
  • Woodhenge V had an arc and post spacing that suggests it was 446 feet (136 m) in diameter and could have had 72 posts, although only 13 posts were found in a short arc facing the direction of the sunrise. Archaeologists suspect it may not have been a full timber circle and that by this time the large trees needed for the posts may have been getting scarce in the vicinity of Cahokia.[9]

Alignments

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Artist's conception of midwinter sunrise over Mound 60 as seen from Woodhenge III
Ceramic beaker with woodhenge motif

The woodhenge is thought by archaeologists to be a solar calendar, capable of marking equinox and solstice sunrises and sunsets for the timing of the agricultural cycle and religious observances. During the equinoxes the sun rises due east of the timber circle. From the vantage point of the center of the circle it appears as if the sun is emerging from the front of Monks Mound which is roughly .5 miles (0.80 km) away.[5] One of the reasons for the changing position and size of the timber circles may have been the growing size of Monks Mound as additional layers of earth raised its height and increased its geographic footprint and the desire to keep this symbolic emergence and alignment intact.[9]

The winter solstice sunrise pole is aligned with the Fox Mound[9] (Mound 60, a rectangular platform mound paired with a conical burial mound, Mound 59) which sits across the grand plaza 1,640 feet (500 m) to the south of Monks Mound.[12] The top of the roughly 46 feet (14 m) tall mound projects above the horizon and in Cahokian times would have had a large temple structure at its summit, raising it even higher. From the central pole of Woodhenge III the sun would have appeared to rise from this mound and temple at the winter solstice. Besides their celestial marking functions, the woodhenges also carried religious and ritual meaning that are reflected in their stylized depiction as a cross in circle motif on ceremonial beakers. One prominent example has markers added to the winter sunrise and sunset positions,[13] and was found in an offertory pit near the winter solstice post pit. It also had radiating lines that probably symbolized the rays of the sun.[14][9]

As there are many more posts than are necessary for these simple alignments some archaeoastronomists have speculated that they were also used to observe other celestial events, such as lunar cycles, the motion of the Pleiades, or other stars and planets;[2] while others have suggested they were used to align mound and causeway constructions projects.[5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Visitors Guide to the Woodhenge". Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  2. ^ a b Thomas, Mary (2005). American Woodhenge: Archaeoastronomy at Cahokia (PDF) (Bachelors thesis). Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Cahokia Mounds Mark Spring Equinox : The keepers of Cahokia Mounds will host a spring gathering to celebrate the vernal equinox". Indian Country Today. Indian Country Media Network. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Woodhenge". Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Iseminger, William R. "The Skywatchers of Cahokia". Mexicolore. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  6. ^ Friedlander, Michael W. (2007). "The Cahokia Sun Circles". The Wisconsin Archeologist. 88 (1): 78–90.
  7. ^ Wittry, Warren L. (1964). "An American Woodhenge". Cranbrook Institute of Science Newsletter. 33 (9): 102–107.
  8. ^ Wittry, Warren L. "Discovering and Interpreting the Cahokia Woodhenges". The Wisconsin Archaeologist. 77 (3/4): 26–35.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Iseminger, William (2010). Cahokia Mounds : America's First City. The History Press. pp. 121–136.
  10. ^ Iseminger, William. "Welcome the Fall Equinox at Cahokia Mounds". Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  11. ^ "Winter Solstice Sunrise Observance at Cahokia Mounds". Collinsville Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  12. ^ "Mound 59". Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  13. ^ "Cahokia Layout". Illinois State Museum. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  14. ^ Chappell, Sally A. Kitt (2002). Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-226-10136-1.
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