Helmeted guineafowl
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| Helmeted guineafowl | |
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| Male at Serengeti National Park, Tanzania | |
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| Female at Kruger N.P., South Africa | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Numididae |
| Genus: | Numida Linnaeus, 1764 |
| Species: | N. meleagris
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| Binomial name | |
| Numida meleagris | |
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| Natural range. Introduced to Western Cape, Madagascar and elsewhere. | |
| Synonyms | |
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Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 | |
The helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) is the best known of the guineafowl bird family, Numididae, and the only member of the genus Numida. It is native to Africa, mainly south of the Sahara, and has been widely introduced, as a domesticated species, into the West Indies, North America, Australia and Europe.
Taxonomy
In the early days of the European colonisation of North America, the native wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) was confused with this species. The word meleagris, Greek for guineafowl, is also shared in the scientific names of the two species, though for the guineafowl it is the species name, whereas for the turkey, it is the name of the genus and (in inflected form) the family.
Subspecies
There are nine recognised subspecies:[2]
- N. m. coronata (Gurney, 1868) – Gurney's helmeted guineafowl – Type locality restricted to Uitenhage. Occurs in eastern and central South Africa and Western Swaziland.[3]
- N. m. galeatus (Pallas, 1767) – West African guineafowl – western Africa to southern Chad, central Zaire, and northern Angola
- N. m. marungensis (Schalow, 1884) – Marungu helmeted guineafowl – south Congo Basin to western Angola and Zambia
- N. m. meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758) – Saharan helmeted guineafowl – eastern Chad to Ethiopia, northern Zaire, Uganda and northern Kenya
- N. m. mitrata (Pallas, 1764) – tufted guineafowl – Terra Typica "Madagascar" (introduced or erroneous). Occurs in Tanzania to Zambia, Botswana, northern South Africa, Eastern Swaziland and Mozambique.[3]
- N. m. damarensis (Roberts, 1917) – Damara helmeted guineafowl – Terra Typica: Windhoek. Occurs from arid southern Angola to northern Namibia and Botswana north of 26°S[3]
- N. m. reichenowi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1894) – Reichenow's helmeted guineafowl – Kenya and central Tanzania
- N. m. sabyi (Hartert, 1919) – Saby's helmeted guineafowl – northwestern Morocco
- N. m. somaliensis (Neumann, 1899) – Somali tufted guineafowl – northeastern Ethiopia and Somalia
Description
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The helmeted guineafowl is a large 53 to 58 centimetres (21 to 23 in) bird with a round body and small head. They weigh about 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb). The body plumage is gray-black spangled with white. Like other guineafowl, this species has an unfeathered head. In this species it is decorated with a dull yellow or reddish bony knob, and bare skin with red, blue or black hues. The wings are short and rounded, and the tail is likewise short. Various sub-species are proposed, differences in appearance being mostly a large variation in shape, size and colour of the casque and facial wattles.
Behaviour and ecology
This is a gregarious species, forming flocks outside the breeding season typically of about 25 birds that also roost communally. Guineafowl are particularly well-suited to consuming massive quantities of ticks, which might otherwise spread lyme disease.[4] These birds are terrestrial, and prone to run rather than fly when alarmed. Like most gallinaceous birds, they have a short-lived explosive flight and rely on gliding to cover extended distances. Helmeted guineafowl can walk 10 km and more in a day. Their bodies are well-suited for running and they are remarkably successful in maintaining dynamic stability over rough terrain at speed.[5] They make loud harsh calls when disturbed.
Their diet consists of a variety of animal and plant food. During the non-breeding season, N. meleagris consume corns, tubers, and seeds, particularly of agricultural weeds, as well as various agricultural crop spillage.[6][7] During the breeding season, more than 80% of their diet may be invertebrates, particularly arthropods like beetles.[8] Guineafowl are equipped with strong claws and scratch in loose soil for food much like domestic chickens, although they seldom uproot growing plants in so doing. As with all of the Numididae, they have no spurs. They may live for up to 12 years in the wild.
Males often show aggression towards each other, and will partake in aggressive fighting which may leave other males bloodied and otherwise injured. They will attempt to make themselves look more fearsome by raising their wings upwards from their sides and bristling their feathers across the length of the body, and they may also rush towards their opponent with a gaping beak. The nest is a well-hidden, generally unlined scrape and a clutch is normally some 6 to 12 eggs which the female incubates for 26 to 28 days. Nests containing larger numbers of eggs are generally believed to be the result of more than one hen using the nest; eggs are large and an incubating bird could not realistically cover significantly more than a normal clutch.
Domestic birds at least, are notable for producing very thick-shelled eggs that are reduced to fragments as the young birds (known as keets among bird breeders) hatch, rather than leaving two large sections and small chips where the keet has removed the end of the egg. It has been noted that domesticated guineafowl hens are not the best of mothers, and will often abandon their nests. The keets are cryptically coloured and rapid wing growth enables them to flutter onto low branches barely a week after hatching.
Reproduction
Helmeted guinea fowl are seasonal breeders. Summer is the peak breeding season in which the testes could weigh up to 1.6 gm, while during winter no breeding activity takes place. The serum testosterone level is up to 5.37 ng/ ml during the breeding season.[9]
Habitat
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They breed in warm, fairly dry and open habitats with scattered shrubs and trees such as savanna or farmland.
Suburban flocks
Flocks of guineafowl have flourished in recent years in the northern and southern suburbs of Cape Town, where they have adapted remarkably well. Flocks wander slowly along the quieter suburban roads while foraging on the grassy 'pavements' and in gardens where the fence is low enough for some to enter without feeling separated from their flock. At night they often roost on the roofs of bungalows. While residents generally appreciate the local wildlife, they can be a nuisance, obstructing traffic and making a lot of noise in the early morning during the mating season. Their success may be attributed to their large but cautious flocks – they can fend off cats, but don't enter gardens with dogs, and are visible enough in the quiet roads which they frequent to avoid being run over. Although many young guineafowl fall down drains (and are left behind by the flock), such casualties are not enough to restrain their numbers. Adult birds are sometimes caught and eaten by homeless people.
Domestication
Helmeted guineafowl are often domesticated, and it is this species that is sold in Western supermarkets.
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Numida meleagris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Martínez, I.; Kirwan, G.M. "Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b c Gibbon, Guy. Roberts VII Multimedia Birds of Southern Africa (iPhone and iPad version 2.4 ed.). John Voelker Book Fund. Southern African Birding CC 2012–2016.
- ^ Duffy, David Cameron; Downer, Randall; Brinkley, Christie (June 1992). "The effectiveness of Helmeted Guineafowl in the control of the deer tick, the vector of Lyme disease" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 104 (2): 342–345. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07.
- ^ Daley, M. A.; Usherwood, J. R.; Felix, G.; Biewener, A. A. (2006). "Running over rough terrain: guinea fowl maintain dynamic stability despite a large unexpected change in substrate height" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (Pt 1): 171–87. doi:10.1242/jeb.01986. PMID 16354788. S2CID 8640533.
- ^ Skeod, C.J. (1962). "A Study of the Crowned Guinea Fowl Numida Meleagris Coronata Gurney". Ostrich. 33 (2): 51–65. doi:10.1080/00306525.1962.9633435.
- ^ Mentis, M. T.; Poggenpool, B.; & Maguire, R. R. K. "Food of the helmeted guineafowl in highland Natal". South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 5 (1): 23–25.
- ^ Little, R.M.; Perrings, J.S.A.; Crowe, T.M. "Notes on the diet of helmeted guineafowl Numida meleagris on deciduous fruit farms in the Western Cape Province, South Africa". South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 25 (4): 144–146. hdl:10520/EJC116978.
- ^ Ali MZ, AS Qureshi, S Rehan, SZ Akbar and A Manzoor (2015). "Seasonal variations in histomorphology of testes and bursa, immune parameters and serum testosterone concentration in male guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)" (PDF). Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 35 (1): 88–92.
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Further reading
- Madge and McGowan, Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse ISBN 0-7136-3966-0
External links
- Helmeted Guineafowl – Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
- Helmeted Guineafowl, Melissa Mayntz, 26 September 2017, The Spruce
- Helmeted Guineafowl videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
- Poultry Breeds – Guinea Fowl Oklahoma State University