Cellophane

Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose. Its low permeability to air, oils, greases, bacteria, and liquid water makes it useful for food packaging. Cellophane is highly permeable to water vapour, but may be coated with nitrocellulose lacquer to prevent this.

Cellophane is also used in transparent pressure-sensitive tape, tubing, and many other similar applications.

Cellophane is compostable and biodegradable, and can be obtained from biomaterials.^[1] The original production process uses carbon disulfide (CS₂), which has been found to be highly toxic to workers.^[2] The newer lyocell process can be used to produce cellulose film without involving carbon disulfide.^[3]

"Cellophane" is a generic term in some countries,^[4] while in other countries it is a registered trademark.

Production

Cellulose from wood, cotton, hemp, or other sources is dissolved in alkali and carbon disulfide to make a solution called viscose, which is then extruded through a slit into a bath of dilute sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate to reconvert the viscose into cellulose. The film is then passed through several more baths, one to remove sulfur, one to bleach the film, and one to add softening materials such as glycerin to prevent the film from becoming brittle.

A similar process, using a hole (a spinneret) instead of a slit, is used to make a fibre called rayon. Chemically, cellophane, rayon, and cellulose are polymers of glucose; they differ structurally rather than chemically.

History

Simplified view of the xanthation of cellulose.^[5]

Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger while employed by Blanchisserie et Teinturerie de Thaon.^[6] In 1900, inspired by seeing wine spill on a restaurant's tablecloth, he decided to create a cloth that could repel liquids rather than absorb them. His first step was to spray a waterproof coating onto fabric, and he opted to try viscose. The resultant coated fabric was far too stiff, but the diaphanous film coating could be separated from the backing cloth easily and in one undamaged piece. Seeing the possibilities of this new material on its own, Brandenberger soon abandoned his original idea.

It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his film. His chief improvement over earlier work with such films was adding glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had constructed a machine to manufacture the film, which he had named Cellophane, from the words cellulose and diaphane ("transparent"). Cellophane was patented that year.^[7] The following year, the company Comptoir des Textiles Artificiels (CTA) bought the Thaon firm's interest in Cellophane and established Brandenberger in a new company, La Cellophane SA.^[8]

Whitman's candy company initiated use of cellophane for candy wrapping in the United States in 1912 for their Whitman's Sampler. They remained the largest user of imported cellophane from France until nearly 1924, when DuPont built the first cellophane manufacturing plant in the US. Cellophane saw limited sales in the US at first since while it was waterproof, it was not moisture proof—it held or repelled water but was permeable to water vapor. This meant that it was unsuited to packaging products that required moisture proofing. DuPont hired chemist William Hale Charch (1898–1958), who spent three years developing a nitrocellulose lacquer that, when applied to Cellophane, made it moisture proof.^[9] Following the introduction of moisture-proof Cellophane in 1927, the material's sales tripled between 1928 and 1930, and in 1938, Cellophane accounted for 10% of DuPont's sales and 25% of its profits.^[8]

Cellophane played a crucial role in developing the self-service retailing of fresh meat.^[10] Cellophane visibility helped customers know quality of meat before buying. Cellophane also worked to consumers' disadvantage when manufacturers learned to manipulate the appearance of a product by controlling oxygen and moisture levels to prevent discolouration of food.^[10] It was considered such a useful invention that cellophane was listed alongside other modern marvels in the 1934 song "You're the Top" (from Anything Goes).^[11]^[12]^[13]

The British textile company Courtaulds' viscose technology had allowed it to diversify in 1930 into viscose film, which it named "Viscacelle". However, competition with Cellophane was an obstacle to its sales, and in 1935 it founded British Cellophane Limited (BCL) in conjunction with the Cellophane Company and its French parent company CTA.^[14] A major production facility was constructed at Bridgwater, Somerset, England, from 1935 to 1937, employing 3,000 workers. BCL subsequently constructed plants in Cornwall, Ontario (BCL Canada), as an adjunct to the existing Courtaulds viscose rayon plant there (from which it bought the viscose solution), and in 1957 at Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria. The latter two plants were closed in the 1990s.

Today

Cellulose film has been manufactured continuously since the mid-1930s and is still used today. As well as packaging a variety of food items, there are also industrial applications, such as a base for such self-adhesive tapes as Sellotape and Scotch Tape, a semi-permeable membrane in a certain type of battery,^[which?] as dialysis tubing (Visking tubing), and as a release agent in the manufacture of fibreglass and rubber products. Cellophane is the most popular material for manufacturing cigar packaging; its permeability to water vapor makes cellophane a good product for this application as cigars must be allowed to "breathe" while wrapped and in storage.

Cellophane sales have dwindled since the 1960s, due to alternative packaging options. The polluting effects of carbon disulfide and other by-products of the process used to make viscose may have also contributed^{[citation needed]} to its falling behind lower cost petrochemical-based films such as biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BoPET) and biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) in the 1980s and 1990s. However, as of 2017, it has made something of a resurgence in recent times due to its being biosourced, compostable, and biodegradable. Its sustainability record is clouded by its energy-intensive manufacturing process and the potential negative impact of some of the chemicals used, but significant progress in recent years has been made by leading manufacturers in reducing their environmental footprint.^[1]

Material properties

When placed between two plane polarizing filters, cellophane produces prismatic colours due to its birefringent nature. Artists have used this effect to create stained glass-like creations that are kinetic and interactive.

Cellophane is biodegradable, but highly toxic carbon disulfide is used in most cellophane production. Viscose factories vary widely in the amount of CS₂ they expose their workers to, and most give no information about their quantitative safety limits or how well they keep to them.^[2]^[15]

Branding

In the UK and in many other countries, "Cellophane" is a registered trademark and the property of Futamura Chemical UK Ltd, based in Wigton, Cumbria, United Kingdom.^[16]^[17] In the USA and some other countries "cellophane" has become genericized, and is often used informally to refer to a wide variety of plastic film products, even those not made of cellulose, such as PVC-based plastic wrap.

References

^ ^a ^b Morris, Barry A. (2017). "Commonly Used Resins and Substrates in Flexible Packaging". In William, Andrew (ed.). The Science and Technology of Flexible Packaging: Multilayer Films from Resin and Process to End Use. Vol. Plastics Design Library. doi:10.1016/C2013-0-00506-3. ISBN 978-0-323-24273-8. S2CID 251206014. Retrieved 5 May 2021. Cellophane is biosourced, compostable, and biodegradable. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b Swan, Norman; Blanc, Paul (20 February 2017). "The health burden of viscose rayon". ABC Radio National.
^ "Cellulose Sausage Skins via the Lyocell Process". AZO Materials. 27 August 2002. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ "Has cellophane become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ Krässig, Hans; Schurz, Josef; Steadman, Robert G.; Schliefer, Karl; Albrecht, Wilhelm; Mohring, Marc; Schlosser, Harald (2002). "Cellulose". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_375.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Carraher, Charles E. (Jr.) (2014). Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: Ninth Edition. Boca Raton Fl.: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4665-5203-6.
^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p.338. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.
^ ^a ^b Hounshell, David A.; John Kenly Smith (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902–1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-521-32767-9.
^ Winkler, John K. (1935). The Dupont Dynasty. Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press, Inc. p. 271.
^ ^a ^b Hisano, Ai. "Cellophane, the New Visuality, and the Creation of Self-Service Food Retailing" (PDF). Harvard Business School.
^ Finkelstein, Norman H. (17 August 2008). Plastics. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761426004.
^ Hammack, William S. (6 September 2011). How Engineers Create the World: The Public Radio Commentaries of Bill Hammack. Bill Hammack. ISBN 9780983966104.
^ Harford, Tim (28 May 2020). The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781408712641.
^ Davenport-Hines, Richard Peter Treadwell (1988). Enterprise, Management, and Innovation in British Business, 1914-80. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 0-7146-3348-8.
^ Michelle Nijhuis (June 2009). "Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You?". Scientific American. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanearth0609-60 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Trade mark number UK00905352786". Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^ "Compostable and renewable flexible packaging films". Futamura. 2 March 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.

External links

Blanc, Paul David (2016). Fake silk : the lethal history of viscose rayon. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 328. ISBN 9780300204667.
Cellophane Invention

[auto-1] Morris, Barry A. (2017). "Commonly Used Resins and Substrates in Flexible Packaging". In William, Andrew (ed.). The Science and Technology of Flexible Packaging: Multilayer Films from Resin and Process to End Use. Vol. Plastics Design Library. doi:10.1016/C2013-0-00506-3. ISBN 978-0-323-24273-8. S2CID 251206014. Retrieved 5 May 2021. Cellophane is biosourced, compostable, and biodegradable. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[Blanc-2] Swan, Norman; Blanc, Paul (20 February 2017). "The health burden of viscose rayon". ABC Radio National.

[3] "Cellulose Sausage Skins via the Lyocell Process". AZO Materials. 27 August 2002. Retrieved 2 July 2022.

[gc-4] "Has cellophane become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. Retrieved 29 April 2021.

[Ull-5] Krässig, Hans; Schurz, Josef; Steadman, Robert G.; Schliefer, Karl; Albrecht, Wilhelm; Mohring, Marc; Schlosser, Harald (2002). "Cellulose". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_375.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[6] Carraher, Charles E. (Jr.) (2014). Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: Ninth Edition. Boca Raton Fl.: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4665-5203-6.

[7] Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p.338. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.

[hounshell170-8] Hounshell, David A.; John Kenly Smith (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902–1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-521-32767-9.

[9] Winkler, John K. (1935). The Dupont Dynasty. Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press, Inc. p. 271.

[hisano-10] Hisano, Ai. "Cellophane, the New Visuality, and the Creation of Self-Service Food Retailing" (PDF). Harvard Business School.

[11] Finkelstein, Norman H. (17 August 2008). Plastics. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761426004.

[12] Hammack, William S. (6 September 2011). How Engineers Create the World: The Public Radio Commentaries of Bill Hammack. Bill Hammack. ISBN 9780983966104.

[13] Harford, Tim (28 May 2020). The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781408712641.

[14] Davenport-Hines, Richard Peter Treadwell (1988). Enterprise, Management, and Innovation in British Business, 1914-80. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 0-7146-3348-8.

[scientificamerican.com-15] Michelle Nijhuis (June 2009). "Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You?". Scientific American. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanearth0609-60 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)^{[dead link‍]}

[16] "Trade mark number UK00905352786". Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.

[17] "Compostable and renewable flexible packaging films". Futamura. 2 March 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]