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Typhoon Mangkhut

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This article is about the 2018 typhoon. For the storms with the same name, see List of tropical storms named Ompong.
Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong)
Violent typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Mangkhut at peak intensity on September 12
FormedSeptember 7, 2018
DissipatedSeptember 17, 2018
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
1-minute sustained: 285 km/h (180 mph)
Lowest pressure905 hPa (mbar); 26.72 inHg
Fatalities69 total
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedMariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South China, Vietnam
Part of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Mangkhut,[nb 1] known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ompong, is known as the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon since Megi in 2010. The thirty-first tropical depression, twenty-second tropical storm, and ninth typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Mangkhut made landfall in the Philippine province of Cagayan on September 15, 2018 as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, and subsequently impacted Hong Kong and southern China.[2] Mangkhut was the strongest typhoon to make landfall in the Philippines since Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013,[3] as well as the strongest typhoon to strike Hong Kong since Typhoon Ellen in 1983.[4] Mangkhut was also the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018.

As of September 16, at least 69 fatalities have been attributed to Mangkhut, including 64 in the Philippines,[5][6] 4 in mainland China,[7][8] and 1 in Taiwan.[9]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On September 5, 2018, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a tropical disturbance near the International Dateline.[10] Steady development ensued over the following days, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression on September 7.[11] The depression soon intensified into a tropical storm, upon which it received the name Mangkhut.[12] Throughout September 8 and 9, the system underwent rapid intensification. Tight banding features wrapped around a developing eye feature. Favorable environmental conditions, including low wind shear, ample outflow aloft, high sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content.[13] Mangkhut achieved typhoon strength on September 9.[14] A well-defined 18 km (11 mi) eye became evident on satellite imagery as the typhoon approached the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) as it tracked near Rota around 12:00 UTC on September 10.[15] The JMA assessed ten-minute sustained winds to be 155 km/h (100 mph) at this time.[16]

Typhoon Mangkhut approaching the Philippines on September 14

Substantial intensification ensued on September 11, as Mangkhut traversed the Philippine Sea. A second bout of rapid intensification took place as the storm consolidated significantly; a well-defined 39 km (24 mi) eye became established during this time.[17] The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut to have reached Category 5-equivalent intensity by 12:00 UTC, an intensity it would maintain for nearly four days.[18] The JMA assessed the typhoon's peak intensity to have occurred at 18:00 UTC, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and a central minimum pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.73 inHg).[19] The JTWC noted additional strengthening on September 12, and assessed Mangkhut to have reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).[20] The typhoon made landfall on Cagayan Province along the northern tip of Luzon on September 14, as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph).[3] This made Mangkhut the strongest storm to strike Luzon since Typhoon Megi in 2010, and the strongest nationwide since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.[21]

Traversing the mountains of Luzon weakened Mangkhut before it emerged over the South China Sea on September 15. The typhoon subsequently made landfall again on the coast of Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China at 5 p.m. China Standard Time on September 16.[22][23][24]

The typhoon dissipated in Guangxi Province, China in the afternoon of September 17.

Preparations

Philippines

A map of the highest Public Storm Warning Signals raised throughout the Philippines in relation to Mangkhut's passage

Tropical cyclone warning signals were hoisted by PAGASA as early as September 13. Preemptive and forced evacuations were implemented, especially in the Ilocos, Cagayan Valley and Cordillera Administrative Regions, the three regions widely expected to be severely affected by Mangkhut. Class suspensions were announced as early as September 12 in preparation for the incoming typhoon.[25][26][27][28][29] Medical and emergency response teams were placed on standby, and ₱1,700,000,000 of relief goods were prepared by September 13.[1]

Hong Kong

On September 14, the Hong Kong Government held a rare cross-department press conference over the preparation of the super typhoon Mangkhut, to remind Hong Kong citizens to "prepare for the worst".

On September 16, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Hurricane Signal No. 10, which is the highest level of tropical cyclone warning signals in Hong Kong, for 10 hours. This marked only the third time that this warning has been issued for the region since 1999, with the others being with Typhoon Hato in 2017 and Typhoon Vicente in 2012.[30] The Hong Kong Government convened an inter-departmental meeting on September 12 to discuss possible responses to the storm.[31]

Mainland China

On September 15, the meteorological bureaus of most cities in Guangdong issued red alerts for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in Guangdong.[32][33] The Guangxi Meteorological Bureau also issued a red alert for the typhoon at 17:00 Beijing time.[34] On the next day, the Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality issued a red alert for rainstorm, which is the highest level of alerts in Shenzhen.[35][36]

The Fujian Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon, the second highest alert level, on September 15.[37]

On September 16, National Meteorological Center of CMA renewed a red alert for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in China.[38] On the same day, the Hainan Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon.[39]

Impact

Guam

Sailors remove debris in Guam following Typhoon Mangkhut

About 80% of the island lost electricity.[40]

Philippines

A tornado was reported in Marikina, eastern Metro Manila on the night of September 14 (Friday), injuring two persons.[41] Over 105,000 families evacuated from their homes.[42] Several airports in northern Luzon have closed and the airlines had cancelled their flights until September 16.[43]

By September 16, it was confirmed by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NRRMC) that at least 64 people had been killed during the typhoon.[5][44] Ricardo Jalad, head of the national civil defense office, said that the death toll is expected to be higher.[45]

Francis Tolentino estimated that 5.7 million people have been affected by the storm nationwide.[46]

Taiwan

A 30-year old female teacher visiting Fenniaolin Beach in Yilan County was swept out to sea by a wave. Her body was recovered two days later.[47] [48]

Hong Kong

Shattered windows at the Grand Harbour Kowloon Hotel in Hong Kong.

Mangkhut is regarded as the strongest typhoon to strike Hong Kong since Typhoon Ellen in 1983.[4][49] Mangkhut caused flooding, especially in low-lying and coastal areas, and many trees were knocked over. Sustained winds of up to 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph) and gusts of up to 232 kilometres per hour (144 mph)[4][50][9] caused the territory's many high-rises to sway and some roofs to be torn off. Glass windows of many buildings were shattered, and the curtain walls of the Harbour Grand Kowloon were blown out. A structure on a high-rise under construction in Tai Kok Tsui collapsed onto an adjacent building, which had to be evacuated by police.[51] Many roads were blocked, and service on the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) was halted on all above-ground sections of track.

Some buildings around the Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories area suffered broken windows and water damage. Blinking lights were reported in a lot of residential buildings as well. About 1,219 people sought refuge in emergency shelters opened by the Home Affairs Department.[52] The Hong Kong International Airport cancelled and delayed a total of 889 international flights. More than 200 people were injured, but no fatalities have been reported.[53] Due to the substantial damage caused, the Education Bureau announced that all schools would be closed on September 17 and September 18.

Macau

The ceiling of the Oriental Pearl Terminal Station waiting area got blown away by the strong wind.

Storm surges reached a height of 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in). About 20,000 homes lost power and 7,000 homes lost internet access,[54] and 40 people were injured. For the first time in history, all casinos in Macau were closed.[55] 191 flights on Saturday and Sunday (September 15 and 16) were cancelled to and from Macau International Airport.[54]

Mainland China

Guangdong Province

Typhoon Mangkhut caused over 2.45 million people to be evacuated.[23][24] In Shenzhen, it caused power failure in 13 locations, flood in the Seafood Street, and 248 tree falls.[56] Transport was shut down in Southern China,[57][58] and at least four people in Guangdong were killed in this typhoon.[7][8] In Zhuhai, markets, schools and public transport were closed or limited in the wake of the storm on Monday, September 17, and residents were requested to minimize non-essential travel. Ferry services from Zhuhai's Jiuzhougang Port to Shenzhen and Hong Kong were suspended indefinitely.

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Schools in Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, Nanning were closed on September 17.[59][60] The trains to Guangxi were also closed on September 17.[61]

  • Several windows of Central Plaza in Wan Chai were shattered by Typhoon Mangkhut
    Several windows of Central Plaza in Wan Chai were shattered by Typhoon Mangkhut
  • Damage to Immigration Tower, which remained open for service on Monday morning despite the damage
    Damage to Immigration Tower, which remained open for service on Monday morning despite the damage
  • People climb over trees in Wan Chai to get to work
    People climb over trees in Wan Chai to get to work
  • Firemen stand by for possible gas leak as three out of four historical gas lamps on Duddell Street were destroyed
    Firemen stand by for possible gas leak as three out of four historical gas lamps on Duddell Street were destroyed
  • Waves damaged the waterfront promenade in Central
    Waves damaged the waterfront promenade in Central
  • The Central Harbourfront walkway was closed for repairs due to the damage
    The Central Harbourfront walkway was closed for repairs due to the damage
  • Two taxis damaged by fallen trees in Wan Chai
    Two taxis damaged by fallen trees in Wan Chai
  • A construction area damaged by the typhoon
    A construction area damaged by the typhoon
  • Yee Wo Street blocked by fallen trees
    Yee Wo Street blocked by fallen trees
  • The glasses and facade of La Cité platform got blow away
    The glasses and facade of La Cité platform got blow away
  • Damage to the escalator of Artur Tamagnini Barbosa Ave
    Damage to the escalator of Artur Tamagnini Barbosa Ave
  • A road sign blown down in Shenzhen
    A road sign blown down in Shenzhen
  • A road in Shenzhen blocked by fallen trees
    A road in Shenzhen blocked by fallen trees
  • A road in Shenzhen blocked by fallen trees
    A road in Shenzhen blocked by fallen trees
  • A tree blown down on the pavement in Shenzhen
    A tree blown down on the pavement in Shenzhen

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Mangkhut" (Thai pronunciation: [māŋ.kʰút]) is the Thai name for the mangosteen.[1]

References

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