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See also: 2020s in political history

This is the military history of the 2020s.

World

General history

In the early 2020s, the pandemic of COVID-19 caused major global security concerns, as countries worked to address major security concerns and travel restrictions that were made necessary by the pandemic.

Major conflicts by region

Europe

Russia and Ukraine

In late 2021, the Russian buildup of forces on its border with Ukraine caused major world concerns.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

This section is an excerpt from Russian invasion of Ukraine.[edit]


On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014. The invasion, the largest and deadliest conflict in Europe since World War II,[9][10][11] has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties. As of 2024, Russian troops occupy about 20% of Ukraine. From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million had fled the country by April 2023, creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II.

In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands including a ban on Ukraine ever joining the NATO military alliance. After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a "special military operation", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas conflict since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and neo-imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, falsely claimed that Ukraine was governed by neo-Nazis persecuting the Russian minority, and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarize and denazify" Ukraine. Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv, a southern front from Crimea, and an eastern front from the Donbas and towards Kharkiv. Ukraine enacted martial law, ordered a general mobilization and severed diplomatic relations with Russia.

Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. In the southeast, Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege. Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck the energy grid through the winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east, liberating most of Kharkiv province. Soon after, Russia announced the illegal annexation of four partly-occupied provinces. In November, Ukraine liberated Kherson. In June 2023, Ukraine launched another counteroffensive in the southeast, but made few gains. After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August of that year. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine.

The invasion was met with widespread international condemnation. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus, and provided humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. The Baltic states and Poland declared Russia a terrorist state. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship. The Russian attacks on civilians have led to allegations of genocide.[12][13][14][15] War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping contributed to a world food crisis, while war-related environmental damage has been described as ecocide. The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity, war crimes, abduction of Ukrainian children, and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued six arrest warrants: for Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, and for military officials Sergey Kobylash, Viktor Sokolov, Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov.

Nagorno-Karabakh war

Main article: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war[a] was an armed conflict between Azerbaijan, supported by Turkey, and the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh together with Armenia, in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. It was the latest escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but partially governed by Artsakh, a breakaway state with an Armenian ethnic majority.[b]

Day-by-day animation of the war. Red: Artsakh; blue: captured by the Azerbaijani army; dotted blue: regions in which Azerbaijani special forces were active.

Clashes began on the morning of 27 September 2020 along the Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact, which had been established in the aftermath of the First Nagorno-Karabakh war (1988–1994). In response to the clashes, Armenia and Artsakh introduced martial law and total mobilization,[24][25] while Azerbaijan introduced martial law and a curfew,[26] later declaring partial mobilization on 28 September 2020.[27] Turkey provided military support to Azerbaijan, although the extent of this support has been disputed.[28][29] Turkey's involvement is thought to have been an attempt to extend its sphere of influence, both by increasing the standing of Azerbaijan in the conflict and by marginalizing Russia's influence over the region.[28][30]

Following the capture of Shusha, the second-largest settlement in Nagorno-Karabakh, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, ending all hostilities in the area from 00:00, 10 November 2020 Moscow Time.[31][32][33] The President of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, also agreed to end the hostilities.[34] Under the agreement, the warring sides will keep control of their currently held areas within Nagorno-Karabakh, while Armenia will return the surrounding territories it occupied in 1994 to Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan will also gain land access to its Nakhchivan exclave bordering Turkey and Iran.[35] Approximately 2,000 Russian soldiers will be deployed as peacekeeping forces along the Lachin corridor between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh for a mandate of at least five years.

Middle East

Persian Gulf crisis

In January 2020, the United States assassinated the commander of the Quds Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, general Qasem Soleimani. This led to an Iranian missile strike against bases housing US troops in Iraq five days later. As a result of expectations of a US retribution, the Iranian air defence system accidentally shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, killing all 176 people on board.[36] The International Maritime Security Construct was setup by the US to prevent Iran from disrupting international shipping in the Strait of Hormuz.[37]

Israel was suspected of being behind at least five explosions and fires at Iranian nuclear sites in the summer of 2020.[38] The leading nuclear scientist of the country, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, was assassinated on 27 November 2020, with Iran blaming Israel for the attack.[39]

Israel-Palestine-Lebanon-Iran conflict

See also: Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israeli–Lebanese conflict, and Iran–Israel proxy conflict

On 7 October, 2023, the Palestinian militant group Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel, beginning the Israel-Hamas war[40] On 8 October, 2023, the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah fired guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli positions, beginning the 2023 Israel-Hezbollah conflict.[41] On 1 April, 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike on the Iranian consulate complex in Damascus, Syria, beginning the 2024 Iran-Israel conflict.[42][43] In September 2024, the Israel-Hezbollah conflict escalated into the 2024 Israel-Hezbollah War.[44]

Yemeni Civil War

See also: Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)

The Yemeni Civil War is an ongoing conflict that began in 2015 between two factions: the Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi led Yemeni government and the Houthi armed movement, along with their supporters and allies. Both claim to constitute the official government of Yemen.[45]

Houthi forces currently control the capital Sanaʽa, allied with forces loyal to the former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, have clashed with the forces loyal to Hadi who are based in Aden. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant have also carried out attacks, with AQAP controlling swathes of territory in the hinterlands, and along stretches of the coast.[46] Concurrently, the Hadi government is in conflict with UAE forces as a result of UAE military measures such as the United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra and UAE-backed STC takeover of Aden.[47]

Libya Civil War

Main article: Libyan peace process § Political track

In February 2020, the political track of the Libyan peace process started in Geneva among 20 Libyans, from both the Tobruk-based and Tripoli-based parts of the Libyan House of Representatives, and from the independent persons' group selected by UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), including Interior Minister Fathi Bashagha, former Education Minister Othman Abdul Jalil and former head of the HCS Abdulrahman Sewehli.[48] The aimed composition was 13 HoR representatives from both the Tobruk and Tripoli branches, 13 HCS representatives and 14 UNSMIL-selected independent Libyans, for a total of 40.[49]

Africa

Tigray conflict

Main article: Tigray conflict

The Tigray conflict was an armed conflict that began in November 2020 in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia, between Tigray Region special forces led by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), and the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) in alliance with Amhara Region special forces.[50]

The conflict stemmed from the attempt of Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed to distance the country's politics from ethnic federalism, a power-sharing system giving regional influence to individual ethnic groups, by merging the ethnic and region-based parties of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, which had governed Ethiopia for 30 years, into a nationwide Prosperity Party.

The Tigray People's Liberation Front, a military and politically powerful entity inside Ethiopia representing 6% of the total population ethnically, refused to join the new party, and alleged that Abiy Ahmed became an illegitimate ruler by rescheduling the general elections set for 29 August 2020 to an undetermined date in 2021 due to COVID-19.

South Sudan

The South Sudanese Civil War ended with a negotiated peace treaty. In January 2020, the Community of Sant'Egidio mediated a Rome Peace Declaration between the SSOMA and the South Sudanese government.[51] The most contentious issue delaying the formation of the unity government was whether South Sudan should keep 32 or return to 10 states. On 14 February 2020, Kiir announced South Sudan would return to 10 states in addition to three administrative areas of Abyei, Pibor, and Ruweng,[52][53] and on 22 February Riek Machar was sworn in as first vice president for the creation of the unity government, ending the civil war.[54] Disarmament campaigns led by the government has led to resistance, with clashes killing more than 100 people in two days in north-central Tonj in August 2020.[55]

Sudan

See also: Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

In January 2020, progress was made in peace negotiations, in the areas of land, transitional justice and system of government issues via the Darfur track of negotiations. SRF and Sovereignty Council representatives agreed on the creation of a Special Court for Darfur to conduct investigations and trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity carried out during the War in Darfur by the al-Bashir presidency and by warlords. Two Areas negotiations with SPLM-N (al-Hilu) had progressed on six framework agreement points, after a two-week pause, but disagreement remained on SPLM-N (al-Hilu)'s requirement of a secular state in South Kordofan and Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile self-determination. On 24 January on the Two Areas track, political and security agreements, constituting a framework agreement, were signed by Hemetti on behalf of the Sovereignty Council and Ahmed El Omda Badi on behalf of SPLM-N (Agar). The agreements give legislative autonomy to South Kordofan and Blue Nile; propose solutions for the sharing of land and other resources, and aim to unify all militias and government soldiers into a single unified Sudanese military body. On 26 January, a "final" peace agreement for the northern track, including issues of studies for new dams, compensation for people displaced by existing dams, road construction and burial of electronic and nuclear waste, was signed by Shamseldin Kabashi of the Sovereignty Council and Dahab Ibrahim of the Kush Movement.[56][57][58]

Following the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état, tensions mounted between the Sudanese government and the Rapid Support Forces, leading to the Battle of Khartoum on 15 April 2023, beginning the Sudanese civil war (2023–present).[59][60]

Asia

China and Taiwan

In late 2022, Chinese military exercises and actions near Taiwan caused major world concern.

Afghanistan Civil War

The Afghan peace process attempted to end the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021). Although sporadic efforts have taken place since the war began in 2001, negotiations intensified in 2018 amid talks between the Taliban, which is the main insurgent group fighting against the Afghan government and American troops; and the United States, of which 20,000 soldiers maintain a presence within the country to support the Afghan government. Most of the talks have taken place in Doha, the capital of Qatar. It is expected that a mutual agreement between the Taliban and the United States would be followed by a phased American withdrawal and the start of intra-Afghan peace talks.[61] Besides the United States, regional powers such as Pakistan, China and India, Russia, as well as NATO play a part in facilitating the peace process.[62][63]

On February 29, 2020, the U.S. signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban, which calls for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months if the Taliban uphold the terms of the agreement.[64][65] On March 1, 2020, however, the Afghan government, which was not a party to the deal, rejected the U.S. and Taliban's call for a prisoner swap by March 10, 2020, with President Ghani stating that such an agreement will require further negotiation and will also not be implemented as a precondition for future peace negotiations.[66][67][68][69] In March 2020, the Taliban announced they would resume hostilities with the Afghan Government if the prisoners were not released.[70][71]

Events by country

Africa

Kenya

The Camp Simba attack by Al-Shabaab in January 2020 killed three Americans.[72]

Morocco

In November 2020, the Polisario Front declared it had broken a 30-year truce and attacked Moroccan forces in Western Sahara as part of the Western Sahara conflict.[73]

Mozambique

The insurgency in Cabo Delgado intensified with events such as the 2020 Mozambique attacks, the Mocímboa da Praia offensive in 2020 and the Battle of Palma in 2021.

Americas

United States

The United States formally withdrew from the Treaty on Open Skies on November 22, 2020.[74]

Asia-Pacific

Afghanistan

On February 29, 2020, the United States and the Taliban signed a peace agreement in Doha, Qatar, officially titled the Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan.[75] The provisions of the deal include the withdrawal of all American and NATO troops from Afghanistan, a Taliban pledge to prevent al-Qaeda from operating in areas under Taliban control, and talks between the Taliban and the Afghan government.[76] The United States agreed to an initial reduction of its force level from 13,000 to 8,600 by July 2020, followed by a full withdrawal within 14 months if the Taliban keeps its commitments.[77] The United States also committed to closing five military bases within 135 days,[78] and expressed its intent to end economic sanctions on the Taliban by August 27, 2020.[79] The deal was supported by China, Russia and Pakistan, although it did not involve the government of Afghanistan.[80]

Despite the peace agreement between the U.S. and the Taliban, insurgent attacks against the Afghan Armed Forces and the various forces of Afghanistan's Ministry of the Interior (together known in U.S. terms as the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces) were reported to have surged. In the 45 days after the agreement (between 1 March and 15 April 2020), the Taliban conducted more than 4,500 attacks in Afghanistan, which showed an increase of more than 70% as compared to the same period in the previous year.[81] More than 900 Afghan security forces were killed in the period, up from about 520 in the same period a year earlier. Meanwhile, because of a significant reduction in the number of offensives and airstrikes by Afghan and U.S. forces against the Taliban due to the agreement, Taliban casualties dropped to 610 in the period down from about 1,660 in the same period a year earlier. On 22 June 2020, Afghanistan reported its "bloodiest week in 19 years," during which 291 members of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) were killed and 550 others wounded in 422 attacks carried out by the Taliban. At least 42 civilians, including women and children, were also killed and 105 others wounded by the Taliban across 18 provinces.[82] During the week, the Taliban kidnapped 60 civilians in the central province of Daykundi.[83]

Australia

The Brereton Report found evidence of 39 murders of civilians and prisoners by (or at the instruction of) members of the Australian special forces, which were subsequently covered up by ADF personnel.[84][85][86] The report stated 25 ADF personnel were involved in the killings, including those who were "accessories" to the incident.[87] The unlawful killings discussed by the report began in 2009, with most occurring in 2012 and 2013.[88]

Israel

The Israeli foreign intelligence agency Mossad was accused by Iran of using an "artificial intelligence" machine gun controlled by a satellite in the assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh.[89]

On 7 October 2023 the Palestinian militant group Hamas launched a surprise attack on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, beginning the Israel-Hamas war.[90]

Philippines

The Philippines was considering a purchase of the BrahMos cruise missile system in late 2020.[91]

Syria

See also: Syrian civil war, Timeline of the Syrian civil war, Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020), and Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)

In early 2020, the Syrian Civil War flared up, with massive fighting between Syrian government forces and rebel groups in northwestern Syria. In March 2020, Syria claimed that a number of its soldiers had been killed in Turkish attacks.[92] Turkey warned that millions of migrants might head for the EU.[93] Greece suspended all asylum applications.[94]

In May 2020, Special UN Envoy Geir Pedersen said that warring factions had indicated some willingness to have new peace talks.[95]

Fighting in the Syrian Civil War continued around the areas of Idlib and Aleppo in northwestern Syria.[96]

Turkey

In January 2020, Turkey announced it had sent troops to Libya in order to support the National Transitional Council in the Libyan Civil War, but that they would be in non-combat duties.[97] In March 2020, Turkey started a military offensive against the Syrian Armed Forces as part of its intervention in the Syrian Civil War.[98] Turkey also supported the Azerbaijani side in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war by supplying it with Syrian mercenaries and drones.[99]

Europe

Finland

The Finnish Navy is building its largest ships since World War II with the Pohjanmaa-class corvette. Meanwhile, the Finnish Air Force will replace its McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet fighters through the HX Fighter Program, being the most expensive military procurement in Finnish history. Finland is also procuring a new surface-to-air missile, with possible contenders being the AMRAAM-ER, IRIS-T SL, EMADS, SPYDER MR/LR or David's Sling systems.[100]

France

The French military is scheduled to receive a 46% increase to its annual budget by 2025, compared to 2018.[101] As part of this, Project Scorpion aims to replace almost all mechanized vehicles in the army and upgrade the Leclerc tanks.[101] The air force was, on the other hand, expanded in 2020 to cover space force activities as well.[101] Meanwhile, the French Navy received the first of the Barracuda-class nuclear attack submarines in 2020.[102] Overseas, the French military intervention in the Sahel continued fighting against the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara.[103]

Russia

The Russian Navy will build a new base in Port Sudan, which will be the country's first in Africa since the Soviet Union had a base in Baledogle, Somalia during the Cold War until 1977.[104][105]

In 2020, Russian cyberwarfare operations hacked US federal government departments, FireEye, an IT security company.[106]

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom unveiled the largest spending increases on the military since the end of the Cold War.[107]

World issues and outlook

International alliances

AUKUS

The AUKUS trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States was announced on 15 September 2021.[108] Under the pact, the United States and United Kingdom agree to help Australia to develop and deploy nuclear-powered submarines, adding to the Western military presence in the Pacific region.[109] Although the joint announcement by Australian prime minister Scott Morrison, British prime minister Boris Johnson and US president Joe Biden did not mention any other country by name, anonymous White House sources have alleged it is designed to counter the influence of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Indo-Pacific region.[110]

Weapons technology

Air combat

Artificial intelligence solutions are being developed and deployed for air combat purposes, though sixth-generation jet fighters are expected to still have human pilots.[111] Specific tasks will, however, are being automated, for example in the Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System.[111]

Land warfare

A sensor-system for detecting underground military activities, such as tunnelling, was developed by the Sandia National Laboratories in the early 2020s.[112]

See also

Notes

  1. ^  • In Armenia, local media sometimes refer to it as Azerbaijani aggression (Armenian: ադրբեջանական ագրեսիա, romanized: adrbejanakan agreˈsia, Armenian pronunciation: [ɑdɾbɛdʒɑnɑˈkɑn ɑgˈɾɛsjɑ])[16][17] or the Azerbaijani-Turkish aggression (Armenian: ադրբեջանա-թուրքական ագրեսիա, romanized: adrbejana-t'urk'akan agreˈsia, Armenian pronunciation: [ɑdɾbɛdʒɑnɑ-tʰuɾkʰɑkɑn ɑgˈɾɛsjɑ]).[18]
        • In Azerbaijan, it has been referred to Second Karabakh War (Azerbaijani: İkinci Qarabağ müharibəsi),[19] The Patriotic War (Azerbaijani: Vətən müharibəsi),[20][21] Operation for peace enforcement of Armenia (Azerbaijani: Ermənistanı sülhə məcburetmə əməliyyatı),[22] or Counter-offensive operation[23] (Azerbaijani: Əks-hücum əməliyyatı) by the government.
  2. ^ At the end of Soviet period, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was recorded as being populated by 76.9% Armenians, 21.5% Azerbaijanis, and 1.5% other groups, totalling 188,685 persons, in the 1989 census. The surrounding districts, occupied by the Republic of Artsakh since the 1994 ceasefire, were recorded in the 1979 census to have a population of 97.7% Azerbaijanis, 1.3% Kurds, 0.7% Russians, 0.1% Armenians, and 0.1% Lezgins, for a total of 186,874 persons. This does not include the populations of Fuzuli Rayon and Agdam Rayon, which were only partially under Armenian control before the 2020 war.

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Bibliography

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