Examine individual changes

'@@ -36,480 +36,803 @@ }} -The {{Nihongo|'''2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku'''|東北地方太平洋沖地震|Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin}} was a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 9.0–9.1 (M_w) [[Submarine earthquake|undersea]] [[megathrust earthquake]] off the coast of [[Japan]] that occurred at 14:46 [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] (05:46 [[UTC]]) on Friday 11 March 2011,<ref name="USGS9.0">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30#executive |title=M 9.1 – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) |accessdate=9 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xgj6FuHC?url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/ |archivedate=4 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="New Scientist">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/powerful-japan-quake-sparks-ts.html |title=Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0 |edition=Short Sharp Science |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=11 March 2011 |first=Michael |last=Reilly |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xgjBRle0?url=http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/powerful-japan-quake-sparks-ts.html |archivedate=4 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite news|title=New USGS number puts Japan quake at 4th largest |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/14/501364/main20043126.shtml |newspaper=[[CBS News]] |agency=Associated Press |date=14 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xgjFTgf4?url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/14/501364/main20043126.shtml |archivedate=4 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> with the [[epicentre]] approximately {{Convert|70|km|mi|0}} east of the [[Oshika Peninsula]] of [[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]] and the [[hypocenter]] at an underwater depth of approximately {{Convert|29|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="USGS9.0"/><ref name="BBC1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598 |work=BBC News |title=Tsunami hits north-eastern Japan after massive quake |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7SSocBe?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598 |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> -The earthquake is often referred to in Japan as the {{Nihongo|'''Great East Japan Earthquake'''|東日本大震災|Higashi nihon daishinsai}}<ref name="kantei0401">{{cite web|url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/kan/statement/201104/01kaiken_e.html |title=Press Conference by Prime Minister Naoto Kan |publisher=[[Prime Minister of Japan]] and His Cabinet |accessdate=1 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MOXMvL?url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/kan/statement/201104/01kaiken_e.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110402a6.html |work=The Japan Times |title=Kan names quake at pep talk |date=2 April 2011 |accessdate=2 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xgiq5T7u?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110402a6.html |archivedate=4 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>{{refn|group="fn"|name="fn_1"|In the early days after the earthquake some other names were proposed and used. The Japan Meteorological Agency announced the English name as '''The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake'''.<ref name="Michael Winter">{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/03/quake-shifted-japan-coast-about-13-feet-knocked-earth-65-inches-off-axis/1 |title=Quake shifted Japan coast about 13&nbsp;feet, knocked Earth 6.5&nbsp;inches off axis |author=Michael Winter |date=14 March 2011 |work=USA Today |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2wu5DFh?url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/03/quake-shifted-japan-coast-about-13-feet-knocked-earth-65-inches-off-axis/1 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Japan Meteorological Agency">{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/News/2011_Earthquake_01.html |title=The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake ~first report~ |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x9gMMWr1?url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/News/2011_Earthquake_01.html |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |date=March 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>[http://cais.gsi.go.jp/YOCHIREN/activity/191/191.e.html Abstract of the 191th &#91;sic!&#93; <!-- "191th" instead of "191st" also in original title. --> meeting of CCEP] – website of the Japanese [[Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction]]</ref> NHK<ref name="NHKニュース 東北関東大震災（動画）">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ |title=NHKニュース 東北関東大震災（動画） |publisher=.nhk.or.jp |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x9kH20np?url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="仙台放送局 東北関東大震災">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/saigai/jishin/sendai/4133_1.html |title=仙台放送局 東北関東大震災 |publisher=.nhk.or.jp |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x8MOuSc5?url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/saigai/jishin/sendai/4133_1.html |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> used {{Nihongo|'''Tōhoku Kantō Great Earthquake disaster'''|東北関東大震災|Tōhoku Kantō Daishinsai}}; {{Nihongo|'''Tōhoku-Kantō Great Earthquake'''|東北・関東大地震|Tōhoku-Kantō Daijishin}} was used by Kyodo News,<ref name="東日本大震災 – 一般社団法人 共同通信社 ニュース特集">{{cite news|url=http://www.kyodonews.jp/feature/news04/ |title=東日本大震災 – 一般社団法人 共同通信社 ニュース特集 |agency=Kyodo News |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2x66xFC?url=http://www.kyodonews.jp/feature/news04/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> -Tokyo Shimbun<ref>{{cite web|author=【東京】 |url=http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/tokyo/20110312/CK2011031202000013.html |title=東京新聞:収まらぬ余震 …不安 東北・関東大地震:東京(TOKYO Web) |publisher=Tokyo-np.co.jp |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002516/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/tokyo/20110312/CK2011031202000013.html |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> and Chunichi Shimbun;<ref name="【中日新聞からのお知らせ】">{{cite web|author=【中日新聞からのお知らせ】 |url=http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/release/CK2011031202000067.html |title=中日新聞:災害義援金受け付け 東日本大震災:中日新聞からのお知らせ(CHUNICHI Web) |publisher=Chunichi.co.jp |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2x7VS0y?url=http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/release/CK2011031202000067.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> {{Nihongo|'''East Japan Giant Earthquake'''|東日本巨大地震|Higashi Nihon Kyodaijishin}} was used by [[Yomiuri Shimbun]],<ref name="Yomiuri Shimbun">{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/eq2011/ |title=東日本巨大地震 震災掲示板 : 特集 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞） |website=Yomiuri Shimbun |location=Japan |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2x8tebC?url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/eq2011/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]]<ref name="Nikkei.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nikkei.com/news/special/top/q=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E6E2;p=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E6;o=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E1 |script-title=ja:東日本巨大地震 ：特集 ：日本経済新聞 |language=Japanese |publisher=Nikkei.com |date=1 January 2000 |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2x9UcNY?url=http://www.nikkei.com/news/special/top/q=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E6E2;p=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E6;o=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E1 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and [[TV Asahi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/ann/news/web/html/210313015.html |title=【地震】東日本巨大地震を激甚災害指定 政府 |publisher=News.tv-asahi.co.jp |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002505/http://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/ann/news/web/html/210313015.html |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> and {{Nihongo|'''East Japan Great Earthquake'''|東日本大地震|Higashi Nihon Daijishin}} was used by [[Nippon Television]],<ref name="東日本大地震 緊急募金受け付け中">{{cite web |url=https://cr.ntv.co.jp/24htv/charity/ |title=東日本大地震 緊急募金受け付け中 |publisher=Cr.ntv.co.jp |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2xBREvo?url=https://cr.ntv.co.jp/24htv/charity/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> -[[Tokyo FM]]<ref name="Tfm.co.jp">{{cite web|url=http://www.tfm.co.jp/timetable/?date=20110314 |title=番組表 – TOKYO FM 80.0&nbsp;MHz – 80.Love FM RADIO STATION |publisher=Tfm.co.jp |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2xC2muf?url=http://www.tfm.co.jp/timetable/?date=20110314 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and TV Asahi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kakaku.com/tv/channel=10/programID=4196/episodeID=472647/ |title=「報道特番 ～東日本大地震～」 2011年3月14日（月）放送内容 |publisher=Kakaku.com |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002459/http://kakaku.com/tv/channel%3D10/programID%3D4196/episodeID%3D472647/ |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>}} and is also known as the '''2011 Tōhoku earthquake''',<ref>[http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727&from=rss_home USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.03] – website of the [[United States Geological Survey]]</ref> and the '''3.11 earthquake'''. It was the most powerful [[List of earthquakes in Japan|earthquake ever recorded in Japan]], and the [[Largest earthquakes by magnitude|fourth most powerful earthquake in the world]] since modern record-keeping began in 1900.<ref name=USGS /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/13/japan-tsunami-earthquake-power-cuts |title=Tsunami, earthquake, nuclear crisis – now Japan faces power cuts |last=Branigan |first=Tania |date=13 March 2011 |work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xDAT05x0?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/13/japan-tsunami-earthquake-power-cuts/print |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="3news">{{Cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Japan-quake---7th-largest-in-recorded-history/tabid/417/articleID/201998/Default.aspx |title=Japan quake – 7th largest in recorded history |accessdate=11 March 2011 |date=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xtOn8fYs?url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Japan-quake---7th-largest-in-recorded-history/tabid/417/articleID/201998/Default.aspx |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> -The earthquake triggered powerful [[tsunami]] waves that reached heights of up to {{Convert|40.5|m|ft|0}} in [[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]] in Tōhoku's [[Iwate Prefecture]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html |title=March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 metres high NHK |publisher=.nhk.or.jp |date=13 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728013451/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html |archivedate=28 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="yomiuri">[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] evening edition 2-11-04-15 page 15, nearby Aneyoshi fishery port (姉吉漁港)(Google map E39 31 57.8, N 142 3 7.6) 2011-04-15, [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110415-OYT1T00389.htm 大震災の津波、宮古で38.9 m…明治三陸上回る] by okayasu Akio (岡安 章夫) {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aMlkNh?url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110415-OYT1T00389.htm |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> and which, in the [[Sendai]] area, traveled up to {{Convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} inland.<ref name="roland buerk">{{cite news|author=Roland Buerk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598 |title=Japan earthquake: Tsunami hits north-east |publisher=BBC |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7SSocBe?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598 |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The earthquake moved [[Honshu]] (the main island of Japan) {{Convert|2.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} east, shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between {{Convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}},<ref name=DW>{{Cite news |title=Quake shifted Japan by over two metres |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14909967,00.html |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=14 March 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xBeYFfOD?url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14909967,00.html |archivedate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Chang2011-03-13" /><ref name="Chai" /> increased earth's rotational speed by 1.8 [[µs]] per day,<ref>{{cite web|language = ja|url = http://www.nationalgeographic.co.jp/news/news_article.php?file_id=20110317002&expand&source=gnews|title = 大地震で一日が短縮、軸の振動も変化|publisher = [[National Geographic]]|date = 2011-03-17|accessdate = 2011-03-19|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513233043/http://www.nationalgeographic.co.jp/news/news_article.php?file_id=20110317002&expand&source=gnews|archivedate = 13 May 2013|df = dmy-all}}</ref> and generated [[infrasound]] waves detected in perturbations of the low-orbiting [[GOCE]] satellite.<ref name="esa.int">{{cite web |url= http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/GOCE/GOCE_the_first_seismometer_in_orbit | date=8 March 2013|title=GOCE: The First Seismometer in Orbit |accessdate= 21 August 2016}}</ref> -Initially, the earthquake caused sinking of part of Honshu's Pacific coast by up to roughly a metre, but after about three years, the coast rose back and kept on rising to exceed its original height.<ref>[http://imakawa.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/9f13afd3f43e4db8a55e43ae8294c9fe.pdf 未来を考える力を 気仙沼復興レポート㉘ 地盤の沈下と隆起] 2016-06-11 今川 悟</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/jnn?a=20141011-00000027-jnn-soci |title= 震災で沈下の地盤が隆起、高すぎる岸壁に漁師困惑 |archivedate=2014-10-11|archiveurl=https://archive.fo/20141011180532/http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/jnn?a=20141011-00000027-jnn-soci|accessdate=2017-11-02|date=2014-10-11|publisher=TBS Newsi}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKASDG20HAE_Y5A300C1CR8000/ 地盤が隆起 漁業者困惑 最大40センチ、積み荷に影響 三陸沿岸で地殻変動か] Nikkei 2015-03-09</ref><ref>[https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLZO13400150W7A220C1TJM000/ 東北沿岸、地震で沈んだ地盤が謎の隆起 マントル影響か] Nikkei 2017-02-27</ref> +arl Marx[14] (German: [ˈkaɐ̯l ˈmaɐ̯ks];[15][16] 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. -<!-- Do not edit casualty numbers here. To update casualty numbers, visit: -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2011_Tōhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami_casualties_dead -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2011_Tōhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami_casualties_injured -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2011_Tōhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami_casualties_missing ---> -The latest report from the Japanese [[National Police Agency (Japan)|National Police Agency]] report confirms {{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami casualties dead}} {{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami casualties injured}} and {{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami casualties missing}} across twenty [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectures]], and a report from 2015 indicated 228,863 people were still living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation.<ref>{{cite news|title=4th Anniversary today|publisher=Kobe Shinbun|date=11 March 2015|page=1}}</ref> A March 2018 agency report listed 121,776 buildings totally collapsed, with a further 280,923 buildings "half collapsed", and another 726,574 buildings partially damaged.<ref name="npajproperty">[http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/biki/higaijokyo_e.pdf "Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures... 9 March 2018"] National Police Agency of Japan. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref> The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north-eastern Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse.<ref name="roland buerk"/><ref>Saira Syed – [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12756379 "Japan quake: Infrastructure damage will delay recovery"] – 16 March 2011 – ''BBC News'' – Retrieved 18 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xF8vSig6?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12756379 |date=17 March 2011 }}</ref> [[Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Naoto Kan]] said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/13/japan.quake/index.html?iref=NS1 |title=Japanese PM: 'Toughest' crisis since World War II |publisher=CNN |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xtOp7djK?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/13/japan.quake/index.html?iref=NS1 |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Around 4.4&nbsp;million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5&nbsp;million without water.<ref name="waterfoodheat">{{Cite news|title=Millions Of Stricken Japanese Lack Water, Food, Heat |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/03/14/134527591/millions-of-stricken-japanese-lack-water-food-heat |publisher=[[NPR]] |accessdate=16 March 2011 |author=NPR Staff and Wires |date=14 March 2011 |quote=Nearly 1.5&nbsp;million households had gone without water since the quake struck. |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xtOlpZ9p?url=http://www.npr.org/2011/03/14/134527591/millions-of-stricken-japanese-lack-water-food-heat |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> +Born in Trier, Germany, to a Jewish middle-class family, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto, and the three-volume Das Kapital. His political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic and political history and his name has been used as an adjective, a noun and a school of social theory. -The tsunami caused [[2011 Japanese nuclear accidents|nuclear accidents]], primarily the [[International Nuclear Event Scale|level 7]] [[Nuclear meltdown|meltdown]]s at three reactors in the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant]] complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|author=the CNN Wire Staff |url=http://www.ktvz.com/news/28143212/detail.html |title=Japan: 3 Nuclear Reactors Melted Down – News Story – KTVZ Bend |publisher=Ktvz.com |date=6 June 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014644/http://www.ktvz.com/news/28143212/detail.html |archivedate=28 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/06/japan.nuclear.meltdown/index.html |title=3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake, Japan confirms |publisher=CNN |accessdate=6 June 2011 |date=7 June 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120725071232/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/06/japan.nuclear.meltdown/index.html| archivedate=25 July 2012| deadurl= no}}</ref> Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|suffered explosions]] due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after cooling system failure resulting from the loss of electrical power. Residents within a {{Convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a {{Convert|10|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} radius of the [[Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant]] were evacuated. +Marx's theories about society, economics and politics—collectively understood as Marxism—hold that human societies develop through class struggle. In capitalism, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour power in return for wages.[17] Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx predicted that, like previous socio-economic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism, owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature, would eventuate the working class' development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free association of producers.[18] Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.[19] -Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |author=Molly Hennessy-Fiske |work=Los Angeles Times |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |title=Japan earthquake: Insurance cost for quake alone pegged at $35&nbsp;billion, AIR says |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-insurance-20110314,0,866931.story |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xANKSW3Y?url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-insurance-20110314,0,866931.story |archivedate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[Bank of Japan]] offered [[Japanese yen|¥]]15&nbsp;trillion (US$183&nbsp;billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110314/wl_nm/us_japan_quake |title=New explosion shakes stricken Japanese nuclear plant |last=Uranaka |first=Taiga |author2=Kwon, Ki Joon |date=14 March 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xD9XGJub?url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110314/wl_nm/us_japan_quake/print |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[World Bank]]'s estimated economic cost was US$235&nbsp;billion, making it the [[List of disasters by cost|costliest natural disaster in history]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Zhang |first=Bo |title=Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History |url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/47459/top-5-most-expensive-natural-d.asp |website=AccuWeather.com |publisher=News & Video |accessdate=29 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xtOslCyp?url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/47459/top-5-most-expensive-natural-d.asp |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Victoria Kim |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 March 2011 |accessdate=21 March 2011 |title=Japan damage could reach $235&nbsp;billion, World Bank estimates |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fgw-japan-quake-world-bank-20110322,0,3799976.story |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xtOqplDu?url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fgw-japan-quake-world-bank-20110322,0,3799976.story |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> +Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticised.[20] His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought.[21][22][23] Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas. Marx is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science.[24][25] -==Earthquake== -[[File:A seismogram of 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.jpg|thumb|left|A seismogram recorded in [[Massachusetts]], USA]] -[[File:C0001xgp wcmt smt.png|thumb|A visual depiction of the [[Focal mechanism|type of faulting]] that caused the main tremor, low-angle [[Thrust fault|thrusting]] on a west-dipping [[Fault (geology)|fault plane]]]] -The 9.1-[[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] ([[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]) [[Submarine earthquake|undersea]] [[megathrust earthquake]] occurred on 11 March 2011 at 14:46 [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] (05:46 UTC) in the north-western Pacific Ocean at a relatively shallow depth of {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name=USGS9.0 /><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why|World news]. The Guardian. Retrieved on 3 April 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7mIOCfm?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers |date=12 March 2011 }}</ref> with its [[epicenter]] approximately {{convert|72|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the [[Oshika Peninsula]] of [[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]], Japan, lasting approximately six minutes.<ref name="Asahi-ERI-Takashi">{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0317/TKY201103170129.html |title=震災の揺れは６分間　キラーパルス少なく　東大地震研 |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |date=17 March 2011 |accessdate=18 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MQJnhj?url=http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0317/TKY201103170129.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="USGS9.0" /> The earthquake was initially reported as 7.9&nbsp;M_w by the [[USGS]] before it was quickly upgraded to 8.8&nbsp;M_w, then to 8.9&nbsp;M_w,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/japan-quake-usgs-idUSN1120429420110311 |title=UPDATE 3-USGS upgrades Japan quake to 8.9 magnitude |agency=Reuters |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=18 March 2011 |first=Anthony |last=Boadle |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MUMCsU?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/japan-quake-usgs-idUSN1120429420110311 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and then finally to 9.0&nbsp;M_w.<ref name="New Scientist" /><ref name="USGS-9.0-Update">{{cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727 |title=USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.0 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) |date=14 March 2011 |accessdate=18 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xC2zNlat?url=http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727 |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> On 11 July 2016, the USGS further upgraded the earthquake to 9.1. [[Sendai]] was the nearest major city to the earthquake, {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the epicenter; the earthquake occurred {{convert|373|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Tokyo]].<ref name="USGS9.0" /> +Contents +1 Biography +1.1 Childhood and early education: 1818–1836 +1.2 Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843 +1.3 Paris: 1843–1845 +1.4 Brussels: 1845–1848 +1.5 Cologne: 1848–1849 +1.6 Move to London and further writing: 1850–1860 +1.7 New-York Daily Tribune and journalism +1.8 The First International and Capital +2 Personal life +2.1 Family +2.2 Health +2.3 Death +3 Thought +3.1 Influences +3.2 Philosophy and social thought +3.2.1 Human nature +3.2.2 Labour, class struggle and false consciousness +3.2.3 Economy, history and society +3.3 International relations +4 Legacy +5 Honors +6 Selected bibliography +7 See also +8 References +8.1 Bibliography +9 Further reading +9.1 Biographies +9.2 Commentaries on Marx +9.3 Fiction works +9.4 Medical articles +10 External links +10.1 Articles and entries +Biography +Childhood and early education: 1818–1836 +Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to Heinrich Marx (1777–1838) and Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863). He was born at Brückengasse 664 in Trier, a town then part of the Kingdom of Prussia's Province of the Lower Rhine.[26] Marx was ethnically Jewish. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch rabbi, while his paternal line had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a role taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx.[27] His father, as a child known as Herschel, was the first in the line to receive a secular education and he became a lawyer and lived a relatively wealthy and middle-class existence, with his family owning a number of Moselle vineyards. Prior to his son's birth, and after the abrogation of Jewish emancipation in the Rhineland,[28] Herschel converted from Judaism to join the state Evangelical Church of Prussia, taking on the German forename of Heinrich over the Yiddish Herschel.[29] Marx was a third cousin once removed of German Romantic poet Heinrich Heine, also born to a German Jewish family in the Rhineland, with whom he became a frequent correspondent in later life.[30][page needed] -The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large [[foreshock]]s, with hundreds of [[aftershock]]s reported. One of the first major foreshocks was a 7.2&nbsp;M_w event on 9 March, approximately {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the epicenter of 11 March earthquake, with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0&nbsp;M_w.<ref name="USGS9.0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110315-japan-earthquake-tsunami-big-one-science/ |title=Japan Earthquake Not the "Big One"? |last=Lovett |first=Richard A. |date=14 March 2011 |work=[[National Geographic News]] |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xDGM2J50?url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110315-japan-earthquake-tsunami-big-one-science/ |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Following the main earthquake on 11 March, a 7.4&nbsp;M_w aftershock was reported at 15:08 JST (6:06 UTC), succeeded by a 7.9&nbsp;M_w at 15:15 JST (6:16 UTC) and a 7.7&nbsp;M_w at 15:26 JST (6:26 UTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3612.html |title=地震情報 – 2011年3月10日 15時6分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MROEAe?url=http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3612.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}{{cite web|url=http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3616.html |title=地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時15分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MROEAe?url=http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3612.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Over eight hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5&nbsp;M_w or greater have occurred since the initial quake,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/quake_singendo_index.html |title=Earthquake Information |accessdate=11 March 2011 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7vVCywI?url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/quake_singendo_index.html |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> including one on 26 October 2013 (local time) of magnitude 7.1&nbsp;M_w.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/10/25/earthquake_strikes_near_fukushima_region_of_japan.html |title=Earthquake strikes near Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant; no reports of damage |agency=AP|date=25 October 2013|accessdate=25 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025232609/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/10/25/earthquake_strikes_near_fukushima_region_of_japan.html |archivedate=25 October 2013 |quote=A 7.3-magnitude earthquake struck early Saturday morning off Japan's east coast [...] Japan's meteorological agency said the quake was an aftershock of the magnitude-9.0 earthquake and tsunami that struck the same area in 2011. |location=Toronto |work=The Star}}</ref> Aftershocks follow [[Aftershocks#Omori's law|Omori's law]], which states that the rate of aftershocks declines with the reciprocal of the time since the main quake. The aftershocks will thus taper off in time, but could continue for years.<ref name=CBSMcNutt /> -===Geology=== -[[File:Map of Sendai Earthquake 2011.jpg|thumb|Tōhoku earthquake and aftershocks from 11 to 14 March]] -[[File:SeismicAreas JapanTrenchEarthquakes.png|thumb|Hypocentral region boundaries (Source: The Japanese Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion)]] +Marx's birthplace, now Brückenstraße 10, in Trier. The family occupied two rooms on the ground floor and three on the first floor.[31] Purchased by the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1928, it now houses a museum devoted to him[32] +Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the Enlightenment, interested in the ideas of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and Voltaire. A classical liberal, he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, then governed by an absolute monarchy.[33] In 1815, Heinrich Marx began work as an attorney and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room property near the Porta Nigra.[34] His wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jewish woman from a prosperous business family that later founded the company Philips Electronics. Her sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was the grandmother of both Gerard and Anton Philips and great-grandmother to Frits Philips. Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London.[35] -This megathrust earthquake was a recurrence of the mechanism of the earlier [[869 Sanriku earthquake]], which has been estimated as having a magnitude of at least 8.4&nbsp;M_w, which also created a large tsunami that inundated the Sendai plain.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sawai |first=Yuki |last2=Namegaya |first2=Yuichi |date= 9 November 2012 |title=Challenges of anticipating the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami using coastal geology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258647207 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue= 21|page=L21309 |doi=10.1029/2012GL053692 |access-date=26 May 2015|bibcode = 2012GeoRL..3921309S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Goto |first=Kazuhisa |last2=Chagué-Goff |first2=Catherine |date=29 August 2012 |title=The future of tsunami research following the 2011 Tōhoku-oki event |url=http://home.hisf.no/steinbo/Marine%20geohazards/Goto_Sedimentary%20Geology_Tohoku_Tsunami_2012.pdf |journal=Sedimentary Geology |volume=282 |issue= |pages=1-13 |doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.08.003 |access-date=26 May 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528095244/http://home.hisf.no/steinbo/Marine%20geohazards/Goto_Sedimentary%20Geology_Tohoku_Tsunami_2012.pdf |archivedate=28 May 2015 |df= |bibcode=2012SedG..282....1G }}</ref> Three tsunami deposits have been identified within the Holocene sequence of the plain, all formed within the last 3,000 years, suggesting an 800 to 1,100 year recurrence interval for large tsunamigenic earthquakes. In 2001 it was reckoned that there was a high likelihood of a large tsunami hitting the Sendai plain as more than 1,100 years had then elapsed.<ref name="Minoura">{{cite journal|last=Minoura|first=K.|author2=[[Fumihiko Imamura|Imamura F.]] |author3=Sugawara D. |author4=Kono Y. |author5=Iwashita T.|year=2001|title=The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan|journal=Journal of Natural Disaster Science|volume=23|issue=2|pages=83–88|url=http://www.jsnds.org/contents/jnds/23_2_3.pdf|accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref> In 2007, the probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of M_w 8.1–8.3 was estimated as 99% within the following 30 years.<ref name="Satake">{{cite journal|title=Tsunami source of the unusual AD 869 earthquake off Miyagi, Japan, inferred from tsunami deposits and numerical simulation of inundation|volume=31|pages=T31G–03|last=Satake|first=K.|authorlink=Kenji Satake|author2=Sawai, Y. |author3=Shishikura, M. |author4=Okamura, Y. |author5=Namegaya, Y. |author6=Yamaki, S.|year=2007|journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, Abstract #T31G-03|bibcode=2007AGUFM.T31G..03S}}</ref> +Little is known of Marx's childhood.[36] The third of nine children, he became the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819.[37] Young Marx and his surviving siblings, Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie and Caroline, were baptised into the Lutheran Church in August 1824 and their mother in November 1825.[38] Young Marx was privately educated by his father until 1830, when he entered Trier High School, whose headmaster, Hugo Wyttenbach, was a friend of his father. By employing many liberal humanists as teachers, Wyttenbach incurred the anger of the local conservative government. Subsequently, police raided the school in 1832 and discovered that literature espousing political liberalism was being distributed among the students. Considering the distribution of such material a seditious act, the authorities instituted reforms and replaced several staff during Marx's attendance.[39] -This earthquake occurred where the [[Pacific Plate]] is [[Subduction|subducting]] under the plate beneath northern Honshu.<ref name="NYTimes-Chang2011-03-13">{{Cite news |first=Kenneth|last=Chang|title=Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth's Spin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seismic.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002603/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seismic.html| archivedate= 16 March 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="grauniad">{{cite news|author=Ian Sample |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers |title=newspaper: Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7mIOCfm?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The Pacific plate, which moves at a rate of 8 to 9&nbsp;cm (3.1 to 3.5 in) per year, dips under Honshu's underlying plate, building large amounts of elastic energy. This motion pushes the upper plate down until the accumulated stress causes a seismic slip-rupture event. The break caused the sea floor to rise by several metres.<ref name="grauniad" /> A quake of this magnitude usually has a rupture length of at least {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} and generally requires a long, relatively straight fault surface. Because the plate boundary and [[subduction zone]] in the area of the Honshu rupture is not very straight, it is unusual for the magnitude of its earthquake to exceed 8.5&nbsp;M_w; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maugh |first=Thomas H |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-japan-earthquake-20110310,0,7154967.story |title=Size of Japan's quake surprises seismologists |work=Los Angeles Times |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MUsywX?url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-japan-earthquake-20110310,0,7154967.story |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[Hypocenter|hypocentral region]] of this earthquake extended from offshore [[Iwate Prefecture]] to offshore [[Ibaraki Prefecture]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20110312/t10014615121000.html |title=地震調査委 想定外の連動地震 NHKニュース |publisher=.nhk.or.jp |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xVeL1VKT?url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com.nyud.net/search?&q=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fsummer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnews%2Fhtml%2F20110312%2Ft10014615121000.html |archivedate=28 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The [[Japanese Meteorological Agency]] said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a width of {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jiji.com/jc/c?g=soc&k=2011031100807&j1 |title=時事ドットコム：Ｍ８．８、死者３００人超＝行方不明５４０人以上−大津波１０ｍ・宮城で震度７ |publisher=Jiji.com |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MVTwjm?url=http://www.jiji.com/jc/c?g=soc&k=2011031100807&j1 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ |title=気象庁"マグニチュードは９．０" NHKニュース |publisher=.nhk.or.jp |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xVZxTBtQ?url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/ |archivedate=27 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103130302.html |title=asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：地殻破壊３連鎖、計６分 専門家、余震拡大に警鐘 – 東日本大震災 |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MVqKoJ?url=http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103130302.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Other major earthquakes with tsunamis struck the [[Sanriku Coast]] region [[1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake|in 1896]] and [[1933 Sanriku earthquake|in 1933]]. +In October 1835 at the age of 17, Marx travelled to the University of Bonn wishing to study philosophy and literature, but his father insisted on law as a more practical field.[40] Due to a condition referred to as a "weak chest",[41] Marx was excused from military duty when he turned 18. While at the University at Bonn, Marx joined the Poets' Club, a group containing political radicals that were monitored by the police.[42] Marx also joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society (Landsmannschaft der Treveraner), at one point serving as club co-president.[43] Additionally, Marx was involved in certain disputes, some of which became serious: in August 1836 he took part in a duel with a member of the university's Borussian Korps.[44] Although his grades in the first term were good, they soon deteriorated, leading his father to force a transfer to the more serious and academic University of Berlin.[45] -The source area of this earthquake has a relatively high coupling coefficient surrounded by areas of relatively low coupling coefficients in the west, north, and south. From the averaged coupling coefficient of 0.5–0.8 in the source area and the seismic moment, it was estimated that the slip deficit of this earthquake was accumulated over a period of 260–880 years, which is consistent with the recurrence interval of such great earthquakes estimated from the tsunami deposit data. The seismic moment of this earthquake accounts for about 93% of the estimated cumulative moment from 1926 to March 2011. Hence, earthquakes with magnitudes about 7 since 1926 in this area only had released part of the accumulated energy. In the area near the trench, the coupling coefficient is high, which could act as the source of the large tsunami.<ref>[http://www.aob.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp/download/ronbun/EPS_uchida2011.pdf ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207195402/http://www.aob.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp/download/ronbun/EPS_uchida2011.pdf |date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> +Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843 +Spending summer and autumn 1836 in Trier, Marx became more serious about his studies and his life. He became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, an educated baroness of the Prussian ruling class who had known Marx since childhood. As she had broken off her engagement with a young aristocrat to be with Marx, their relationship was socially controversial owing to the differences between their religious and class origins, but Marx befriended her father Ludwig von Westphalen (a liberal aristocrat) and later dedicated his doctoral thesis to him.[46] Seven years after their engagement, on 19 June 1843 they got married in a Protestant church in Kreuznach.[47] -Most of the foreshocks are interplate earthquakes with thrust-type focal mechanisms. Both interplate and intraplate earthquakes appeared in the aftershocks offshore Sanriku coast with considerable proportions.<ref>"Spatial distribution and focal mechanisms of aftershocks of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake" by Y. Asano, T. Saito, Y. Ito, K. Shiomi, H. Hirose, T. Matsumoto, S. Aoi, S. Hori, and S. Sekiguchi.</ref> +In October 1836, Marx arrived in Berlin, matriculating in the university's faculty of law and renting a room in the Mittelstrasse. [48] During the first term, Marx attended lectures of Eduard Gans who represented the progressive Hegelian standpoint, elaborated on rational development in history by emphasizing particularly its libertarian aspects, and the importance of social question, and lectures of Karl von Savigny who represented the Historical School of Law.[49] Although studying law, he was fascinated by philosophy and looked for a way to combine the two, believing that "without philosophy nothing could be accomplished".[50] Marx became interested in the recently deceased German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, whose ideas were then widely debated among European philosophical circles.[51] During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the Doctor's Club (Doktorklub), a student group which discussed Hegelian ideas and through them became involved with a group of radical thinkers known as the Young Hegelians in 1837. They gathered around Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer, with Marx developing a particularly close friendship with Adolf Rutenberg. Like Marx, the Young Hegelians were critical of Hegel's metaphysical assumptions, but adopted his dialectical method in order to criticise established society, politics and religion from a leftist perspective.[52] Marx's father died in May 1838, resulting in a diminished income for the family.[53] Marx had been emotionally close to his father and treasured his memory after his death.[54] -The strong ground motion registered at the maximum of 7 on the [[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale]] in [[Kurihara, Miyagi|Kurihara]], [[Miyagi Prefecture]].<ref name="jma" /> Three other prefectures—[[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]] and [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]]—recorded an upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]], [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]] and [[Chiba Prefecture]] measured a lower 6, recording an upper 5 in Tokyo. -In [[Russia]], the main shock could be felt in [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]] (MSK 4) and [[Kurilsk]] (MSK 4). The aftershock at 06:25 UTC could be felt in [[Yuzhno-Kurilsk]] (MSK 5) and Kurilsk (MSK 4).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceme.gsras.ru/cgi-bin/info_quakee.pl?mode=1&id=165 |title=Quake &#124; info |publisher=Ceme.gsras.ru |accessdate=7 September 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014651/http://www.ceme.gsras.ru/cgi-bin/info_quakee.pl?mode=1&id=165| archivedate= 28 July 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> +Jenny von Westphalen in the 1830s +By 1837, Marx was writing both fiction and non-fiction, having completed a short novel, Scorpion and Felix, a drama, Oulanem, as well as a number of love poems dedicated to Jenny von Westphalen, though none of this early work was published during his lifetime.[55] Marx soon abandoned fiction for other pursuits, including the study of both English and Italian, art history and the translation of Latin classics.[56] He began co-operating with Bruno Bauer on editing Hegel's Philosophy of Religion in 1840. Marx was also engaged in writing his doctoral thesis, The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature,[57] which he completed in 1841. It was described as "a daring and original piece of work in which Marx set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy".[58] The essay was controversial, particularly among the conservative professors at the University of Berlin. Marx decided instead to submit his thesis to the more liberal University of Jena, whose faculty awarded him his PhD in April 1841.[59][60] As Marx and Bauer were both atheists, in March 1841 they began plans for a journal entitled Archiv des Atheismus (Atheistic Archives), but it never came to fruition. In July, Marx and Bauer took a trip to Bonn from Berlin. There they scandalised their class by getting drunk, laughing in church and galloping through the streets on donkeys.[61] -===Energy=== -[[File:2011 Japan Earthquake Tokyo Tower.jpg|thumb|Damage to the antenna of [[Tokyo Tower]]]] +Marx was considering an academic career, but this path was barred by the government's growing opposition to classical liberalism and the Young Hegelians.[62] Marx moved to Cologne in 1842, where he became a journalist, writing for the radical newspaper Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland News), expressing his early views on socialism and his developing interest in economics. Marx criticised both right-wing European governments as well as figures in the liberal and socialist movements whom he thought ineffective or counter-productive.[63] The newspaper attracted the attention of the Prussian government censors, who checked every issue for seditious material before printing, as Marx lamented: "Our newspaper has to be presented to the police to be sniffed at, and if the police nose smells anything un-Christian or un-Prussian, the newspaper is not allowed to appear".[64] After the Rheinische Zeitung published an article strongly criticising the Russian monarchy, Tsar Nicholas I requested it be banned and Prussia's government complied in 1843.[65] -The [[Moment magnitude scale#Radiated seismic energy|surface energy]] of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at {{nowrap|1.9×10¹⁷}} [[joule]]s,<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2011 Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph240/kitanidis2/ |accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> which is nearly double that of the 9.1&nbsp;M_w [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year.<ref name=CBSMcNutt>{{Cite video|people=Marcia McNutt |title=Energy from quake: if harnessed, could power L.A. for a year |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C7KKwIMapw |date=12 March 2011 |publisher=CBS News via YouTube (Google) |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MqdDhf?url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C7KKwIMapw |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[seismic moment]] (M₀), which represents a physical size for the event, was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×10²² joules,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php |title=USGS.gov: USGS WPhase Moment Solution |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x9dgiIL8?url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake. +Paris: 1843–1845 +In 1843, Marx became co-editor of a new, radical leftist Parisian newspaper, the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (German-French Annals), then being set up by the German socialist Arnold Ruge to bring together German and French radicals[66] and thus Marx and his wife moved to Paris in October 1843. Initially living with Ruge and his wife communally at 23 Rue Vaneau, they found the living conditions difficult, so moved out following the birth of their daughter Jenny in 1844.[67] Although intended to attract writers from both France and the German states, the Jahrbücher was dominated by the latter and the only non-German writer was the exiled Russian anarchist collectivist Mikhail Bakunin.[68] Marx contributed two essays to the paper, "Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"[69] and "On the Jewish Question",[70] the latter introducing his belief that the proletariat were a revolutionary force and marking his embrace of communism.[71] Only one issue was published, but it was relatively successful, largely owing to the inclusion of Heinrich Heine's satirical odes on King Ludwig of Bavaria, leading the German states to ban it and seize imported copies (Ruge nevertheless refused to fund the publication of further issues and his friendship with Marx broke down).[72] After the paper's collapse, Marx began writing for the only uncensored German-language radical newspaper left, Vorwärts! (Forward!). Based in Paris, the paper was connected to the League of the Just, a utopian socialist secret society of workers and artisans. Marx attended some of their meetings, but did not join.[73] In Vorwärts!, Marx refined his views on socialism based upon Hegelian and Feuerbachian ideas of dialectical materialism, at the same time criticising liberals and other socialists operating in Europe.[74] -<!--please don't change PGA values without reference to the talk page discussion--> -Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) calculated a [[peak ground acceleration]] of 2.99&nbsp;[[g-force|''g'']] (29.33&nbsp;m/s²).<ref>{{cite web|title=Preliminary report of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake |author=Okada Yoshimitsu |url=http://www.bosai.go.jp/e/pdf/Preliminary_report110328.pdf|publisher=National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) |date=25 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref>{{refn|The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami has been assigned GLIDE identifier EQ-2011-000028-JPN by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=392&lang=en&KEY=1497 |title=Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC） |publisher=Adrc.asia |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MsCIA1?url=http://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=392&lang=en&KEY=1497 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adrc.asia/project/index.html#glide |title=Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Information Sharing on Disaster Reduction |publisher=Adrc.asia |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MtBBY3?url=http://www.adrc.asia/project/index.html#glide |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>|name="fn_2"|group="fn"}} The largest individual recording in Japan was 2.7&nbsp;g, in Miyagi Prefecture, 75&nbsp;km from the epicentre; the highest reading in the Tokyo metropolitan area was 0.16&nbsp;g.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html |title=March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tōhoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results |author1=Erol Kalkan |author2=Volkan Sevilgen |website=United States Geological Survey |date=17 March 2011 |accessdate=22 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xb6DokSo?url=http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html |archivedate=31 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> -===Geophysical effects=== -Portions of northeastern Japan shifted by as much as {{convert|2.4|m}} closer to [[North America]],<ref name=DW /><ref name="NYTimes-Chang2011-03-13" /> making some sections of Japan's landmass wider than before.<ref name="NYTimes-Chang2011-03-13" /> Those areas of Japan closest to the epicenter experienced the largest shifts.<ref name="NYTimes-Chang2011-03-13" /> A {{convert|400|km|mi|adj=mid}} stretch of coastline dropped vertically by {{convert|0.6|m}}, allowing the tsunami to travel farther and faster onto land.<ref name="NYTimes-Chang2011-03-13" /> One early estimate suggested that the Pacific plate may have moved westward by up to {{convert|20|m}},<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12732335 |title=How the quake has moved Japan |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=14 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xBwc3YC9?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12732335 |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and another early estimate put the amount of slippage at as much as 40&nbsp;m (130&nbsp;ft).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Japan quake fault may have moved 40 metres |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/giant-quake-was-small-for-its.html |last=Reilly |first=Michael |publisher=New Scientist |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7qjBk9N?url=http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/giant-quake-was-small-for-its.html |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> On 6 April the Japanese coast guard said that the quake shifted the seabed near the epicenter {{convert|24|metres}} and elevated the seabed off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture by {{convert|3|metres}}.<ref>[http://us.mobile.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE73607620110407?irpc=932 Japan seabed shifted 24&nbsp;metres after March quake &#124; Reuters.com] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MvhQKd?url=http://us.mobile.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE73607620110407?irpc=932 |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> A report by the [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]], published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' on 2 December 2011, concluded that the seabed in the area between the epicenter and the [[Japan Trench]] moved {{convert|50|metres}} east-southeast and rose about {{convert|7|metres}} as a result of the quake. The report also stated that the quake had caused several major landslides on the seabed in the affected area.<ref>[[Jiji Press]], "March temblor shifted seabed by {{convert|50|metres}}", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 3 December 2011, p. 1.</ref> +Friedrich Engels, whom Marx met in 1844; the two became lifelong friends and collaborators +On 28 August 1844, Marx met the German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence, beginning a lifelong friendship.[75] Engels showed Marx his recently published The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844,[76][77] convincing Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.[78][79] Soon, Marx and Engels were collaborating on a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, Bruno Bauer. This work was published in 1845 as The Holy Family.[80][81] Although critical of Bauer, Marx was increasingly influenced by the ideas of the Young Hegelians Max Stirner and Ludwig Feuerbach, but eventually Marx and Engels abandoned Feuerbachian materialism as well.[82] -[[File:Soil-liquefaction at Shinkiba after 2011 Tohoku Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake.jpg|thumb|left|[[Soil liquefaction]] in [[Koto, Tokyo|Kōtō]], Tokyo]] +During the time that he lived at 38 Rue Vanneau in Paris (from October 1843 until January 1845),[83] Marx engaged in an intensive study of political economy (Adam Smith, David Ricardo, James Mill, etc.),[84] the French socialists (especially Claude Henri St. Simon and Charles Fourier)[85] and the history of France.[86] The study of political economy is a study that Marx would pursue for the rest of his life[87] and would result in his major economic work—the three-volume series called Capital.[88] Marxism is based in large part on three influences: Hegel's dialectics, French utopian socialism and English economics. Together with his earlier study of Hegel's dialectics, the studying that Marx did during this time in Paris meant that all major components of "Marxism" were in place by the autumn of 1844.[89] Marx was constantly being pulled away from his study of political economy—not only by the usual daily demands of the time, but additionally by editing a radical newspaper and later by organising and directing the efforts of a political party during years of potentially revolutionary popular uprisings of the citizenry. Still Marx was always drawn back to his economic studies: he sought "to understand the inner workings of capitalism".[90] -The Earth's [[Rotation around a fixed axis|axis]] shifted by estimates of between {{Convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=DW /><ref name="NYTimes-Chang2011-03-13" /><ref name="Chai" /> This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the [[Earth's rotation|length of a day]], the [[Axial tilt#Obliquity|tilt of the Earth]], and the [[Chandler wobble]].<ref name="Chai">{{Cite news |url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Japan+quake+shifts+earth+axis+centimetres/4426356/story.html |title=Japan's quake shifts earth's axis by 25 centimetres |last=Chai |first=Carmen |date=11 March 2011 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|Montreal Gazette]] |publisher=[[Postmedia News]] |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x95t0CLU?url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Japan+quake+shifts+earth+axis+centimetres/4426356/story.html |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 [[microsecond]]s due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.<ref name="day length">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/13/scitech/main20042590.shtml |title=Earth's day length shortened by Japan earthquake |date=13 March 2011 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xA17PHMv?url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/13/scitech/main20042590.shtml |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's [[moment of inertia]]. Because of [[conservation of angular momentum]], such changes of [[inertia]] result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/03/can_an_earthquake_shift_the_ea.html |title=Can an earthquake shift the Earth's axis? |last=Harris |first=Bethan |date=14 March 2011 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xC0a1ZWs?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/03/can_an_earthquake_shift_the_ea.html |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> These are expected changes<ref name="Chai" /> for an earthquake of this magnitude.<ref name=DW /><ref name="day length" /> The earthquake also generated infrasound waves detected by perturbations in the orbit of the [[GOCE]] satellite, which thus [[Role of chance in scientific discoveries|serendipitously]] became the first seismograph in orbit.<ref name="esa.int"/> +An outline of "Marxism" had definitely formed in the mind of Karl Marx by late 1844. Indeed, many features of the Marxist view of the world's political economy had been worked out in great detail, but Marx needed to write down all of the details of his economic world view to further clarify the new economic theory in his own mind.[91] Accordingly, Marx wrote The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts.[92] These manuscripts covered numerous topics, detailing Marx's concept of alienated labour.[93] However, by the spring of 1845 his continued study of political economy, capital and capitalism had led Marx to the belief that the new political economic theory that he was espousing—scientific socialism—needed to be built on the base of a thoroughly developed materialistic view of the world.[94] -[[Soil liquefaction]] was evident in areas of [[reclaimed land]] around Tokyo, particularly in [[Urayasu, Chiba|Urayasu]],<ref>Fukue, Natsuko, "[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/03/30/national/liquefaction-driving-away-chiba-residents/ Liquefaction driving away Chiba residents]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 30 March 2012, p. 3.</ref><ref>Fukue, Natsuko, "[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/04/08/national/urayasu-still-dealing-with-liquefaction/ Urayasu still dealing with liquefaction]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 8 April 2011, p. 4. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xrXvNqLX?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110408f3.html |date=11 April 2011 }}</ref> [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba City]], [[Funabashi, Chiba|Funabashi]], [[Narashino, Chiba|Narashino]] (all in [[Chiba Prefecture]]) and in the [[Koto, Tokyo|Koto]], [[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa]], [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]], and [[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]] Wards of Tokyo. Approximately 30 homes or buildings were destroyed and 1,046 other buildings were damaged to varying degrees.<ref>''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]'', "Liquefaction Damage Widespread", 10 April 2011.</ref> Nearby [[Haneda Airport]], built mostly on reclaimed land, was not damaged. [[Odaiba]] also experienced liquefaction, but damage was minimal.<ref>[[Bloomberg L.P.]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110324n2.html Tokyo Disneyland's parking lot shows the risk of reclaimed land]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 24 March 2011, p. 3. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MwHCYB?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110324n2.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 had been written between April and August 1844, but soon Marx recognised that the Manuscripts had been influenced by some inconsistent ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach. Accordingly, Marx recognised the need to break with Feuerbach's philosophy in favour of historical materialism, thus a year later (in April 1845) after moving from Paris to Brussels, Marx wrote his eleven "Theses on Feuerbach".[95] The "Theses on Feuerbach" are best known for Thesis 11, which states that "philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways, the point is to change it".[93][96] This work contains Marx's criticism of materialism (for being contemplative), idealism (for reducing practice to theory) overall, criticising philosophy for putting abstract reality above the physical world.[93] It thus introduced the first glimpse at Marx's historical materialism, an argument that the world is changed not by ideas but by actual, physical, material activity and practice.[93][97] In 1845, after receiving a request from the Prussian king, the French government shut down Vorwärts!, with the interior minister, François Guizot, expelling Marx from France.[98] At this point, Marx moved from Paris to Brussels, where Marx hoped to once again continue his study of capitalism and political economy. -[[Shinmoedake]], a volcano in [[Kyushu]], erupted three days after the earthquake. The volcano had previously erupted in January 2011; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-volcano-20110314,0,2486939.story |title=Volcano in southern Japan erupts |last=Hennessy-Fiske |first=Molly |date=13 March 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xAFMNiQh?url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-volcano-20110314,0,5490141,print.story |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> In [[Antarctica]], the seismic waves from the earthquake were reported to have caused the [[Whillans Ice Stream]] to slip by about {{convert|0.5|m}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20245-japan-quake-shifts-antarctic-glacier.html |title=Japan quake shifts Antarctic glacier |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anil |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xDBTxHjf?url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20245-japan-quake-shifts-antarctic-glacier.html |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> +Brussels: 1845–1848 -[[File:Shindomap 2011-03-11 Tohoku earthquake.png|thumb|[[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|Seismic intensity]] observations resulting from mainshock]] +The first edition of The Manifesto of the Communist Party, published in German in 1848 +Unable either to stay in France or to move to Germany, Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. However, to stay in Belgium he had to pledge not to publish anything on the subject of contemporary politics.[98] In Brussels, Marx associated with other exiled socialists from across Europe, including Moses Hess, Karl Heinzen and Joseph Weydemeyer. In April 1845, Engels moved from Barmen in Germany to Brussels to join Marx and the growing cadre of members of the League of the Just now seeking home in Brussels.[98][99] Later, Mary Burns, Engels' long-time companion, left Manchester, England to join Engels in Brussels.[100] -The first sign international researchers had that the earthquake caused such a dramatic change in the Earth's rotation came from the United States Geological Survey which monitors Global Positioning Satellite stations across the world. The Survey team had several GPS monitors located near the scene of the earthquake. The GPS station located nearest the epicenter moved almost {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}}. This motivated government researchers to look into other ways the earthquake may have had large scale effects on the planet. Calculations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory determined that the Earth's rotation was changed by the earthquake to the point where the days are now 1.8 [[microsecond]]s shorter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Richard |date=19 March 2011 |title=Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth's Axis |publisher=NPR online |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/03/18/134658880/Japan-Earthquake-May-Have-Changed-Earths-Axis}}</ref> +In mid-July 1845, Marx and Engels left Brussels for England to visit the leaders of the Chartists, a socialist movement in Britain. This was Marx's first trip to England and Engels was an ideal guide for the trip. Engels had already spent two years living in Manchester from November 1842[101] to August 1844.[102] Not only did Engels already know the English language,[103] he had also developed a close relationship with many Chartist leaders.[103] Indeed, Engels was serving as a reporter for many Chartist and socialist English newspapers.[103] Marx used the trip as an opportunity to examine the economic resources available for study in various libraries in London and Manchester.[104] -===Aftershocks=== -{{Further|List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake}} +In collaboration with Engels, Marx also set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of historical materialism, The German Ideology.[105] In this work, Marx broke with Ludwig Feuerbach, Bruno Bauer, Max Stirner and the rest of the Young Hegelians, while he also broke with Karl Grun and other "true socialists" whose philosophies were still based in part on "idealism". In German Ideology, Marx and Engels finally completed their philosophy, which was based solely on materialism as the sole motor force in history.[106] German Ideology is written in a humorously satirical form, but even this satirical form did not save the work from censorship. Like so many other early writings of his, German Ideology would not be published in Marx's lifetime and would be published only in 1932.[93][107][108] -Japan experienced over 1,000 aftershocks since the earthquake, with 80 registering over magnitude 6.0&nbsp;M_w and several of which have been over magnitude 7.0&nbsp;M_w. +After completing German Ideology, Marx turned to a work that was intended to clarify his own position regarding "the theory and tactics" of a truly "revolutionary proletarian movement" operating from the standpoint of a truly "scientific materialist" philosophy.[109] This work was intended to draw a distinction between the utopian socialists and Marx's own scientific socialist philosophy. Whereas the utopians believed that people must be persuaded one person at a time to join the socialist movement, the way a person must be persuaded to adopt any different belief, Marx knew that people would tend on most occasions to act in accordance with their own economic interests, thus appealing to an entire class (the working class in this case) with a broad appeal to the class's best material interest would be the best way to mobilise the broad mass of that class to make a revolution and change society. This was the intent of the new book that Marx was planning, but to get the manuscript past the government censors he called the book The Poverty of Philosophy (1847)[110] and offered it as a response to the "petty bourgeois philosophy" of the French anarchist socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon as expressed in his book The Philosophy of Poverty (1840).[111] -A magnitude 7.4&nbsp;M_w at 15:08 (JST), 7.9&nbsp;M_w at 15:15 and a 7.7&nbsp;M_w quake at 15:26 all occurred on 11 March.<ref>[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0002ksa/ Magnitude 7.1 – NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MxQDPs?url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002ksa.php |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> -A month later, a [[April 2011 Miyagi earthquake|major aftershock]] struck offshore on 7 April with a magnitude of 7.1&nbsp;M_w. Its epicenter was underwater, {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=on}} off the coast of Sendai. The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] assigned a magnitude of 7.4 M_JMA, while the [[U.S. Geological Survey]] lowered it to 7.1 M_w.<ref>{{cite news|last=The CNN Wire Staff |title=Fresh quake triggers tsunami warning in Japan |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/07/japan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=7 April 2011 |date=8 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xpZoe7C3?url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/07/japan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 |archivedate=10 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> At least four people were killed, and electricity was cut off across much of northern Japan including the loss of external power to [[Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant]] and [[Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/230989/four-dead-as-new-tremor-hits-japan-disaster-zone |title=Four dead as new tremor hits Japan disaster zone |website=Bangkok Post |date=8 April 2011 |accessdate=8 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima070411.html Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log], [[IAEA]], 7 April 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aBJR1u?url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima070411.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[[NHK]], "Strong aftershock kills four", 12 April 2011.</ref> +Marx, Engels and Marx's daughters +These books laid the foundation for Marx and Engels's most famous work, a political pamphlet that has since come to be commonly known as The Communist Manifesto. While residing in Brussels in 1846, Marx continued his association with the secret radical organisation League of the Just.[112] As noted above, Marx thought the League to be just the sort of radical organisation that was needed to spur the working class of Europe toward the mass movement that would bring about a working class revolution.[113] However, to organise the working class into a mass movement the League had to cease its "secret" or "underground" orientation and operate in the open as a political party.[114] Members of the League eventually became persuaded in this regard. Accordingly, in June 1847 the League was reorganised by its membership into a new open "above ground" political society that appealed directly to the working classes.[115] This new open political society was called the Communist League.[116] Both Marx and Engels participated in drawing up the programme and organisational principles of the new Communist League.[117] -Four days later on 11 April, another [[April 2011 Fukushima earthquake|magnitude 7.1 M_w aftershock]] struck Fukushima, causing additional damage and killing a total of three people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002n9v.php |title=Magnitude 6.6 – EASTERN HONSHU, JAPAN |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014632/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002n9v.php |archivedate=28 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-11/world/japan.quake_1_fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-plant-tsunami-quake |title=At least 6 killed in new Japan earthquake |publisher=[[CNN World News]] |author=CNN Wire Staff |date=11 April 2011 |accessdate=23 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602012159/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-11/world/japan.quake_1_fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-plant-tsunami-quake |archivedate=2 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> +In late 1847, Marx and Engels began writing what was to become their most famous work — a programme of action for the Communist League. Written jointly by Marx and Engels from December 1847 to January 1848, The Communist Manifesto was first published on 21 February 1848.[118] The Communist Manifesto laid out the beliefs of the new Communist League. No longer a secret society, the Communist League wanted to make aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding its beliefs as the League of the Just had been doing.[119] The opening lines of the pamphlet set forth the principal basis of Marxism: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".[120] It goes on to examine the antagonisms that Marx claimed were arising in the clashes of interest between the bourgeoisie (the wealthy capitalist class) and the proletariat (the industrial working class). Proceeding on from this, the Manifesto presents the argument for why the Communist League, as opposed to other socialist and liberal political parties and groups at the time, was truly acting in the interests of the proletariat to overthrow capitalist society and to replace it with socialism.[121] -On 7 December 2012 a [[2012 Kamaishi earthquake|large aftershock of magnitude 7.3&nbsp;M_w]] caused a minor tsunami, and again on 26 October 2013 small tsunami waves were recorded after a 7.1&nbsp;M_w aftershock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/articles/TKY201310250777.html |script-title=ja:３県で津波観測、注意報を解除 福島沖でＭ７．１：朝日新聞デジタル |publisher=[[Asahi Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=26 October 2013 |accessdate=15 July 2014|language=ja}}</ref> +Later that year, Europe experienced a series of protests, rebellions and often violent upheavals that became known as the Revolutions of 1848.[122] In France, a revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the French Second Republic.[122] Marx was supportive of such activity and having recently received a substantial inheritance from his father (withheld by his uncle Lionel Philips since his father's death in 1838) of either 6,000[123] or 5,000 francs[124][125] he allegedly used a third of it to arm Belgian workers who were planning revolutionary action.[125] Although the veracity of these allegations is disputed,[123][126] the Belgian Ministry of Justice accused Marx of it, subsequently arresting him and he was forced to flee back to France, where with a new republican government in power he believed that he would be safe.[125][127] -As of 16 March 2012 aftershocks continued, totaling 1887 events over magnitude 4.0; a regularly updated map showing all shocks of magnitude 4.5 and above near or off the east coast of Honshu in the last seven days<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/140_35.php |title=USGS 10-degree Map Centered at 35°N,140°E of earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or over |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |date=2 December 2009 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014636/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/140_35.php |archivedate=28 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> showed over 20 events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/honshu_11mar2011.shtml |title=Tōhoku, Japan 2011 Tsunami |publisher=ngdc.noaa.gov |date= |accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> +Cologne: 1848–1849 +Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and also set up a German Workers' Club with various German socialists living there.[128] Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany,[129] in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time the bourgeoisie must overthrow the feudal monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.[130] On 1 June, Marx started publication of a daily newspaper, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, which he helped to finance through his recent inheritance from his father. Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, the newspaper featured Marx as a primary writer and the dominant editorial influence. Despite contributions by fellow members of the Communist League, according to Friedrich Engels it remained "a simple dictatorship by Marx".[131][132][133] -{{Asof|2016|3|11}} there had been 869 aftershocks of 5.0&nbsp;M_w or greater, 118 of 6.0&nbsp;M_w or greater, and 9 over 7.0&nbsp;M_w as reported by the Japanese Meteorological Agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/2011_03_11_tohoku/aftershock/|script-title=ja:気象庁｜Ｍ5.0以上の余震回数 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |date= |accessdate=4 November 2016|language=ja}}</ref> +Whilst editor of the paper, Marx and the other revolutionary socialists were regularly harassed by the police and Marx was brought to trial on several occasions, facing various allegations including insulting the Chief Public Prosecutor, committing a press misdemeanor and inciting armed rebellion through tax boycotting,[134][135][136][137] although each time he was acquitted.[135][137][138] Meanwhile, the democratic parliament in Prussia collapsed and the king, Frederick William IV, introduced a new cabinet of his reactionary supporters, who implemented counter-revolutionary measures to expunge leftist and other revolutionary elements from the country.[134] Consequently, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was soon suppressed and Marx was ordered to leave the country on 16 May.[133][139] Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counter-revolution and a cholera epidemic and was soon expelled by the city authorities, who considered him a political threat. With his wife Jenny expecting their fourth child and not able to move back to Germany or Belgium, in August 1849 he sought refuge in London.[140][141] -The number of aftershocks was associated with decreased health across Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Sugimoto T.|author2= Shinozaki T.|author3=Miyamoto Y.|title= Aftershocks Associated With Impaired Health Caused by the Great East Japan Disaster Among Youth Across Japan: A National Cross-Sectional Survey Interact J Med Res 2013;2(2):e31|journal= Interactive Journal of Medical Research|volume= 2|issue= 2|pages= e31|url=http://www.i-jmr.org/2013/2/e31/ |doi= 10.2196/ijmr.2585|pmid= 24362519|pmc= 3875891|year= 2013}}</ref> +Move to London and further writing: 1850–1860 +Marx moved to London in early June 1849 and would remain based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London. However, in the winter of 1849–1850 a split within the ranks of the Communist League occurred when a faction within it led by August Willich and Karl Schapper began agitating for an immediate uprising. Willich and Schapper believed that once the Communist League had initiated the uprising, the entire working class from across Europe would rise "spontaneously" to join it, thus creating revolution across Europe. Marx and Engels protested that such an unplanned uprising on the part of the Communist League was "adventuristic" and would be suicide for the Communist League.[142] Such an uprising as that recommended by the Schapper/Willich group would easily be crushed by the police and the armed forces of the reactionary governments of Europe. Marx maintained that this would spell doom for the Communist League itself, arguing that changes in society are not achieved overnight through the efforts and will power of a handful of men.[142] They are instead brought about through a scientific analysis of economic conditions of society and by moving toward revolution through different stages of social development. In the present stage of development (circa 1850), following the defeat of the uprisings across Europe in 1848 he felt that the Communist League should encourage the working class to unite with progressive elements of the rising bourgeoisie to defeat the feudal aristocracy on issues involving demands for governmental reforms, such as a constitutional republic with freely elected assemblies and universal (male) suffrage. In other words, the working class must join with bourgeois and democratic forces to bring about the successful conclusion of the bourgeois revolution before stressing the working class agenda and a working class revolution. -===Earthquake Warning System=== -One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the [[Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)|Earthquake Early Warning]] system, which includes more than 1,000 [[seismometer]]s in Japan, sent out warnings of impending strong shaking to millions. It is believed that the early warning by the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) saved many lives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Alert+sounded+minute+before+tremor+struck/4425621/story.html |title=Alert sounded a minute before the tremor struck |last=Foster |first=Peter |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x74xLDTb?url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Alert%20sounded%20minute%20before%20tremor%20struck/4425621/story.html |archivedate=11 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35090/?p1=A3 |title=80 Seconds of Warning for Tokyo |last=Talbot |first=David |work=MIT Technology Review |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MUGrLQ?url=http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35090/?p1=A3 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The warning for the general public was delivered about 8 seconds after the first [[P wave]] was detected, or about 31 seconds after the earthquake occurred. However, the estimated intensities were smaller than the actual ones in some places, especially in Kanto, [[Koshinetsu]], and Northern Tōhoku regions where the populace warning did not trigger. According to the JMA {{ill|Meteorological Research Institute|ja|気象研究所}}, reasons for the underestimation include a saturated magnitude scale when using maximum amplitude as input, failure to fully take into account the area of the [[hypocenter]], and the initial amplitude of the earthquake being less than that which would be predicted by an empirical relationship.<ref>干場充之 (2011) [http://www2.jpgu.org/meeting/2011/yokou/MIS036-P67.pdf 経験則からのずれ ―はじめの数秒と強震動：τc, Pd，スペクトル，簡易震源域推定方法―] 日本地球惑星科学連合 2011年 MIS036-P67</ref><ref>[http://www2.jpgu.org/meeting/2011/yokou/MIS036-P66.pdf 緊急地震速報と観測された震度の特徴] JMA {{ill|Meteorological Research Institute|ja|気象研究所}} 日本地球惑星連合 2011年予稿集</ref><ref name="zisin.64.155">干場充之、尾崎友亮：[http://doi.org/10.4294/zisin.64.155 2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震での緊急地震速報と津波警報] 地震 第2輯 Vol.64 (2011–2012) No.3 P155-168</ref> +After a long struggle which threatened to ruin the Communist League, Marx's opinion prevailed and eventually the Willich/Schapper group left the Communist League. Meanwhile, Marx also became heavily involved with the socialist German Workers' Educational Society.[143] The Society held their meetings in Great Windmill Street, Soho, central London's entertainment district.[144][145] This organisation was also racked by an internal struggle between its members, some of whom followed Marx while others followed the Schapper/Willich faction. The issues in this internal split were the same issues raised in the internal split within the Communist League, but Marx lost the fight with the Schapper/Willich faction within the German Workers' Educational Society and on 17 September 1850 resigned from the Society.[146] -There were also cases where large differences between estimated intensities by the Earthquake Early Warning system and the actual intensities occurred in the aftershocks and triggered earthquakes. Such discrepancies in the warning were attributed by the JMA to the system's inability to distinguish between two different earthquakes that happened at around same time, as well as to the reduced number of reporting seismometers due to power outages and connection fails.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1103/29a/eew_hyouka.pdf |script-title=ja:報道発表資料平成23年3月29日 |website=Japan Meteorological Agency |year=2011 |accessdate=15 July 2014|language=ja}}</ref> The system's software was subsequently modified to handle this kind of situation.<ref>{{cite press release|title = 緊急地震速報の改善について|publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency|date = 2011-08-10|url =http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1108/10a/eew_kaizen.html|accessdate = 2011-08-10}}</ref> +New-York Daily Tribune and journalism +In the early period in London, Marx committed himself almost exclusively to revolutionary activities, such that his family endured extreme poverty.[147][148] His main source of income was Engels, whose own source was his wealthy industrialist father.[148] In Prussia as editor of his own newspaper, and contributor to others ideologically aligned, Marx could reach his audience, the working classes. In London, without finances to run a newspaper themselves, he and Engels turned to international journalism. At one stage they were being published by six newspapers from England, the United States, Prussia, Austria and South Africa.[149] Marx's principal earnings came from his work as European correspondent, from 1852 to 1862, for the New-York Daily Tribune,[150]:17 and from also producing articles for more "bourgeois" newspapers. Marx had his articles translated from German by Wilhelm Pieper [de], until his proficiency in English had become adequate.[151] -==Tsunami== -[[File:2011Sendai-NOAA-Energylhvpd9-05.jpg|thumb|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] tsunami energy map]] +The New-York Daily Tribune had been founded in April 1841 by Horace Greeley.[152] Its editorial board contained progressive bourgeois journalists and publishers, among them George Ripley and the journalist Charles Dana, who was editor-in-chief. Dana, a fourierist and an abolitionist, was Marx's contact. -An upthrust of {{convert|6|to|8|m}} along a {{convert|180|km}} wide seabed at {{convert|60|km}} offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku<ref>NHK BS News reported 2011-04-03-02:55 JST</ref> resulted in a major [[tsunami]] that brought destruction along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coastline of Japan's northern islands. Thousands of lives were lost and entire towns were devastated. The tsunami propagated throughout the Pacific Ocean region reaching the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from [[Alaska]] to [[Chile]]. Warnings were issued and evacuations were carried out in many countries bordering the Pacific. Although the tsunami affected many of these places, the heights of the waves were minor.<ref name="a2">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.073000 |title=Tsunami bulletin number 3 |publisher=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center/NOAA/NWS |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xtOkrlRB?url=http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.073000 |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="a3">{{cite news|author=Wire Staff |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/tsunami.warning/index.html |title=Tsunami warnings issued for at least 20 countries after quake |publisher=CNN |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7ZhqeGg?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/tsunami.warning/index.html |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="a4">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.103059 |title=PTWC warnings complete list |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xtOl9IMr?url=http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.103059 |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Chile's Pacific coast, one of the furthest from Japan at about {{convert|17,000|km|mi}} away, was struck by waves {{convert|2|m|ft}} high,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapcrow.info/cgi-bin/cities_distance_airpt2.cgi?city3=-1303908%2CD&city4=-367975%2CS |title=Distance between Dichato, Chile and Sendai, Japan is 17228km |publisher=Mapcrow.info |date=23 October 2007 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MyHOLX?url=http://www.mapcrow.info/cgi-bin/cities_distance_airpt2.cgi?city3=-1303908,D&city4=-367975,S |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Attwood |first=James |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-12/chile-maintains-tsunami-warning-no-major-damage-reported-1-.html |title=Chile Lifts Tsunami Alerts After Japan Quake Spawns Waves |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x9TDnE6z?url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-12/chile-maintains-tsunami-warning-no-major-damage-reported-1-.html |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |date=12 March 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publimetro.cl/nota/mundo/marejadas-ingresaron-entre-70-y-100-metros-en-varias-zonas-del-pais/xIQkcl!9ReTs79Sw66U/ |title=Chilean site: (Tsunami) waves penetrated 70–100&nbsp;m in different parts of the country |publisher=Publimetro.cl |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x8nBYA6I?url=http://www.publimetro.cl/nota/mundo/marejadas-ingresaron-entre-70-y-100-metros-en-varias-zonas-del-pais/xIQkcl!9ReTs79Sw66U/ |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> compared with an estimated wave height of {{convert|38.9|m}} at Omoe peninsula, Miyako city, Japan.<ref name="yomiuri"/> +The Tribune was a vehicle for Marx to reach a transatlantic public to make a "hidden war" to Henry Charles Carey[153]. The journal had wide working-class appeal from its foundation; at two cents, it was inexpensive;[154] and, with about 50,000 copies per issue, its circulation was the widest in the United States.[150]:14 Its editorial ethos was progressive and its anti-slavery stance reflected Greeley's.[150]:82 Marx's first article for the paper, on the British parliamentary elections, was published on 21 August 1852.[155] -===Japan=== -The [[Tsunami warning system|tsunami warning]] issued by the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] was the most serious on its warning scale; it was rated as a "major tsunami", being at least {{convert|3|m}} high.<ref>Tsunami Warning System information, ''Japan Meteorological Agency''{{cite web|url=http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/eng/fig/tsunamiinfo.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MyfVnC?url=http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/eng/fig/tsunamiinfo.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> The actual height prediction varied, the greatest being for Miyagi at {{convert|6|m}} high.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/info_04_20110311145026.html |title=Tsunami Information (Estimated Tsunami arrival time and Height) |date=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2Myu8dF?url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/info_04_20110311145026.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The tsunami inundated a total area of approximately {{convert|561|km2}} in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000059939.pdf | script-title=ja:津波による浸水範囲の面積（概略値）について（第5報）|publisher=Geospatial Information Authority in Japan(国土地理院) |language=Japanese|date=18 April 2011|format=PDF|accessdate=20 June 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110623011856/http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000059939.pdf| archivedate= 23 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> +On 21 March 1857 Dana informed Marx that, due to the economic recession, only one article a week would be paid for, published or not; the others would be paid for only if published. Marx had sent his articles on Tuesdays and Fridays, but, that October, the Tribune discharged all its correspondents in Europe except Marx and B. Taylor, and reduced Marx to a weekly article. Between September and November 1860, only five were published. After a six-month interval, Marx resumed contributions in September 1861 until March 1862, when Dana wrote to inform him that there was no longer space in the Tribune for reports from London, due to American domestic affairs.[156] In 1868, Dana set up a rival newspaper, the New York Sun, at which he was editor-in-chief.[157] -[[File:2011-Sendai-Tsunami-DART-21413-AB.png|thumb|left|Water column height on 11 March 2011 at [[Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis|DART]] Station, 690 NM southeast of Tokyo]] +In April 1857, Dana invited Marx to contribute articles, mainly on military history, to the New American Cyclopedia, an idea of George Ripley, Dana's friend and literary editor of the Tribune. In all, 67 Marx-Engels articles were published, of which 51 written by Engels, although Marx did some research for them in the British Museum.[158] -The earthquake took place at 14:46 JST (UTC 05:46) around {{convert|67|km|mi}} from the nearest point on Japan's coastline, and initial estimates indicated the tsunami would have taken 10 to 30&nbsp;minutes to reach the areas first affected, and then areas farther north and south based on the geography of the coastline.<ref>One estimate of 10–15&nbsp;minutes came from German seismologist Rainer Kind of the [[Helmholtz Research Centre for Geosciences]] in [[Potsdam]], as interviewed in [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14904863,00.html Japan's tsunami victims only had 15&nbsp;minutes warning], ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'', 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MzHfxC?url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C%2C14904863%2C00.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>Another estimate of 15–30&nbsp;minutes came from Vasily V. Titov, director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s ]]Center for Tsunami Research]], as reported in [http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/tsunami-hit-japan-struggles-to-reach-survivors-hundreds-dead-91156 Japan tsunami: Toll could rise to more than 1,300], NDTV-hosted copy of an article by Martin Fackler, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2MzspxQ?url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/tsunami-hit-japan-struggles-to-reach-survivors-hundreds-dead-91156 |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> Just over an hour after the earthquake at 15:55 JST, a tsunami was observed flooding [[Sendai Airport]], which is located near the coast of [[Miyagi Prefecture]],<ref name="AVH1">{{cite web|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=43928907&opt=0 |title=News: Tsunami rolls through Pacific, Sendai Airport under water, Tokyo Narita closed, Pacific region airports endangered |publisher=Avherald.com |date=6 July 2001 |accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="10m">{{Cite news|author=Kyodo News |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20110311x4.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026194858/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20110311x4.html|archivedate=26 October 2011|title=10-meter tsunami observed in area near Sendai in Miyagi Pref.|date=11 March 2011|work=[[The Japan Times]] Online |accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref> with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.<ref name="nhk-english-stream">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/r0/high.asx |title=World English |accessdate=12 March 2011 |date=12 March 2011 |publisher=NHK |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2N15e9F?url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/r0/high.asx |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="heraldsun1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/japan-on-tsunami-alert-after-another-quake/story-e6frf7jo-1226019884379 |title=Japan 8.9-magnitude earthquake sparks massive tsunami |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2N2qupV?url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/japan-on-tsunami-alert-after-another-quake/story-e6frf7jo-1226019884379 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an [[NHK]] News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.<ref>NHK News, ~16:00 JST.</ref> A {{convert|4|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} tsunami hit [[Iwate Prefecture]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.en.rian.ru/natural/20110311/162955012.html |title=Earthquake, tsunami wreak havoc in Japan |date=11 March 2011 |work=rian.ru |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2N3oO2o?url=http://www.en.rian.ru/natural/20110311/162955012.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai|Wakabayashi Ward]] in Sendai was also particularly hard hit.<ref>"Earthquake", ''Japan Times'', 19 March 2011, p. 16.</ref> At least 101 designated tsunami evacuation sites were hit by the wave.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110414a4.html Tsunami hit more than 100 designated evacuation sites]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 14 April 2011, p. 1. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2N6jIhi?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110414a4.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> -[[File:Devastation after tsunami in Rikuzentakata.jpg|thumb|right|The city of [[Rikuzentakata, Iwate|Rikuzentakata]], [[Iwate Prefecture]], suffered extensive damage from the tsunami, with almost the entirety of the lower area of the city being destroyed.]] -Like the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], the damage by surging water, though much more localized, was far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. Entire towns were destroyed in tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in [[Minamisanriku, Miyagi|Minamisanriku]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77165.html |title=9,500 unaccounted for in Miyagi's Minamisanriku: local gov't |agency=Kyodo News |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xVaNHwLr?url=http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77165.html |archivedate=27 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> one thousand bodies had been recovered in the town by 14 March 2011.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110315a2.html 2,000 more added to death toll in Miyagi]", ''Japan Times'', 15 March 2011, p. 1. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xCShPBai?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110315a2.html |date=15 March 2011 }}</ref> +By the late 1850s, American popular interest in European affairs waned and Marx's articles turned to topics such as the "slavery crisis" and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, in the "War Between the States".[159] Between December 1851 and March 1852, Marx worked on his theoretical work about the French Revolution of 1848, titled The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon.[160] In this he explored concepts in historical materialism, class struggle, dictatorship of the proletariat, and victory of the proletariat over the bourgeois state.[161] -Among several factors causing the high death toll from the tsunami, one was the unexpectedly large size of the water surge. The [[sea wall|tsunami wall]]s in several of the affected cities had been constructed to protect against tsunamis of much lower heights. Also, many people who were caught in the tsunami thought that they were located on high enough ground to be safe.<ref>Watts, Jonathan, "Quake survivors search for hope and shelter", ''Japan Times'', 26 March 2011, p. 13.</ref> According to the conclusions of a special committee on disaster prevention, which had been designated by the Japanese government, the tsunami protection policy had been intended to deal with only those tsunamis that had been scientifically proved to occur repeatedly; the committee therefore advised that in the future the policy should be changed to protect against the highest possible tsunami. Because tsunami walls had been overtopped by this tsunami, the committee also suggested that, besides constructing tsunami walls to a height that can protect against relatively frequent tsunamis, it is still necessary to teach citizens who are protected by tsunami walls how to evacuate if a largest scale tsunami should strike those places.<ref>{{cite news -|url = http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110619-OYT1T00584.htm|title = 津波、最大想定に対処…防災会議・中間報告骨子|publisher = Yomiuri Shimbun|date = 2011-06-20|accessdate = 2011-08-11|archiveurl=https://archive.fo/20130501062216/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110619-OYT1T00584.htm|archivedate=2013-05-01|dead-url=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chousakai/tohokukyokun/pdf/tyuukan.pdf|title = 東北地方太平洋沖地震を教訓とした地震・津波対策に関する専門調査会中間とりまとめ|publisher = 中央防災会議 「東北地方太平洋沖地震を教訓とした地震・津波対策に関する専門調査会」|format = PDF|date = 2011-06-26|accessdate = 2011-08-11}}</ref> +The 1850s and 1860s may be said to mark a philosophical boundary distinguishing the young Marx's Hegelian idealism and the more mature Marx's[162][163][164][165] scientific ideology associated with structural Marxism;[165] however, not all scholars accept this distinction.[164][166] For Marx and Engels, their experience of the Revolutions of 1848 to 1849 were formative in the development of their theory of economics and historical progression. After the "failures" of 1848, the revolutionary impetus appeared spent and not to be renewed without an economic recession. Contention arose between Marx and his fellow communists, whom he denounced as "adventurists". Marx deemed it fanciful to propose that "will power" could be sufficient to create the revolutionary conditions when in reality the economic component was the necessary requisite. -[[File:SendaiAirportMarch16.jpg|thumb|left|Tsunami flooding on the [[Sendai Airport]] runway]] +Recession in the United States' economy in 1852 gave Marx and Engels grounds for optimism for revolutionary activity. Yet, this economy was seen as too immature for a capitalist revolution. Open territories on America's western frontier dissipated the forces of social unrest. Moreover, any economic crisis arising in the United States would not lead to revolutionary contagion of the older economies of individual European nations, which were closed systems bounded by their national borders. When the so-called "Panic of 1857" in the United States spread globally, it broke all economic theory models,[167] and was the first truly global economic crisis. -Large parts of [[Kuji]] and the southern section of [[Ōfunato]] including the port area were almost entirely destroyed.<ref>Tritten, Travis, J., and T. D. Flack, "[http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/earthquake-disaster-in-japan/u-s-rescue-teams-find-devastation-in-northern-city-of-ofunato-1.137784 U.S. rescue teams find devastation in northern city of Ofunato]", Stars and Stripes (newspaper), 15 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xDIVD5tm?url=http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/earthquake-disaster-in-japan/u-s-rescue-teams-find-devastation-in-northern-city-of-ofunato-1.137784 |date=15 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004789.htm |title=Whole towns gone-no cars or people seen |publisher=Yomiuri |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2N7iOj8?url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004789.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Also largely destroyed was [[Rikuzentakata, Iwate|Rikuzentakata]], where the tsunami was three stories high.<ref>Staff Reporter (12 March 2011) [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1365397/Wiped-map-The-moment-apocalyptic-tsunami-waves-drown-sleepy-coast-town.html?ito=feeds-newsxml "Wiped off the map: The moment apocalyptic tsunami waves drown a sleepy coast town"]. www.dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2011. {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2N8XJ2a?url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1365397/Wiped-map-The-moment-apocalyptic-tsunami-waves-drown-sleepy-coast-town.html?ito=feeds-newsxml |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.rtl.nl/(/actueel/rtlnieuws/buitenland/)/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2011/03_maart/12/buitenland/honderden-doden-in-japanse-kuststad.xml "Honderden doden in Japanse kuststad (Hundreds dead in Japanese coastal town)" (in Dutch)]. www.rtlnieuws.nl. Retrieved 12 March 2011. {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2N8ymQH?url=http://www.rtl.nl/(/actueel/rtlnieuws/buitenland/)/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2011/03_maart/12/buitenland/honderden-doden-in-japanse-kuststad.xml |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Japanarmysays300-400bodiesfoundinRikuzentakata_Report/Article/ |title=Japan army says 300–400 bodies found in Rikuzentakata: Report |publisher=Nst.com.my |date=3 February 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2eWPcEX?url=http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Japanarmysays300-400bodiesfoundinRikuzentakata_Report/Article/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Other cities destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami include [[Kamaishi, Iwate|Kamaishi]], [[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]], [[Ōtsuchi, Iwate|Ōtsuchi]], and [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]] (in Iwate Prefecture), [[Namie, Fukushima|Namie]], [[Sōma, Fukushima|Sōma]], and [[Minamisōma, Fukushima|Minamisōma]] (in Fukushima Prefecture) and [[Shichigahama, Miyagi|Shichigahama]], [[Higashimatsushima, Miyagi|Higashimatsushima]], [[Onagawa, Miyagi|Onagawa]], [[Natori, Miyagi|Natori]], [[Ishinomaki, Miyagi|Ishinomaki]], and [[Kesennuma, Miyagi|Kesennuma]] (in Miyagi Prefecture).<ref>Martin, Alex, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110407f1.html JET post best, not 'pityfest']", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 7 April 2011, p. 3. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xkhJ6kRS?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110407f1.html |date=6 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>Kyodo News, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110318a7.html Miyagi coastal whaling port pulverized, little more than memory]", ''Japan Times'', 18 March 2011, p. 3. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aFTxnf?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110318a7.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>Kyodo News, "Deaths, people missing set to top 1,600: Edano", ''Japan Times'', 13 March 2011.</ref><ref>Kyodo News, "Survivors in trauma after life-changing nightmare day", ''Japan Times'', 13 March 2011, p. 2.</ref><ref>Kyodo News, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110314a3.html Death toll may surpass 10,000 in Miyagi]", ''Japan Times'', 14 March 2011, p. 1. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aGCWAy?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110314a3.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>Alabaster, Jay, and Todd Pitman, ([[Associated Press]]), "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110315a8.html Hardships, suffering in earthquake zone]", ''Japan Times'', 15 March 2011, p. 3. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aGzEyZ?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110315a8.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>Gihooly, Rob, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20110320x1.html 'Nothing can prepare you to witness this'], ''Japan Times'', 20 March 2011, p. 7. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aHpdWK?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20110320x1.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> The most severe effects of the tsunami were felt along a {{convert|670|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} stretch of coastline from [[Erimo, Hokkaido]], in the north to [[Ōarai, Ibaraki]], in the south, with most of the destruction in that area occurring in the hour following the earthquake.<ref>Stuart Biggs and Aaron Sheldrick (11 March 2011). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-11/tokyo-buildings-shaken-by-7-9-earthquake-highest-tsunami-warning-issued.html Tsunami Slams Japan After Record Earthquake, Killing Hundreds], ''Bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2012.</ref> Near Ōarai, people captured images of a huge [[whirlpool]] that had been generated by the tsunami.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8385237/Japan-disaster-30-powerful-images-of-the-earthquake-and-tsunami.html?image=4 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Japan disaster: 30 powerful images of the earthquake and tsunami |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aIu9yT?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8385237/Japan-disaster-30-powerful-images-of-the-earthquake-and-tsunami.html?image=4 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |date=16 March 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> The tsunami washed away the sole bridge to Miyatojima, Miyagi, isolating the island's 900 residents.<ref>Kyodo News, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110319a5.html Survivors on cut-off isle were ready for disaster]", ''Japan Times'', 19 March 2011, p. 2. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aJdpV4?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110319a5.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> A {{convert|2|m}} high tsunami hit [[Chiba Prefecture]] about 2½ hours after the quake, causing heavy damage to cities such as [[Asahi, Chiba|Asahi]].<ref>Fukue, Natsuko, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110330f1.html Tsunami came late to unprepared Chiba]", ''Japan Times'', 30 March 2011, p. 2. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aKHwIL?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110330f1.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +Financial necessity had forced Marx to abandon economic studies in 1844 and give thirteen years to working on other projects. He had always sought to return to economics. -On 13 March 2011, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake. These observations included tsunami maximum readings of over {{convert|3|m}} at the following locations and times on 11 March 2011, following the earthquake at 14:46 JST:<ref>[http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_04_20110313180559.html Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 (Tsunami Observation)], Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011, Retrieved 14 March 2011. The Iwate Kamaishi-oki reading was obtained by GPS wave meter.{{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aL5KwV?url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_04_20110313180559.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +The First International and Capital -[[File:Tsunami map Tohoku2011.svg|thumb|Peak tsunami wave height summits, color-coded with red representing most severe]] +The first volume of Das Kapital +Marx continued to write articles for the New York Daily Tribune as long as he was sure that the Tribune's editorial policy was still progressive. However, the departure of Charles Dana from the paper in late 1861 and the resultant change in the editorial board brought about a new editorial policy.[168] No longer was the Tribune to be a strong abolitionist paper dedicated to a complete Union victory. The new editorial board supported an immediate peace between the Union and the Confederacy in the Civil War in the United States with slavery left intact in the Confederacy. Marx strongly disagreed with this new political position and in 1863 was forced to withdraw as a writer for the Tribune.[169] -* 15:12 JST – off [[Kamaishi, Iwate|Kamaishi]] – {{convert|6.8|m}} -* 15:15 JST – [[Ōfunato]] – {{convert|3.2|m}} or higher -* 15:20 JST – [[Ishinomaki, Miyagi|Ishinomaki-shi Ayukawa]] – {{convert|3.3|m}} or higher -* 15:21 JST – [[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]] – {{convert|4|m}} or higher -* 15:21 JST – [[Kamaishi]] – {{convert|4.1|m}} or higher -* 15:44 JST – [[Erimo, Hokkaido|Erimo-cho Shoya]] – {{convert|3.5|m}} -* 15:50 JST – [[Sōma, Fukushima|Sōma]] – {{convert|7.3|m}} or higher -* 16:52 JST – [[Ōarai]] – {{convert|4.2|m}} +In 1864, Marx became involved in the International Workingmen's Association (also known as the First International),[135] to whose General Council he was elected at its inception in 1864.[170] In that organisation, Marx was involved in the struggle against the anarchist wing centred on Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876).[148] Although Marx won this contest, the transfer of the seat of the General Council from London to New York in 1872, which Marx supported, led to the decline of the International.[171] The most important political event during the existence of the International was the Paris Commune of 1871, when the citizens of Paris rebelled against their government and held the city for two months. In response to the bloody suppression of this rebellion, Marx wrote one of his most famous pamphlets, "The Civil War in France", a defence of the Commune.[172][173] -Many areas were also affected by waves of {{convert|1|to|3|m}} in height, and the JMA bulletin also included the caveat that ''"At some parts of the coasts, tsunamis may be higher than those observed at the observation sites."'' The timing of the earliest recorded tsunami maximum readings ranged from 15:12 to 15:21, between 26 and 35&nbsp;minutes after the earthquake had struck. The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details, as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunami waves.<ref>[http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_2_04_20110313180559.html Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 (Tsunami Observation)], Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011, Retrieved 14 March 2011. (Tohoku district.) {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aLTaiJ?url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_2_04_20110313180559.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_3_04_20110313180559.html Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 (Tsunami Observation)], Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011, Retrieved 14 March 2011. (Kanto/Chubu district.) {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aLo8ue?url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_3_04_20110313180559.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +Given the repeated failures and frustrations of workers' revolutions and movements, Marx also sought to understand capitalism and spent a great deal of time in the reading room of the British Museum studying and reflecting on the works of political economists and on economic data.[174] By 1857, Marx had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, landed property, wage labour, the state and foreign trade and the world market, though this work did not appear in print until 1939 under the title Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy.[175][176][177] -JMA also reported offshore tsunami height recorded by [[telemetry]] from [[Mooring (watercraft)|moored]] [[GPS]] wave-height meter buoys as follows:<ref>[http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_04_20110313180559.html "Tsunami Information NUMBER 64(Tsunami Observations)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003200/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/observation_04_20110313180559.html |date=24 March 2011 }} ''Japan Meteorological Agency''. Retrieved 12 March 2012.</ref> -* offshore of central [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] ([[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]]) – {{convert|6.3|m}} -* offshore of northern [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] ([[Kuji]]) – {{convert|6|m}} -* offshore of northern [[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi]] ([[Kesennuma]]) – {{convert|6|m}} +Finally in 1859, Marx published A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,[178] his first serious economic work. This work was intended merely as a preview of his three-volume Das Kapital (English title: Capital: Critique of Political Economy), which he intended to publish at a later date. In A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx expands on the labour theory of value advocated by David Ricardo. The work was enthusiastically received, and the edition sold out quickly.[179] -On 25 March 2011, Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) reported tsunami height by visiting the port sites as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pari.go.jp/en/files/items/3496/File/20110325.pdf |title=Executive Summary of Urgent Field Survey of Earthquake and Tsunami Disasters by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake |date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) |location=Yokosuka, Japan |accessdate=12 March 2012 |author=行政情報システム室 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HtqnJI5j?url=http://www.pari.go.jp/en/files/items/3496/File/20110325.pdf |archivedate=6 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> -[[File:20110311Houshu.ogv|thumb|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] animation of the tsunami's propagation]] +Marx in the 1870s +The successful sales of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy stimulated Marx in the early 1860s to finish work on the three large volumes that would compose his major life's work—Das Kapital and the Theories of Surplus Value, which discussed the theoreticians of political economy, particularly Adam Smith and David Ricardo.[148] Theories of Surplus Value is often referred to as the fourth volume of Das Kapital and constitutes one of the first comprehensive treatises on the history of economic thought.[180] In 1867, the first volume of Das Kapital was published, a work which analysed the capitalist process of production.[181] Here Marx elaborated his labour theory of value, which had been influenced by Thomas Hodgskin. Marx acknowledged Hodgskin's "admirable work" Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital at more than one point in Capital.[182] Indeed, Marx quoted Hodgskin as recognising the alienation of labour that occurred under modern capitalist production. No longer was there any "natural reward of individual labour. Each labourer produces only some part of a whole, and each part having no value or utility of itself, there is nothing on which the labourer can seize, and say: 'This is my product, this will I keep to myself'".[183] In this first volume of Capital, Marx outlined his conception of surplus value and exploitation, which he argued would ultimately lead to a falling rate of profit and the collapse of industrial capitalism.[184] Demand for a Russian language edition of Capital soon led to the printing of 3,000 copies of the book in the Russian language, which was published on 27 March 1872. By the autumn of 1871, the entire first edition of the German language edition of Capital had been sold out and a second edition was published. -* [[Port of Hachinohe]] – {{convert|5–6|m}} -* Port of Hachinohe area – {{convert|8–9|m}} -* Port of [[Kuji, Iwate|Kuji]] – {{convert|8–9|m}} -* Port of [[Kamaishi, Iwate|Kamaishi]] – {{convert|7–9|m}} -* Port of [[Ōfunato, Iwate|Ōfunato]] – {{convert|9.5|m}} -* Run up height, port of [[Ōfunato, Iwate|Ōfunato]] area – {{convert|24|m}} -* Fishery port of [[Onagawa, Miyagi|Onagawa]] – {{convert|15|m}} -* Port of [[Ishinomaki, Miyagi|Ishinomaki]] – {{convert|5|m}} -* Shiogama section of [[Shiogama, Miyagi|Shiogama]]-[[Sendai]] port – {{convert|4|m}} -* Sendai section of Shiogama-Sendai port – {{convert|8|m}} -* [[Sendai Airport]] area – {{convert|12|m}} +Volumes II and III of Capital remained mere manuscripts upon which Marx continued to work for the rest of his life. Both volumes were published by Engels after Marx's death.[148] Volume II of Capital was prepared and published by Engels in July 1893 under the name Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital.[185] Volume III of Capital was published a year later in October 1894 under the name Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole.[186] Theories of Surplus Value derived from the sprawling Economic Manuscripts of 1861-1863, a second draft for Capital, the latter spanning volumes 30-34 of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels. Specifically, Theories of Surplus Value runs from the latter part of the Collected Works' thirtieth volume through the end of their thirty-second volume;[187][188][189] meanwhile, the larger Economic Manuscripts of 1861-1863 run from the start of the Collected Works' thirtieth volume through the first half of their thirty-fourth volume. The latter half of the Collected Works' thirty-fourth volume consists of the surviving fragments of the Economic Manuscripts of 1863-1864, which represented a third draft for Capital, and a large portion of which is included as an appendix to the Penguin edition of Capital, volume I.[190] A German language abridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value was published in 1905 and in 1910. This abridged edition was translated into English and published in 1951 in London, but the complete unabridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value was published as the "fourth volume" of Capital in 1963 and 1971 in Moscow.[191] -The tsunami at Ryōri Bay ({{lang|ja|綾里湾}}), Ōfunato reached a height of {{convert|40.1|m}} (run-up elevation). Fishing equipment was scattered on the high cliff above the bay.<ref name="ofunato">{{cite web|title=Researchers: 30-meter tsunami in Ofunato |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_03.html |publisher=NHK |accessdate=29 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xgge4dkh?url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_03.html |archivedate=4 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/faq/faq26.html#tsunami_8 日本で一番大きな津波は何ですか？], JMA</ref> At [[Tarō, Iwate]], the tsunami reached a height of {{convert|37.9|m}} up the slope of a mountain some {{convert|200|m}} away from the [[coast]]line.<ref name="38-meter">{{cite news|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2157227&language=en |agency=Kyodo News |publisher=''Kuwait News Agency (KUNA)'' |date=4 April 2011 |title=38-meter-high tsunami triggered by 11 March quake: survey |accessdate=13 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HtqoCwu3?url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2157227&language=en |archivedate=6 July 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> Also, at the slope of a nearby mountain from {{convert|400|m}} away at Aneyoshi fishery port ({{lang|ja|姉吉漁港}}) of Omoe peninsula ({{lang|ja|重茂半島}}) in [[Miyako, Iwate]], [[Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology]] found estimated tsunami run up height of {{convert|38.9|m}}.<ref name="yomiuri"/> This height is deemed the record in Japan historically, as of reporting date, that exceeds {{convert|38.2|m}} from the [[1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://outreach.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eqvolc/201103_tohoku/#koboriuchi |script-title=ja:宮古市田老小堀内漁港での津波遡上高 |date=3 April 2011 |publisher=[[Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo]] |language=Japanese |trans-title=Tsunami run up height at Miyako city, Taro Koborinai fishing port |accessdate=4 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aNqnv8?url=http://outreach.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eqvolc/201103_tohoku/#koboriuchi |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> It was also estimated that the tsunami reached heights of up to {{convert|40.5|m}} in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture. The inundated areas closely matched those of the [[869 Jogan Sanriku earthquake|869 Sanriku tsunami]].<ref>Yoshida, Reiji, "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120311a1.html 869 Tohoku tsunami parallels stun]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 11 March 2012, p. 1.</ref> -A Japanese government study found that 58% of people in coastal areas in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures heeded tsunami warnings immediately after the quake and headed for higher ground. Of those who attempted to evacuate after hearing the warning, only five percent were caught in the tsunami. Of those who didn't heed the warning, 49% were hit by the water.<ref>[[Jiji Press]], "42% didn't immediately flee tsunami", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 18 August 2011, p. 2.</ref> +Marx in 1882 +During the last decade of his life, Marx's health declined and he became incapable of the sustained effort that had characterised his previous work.[148] He did manage to comment substantially on contemporary politics, particularly in Germany and Russia. His Critique of the Gotha Programme opposed the tendency of his followers Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel to compromise with the state socialism of Ferdinand Lassalle in the interests of a united socialist party.[148] This work is also notable for another famous Marx quote: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need".[192] -Delayed evacuations in response to the warnings had a number of causes. The tsunami height that had been initially predicted by the [[tsunami warning system]] was lower than the actual tsunami height; this error contributed to the delayed escape of some residents. The discrepancy arose as follows: In order to produce a quick prediction of a tsunami's height and thus to provide a timely warning, the initial earthquake and tsunami warning that was issued for the event was based on a calculation that requires only about 3 minutes. This calculation is, in turn, based on the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave. The amplitude of the seismic wave is measured using the [[:ja:マグニチュード#.E6.B0.97.E8.B1.A1.E5.BA.81.E3.83.9E.E3.82.B0.E3.83.8B.E3.83.81.E3.83.A5.E3.83.BC.E3.83.89 Mj|JMA magnitude scale]], which is similar to [[Richter magnitude scale]]. However, these scales "saturate" for earthquakes that are above a certain magnitude (magnitude 8 on the JMA scale); that is, in the case of very large earthquakes, the scales' values change little despite large differences in the earthquakes' energy. This resulted in an underestimation of the tsunami's height in initial reports. Problems in issuing updates also contributed to delays in evacuations. The warning system was supposed to be updated about 15 minutes after the earthquake occurred, by which time the calculation for the [[moment magnitude scale]] would normally be completed. However, the strong quake had exceeded the measurement limit of all of the [[seismometer#teleseismometer|teleseismometer]]s within Japan, and thus it was impossible to calculate the moment magnitude based on data from those seismometers. Another cause of delayed evacuations was the release of the second update on the tsunami warning long after the earthquake (28 minutes, according to observations); by that time, power failures and similar circumstances reportedly prevented the update from reaching some residents. Also, observed data from tidal meters that were located off the coast were not fully reflected in the second warning. Furthermore, shortly after the earthquake, some wave meters reported a fluctuation of "{{convert|20|cm}}", and this value was broadcast throughout the mass media and the warning system, which caused some residents to underestimate the danger of their situation and even delayed or suspended their evacuation.<ref name="JMA20110912"> -{{cite web|url = http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1109/12a/torimatome.pdf|title = 東北地方太平洋沖地震による津波被害を踏まえた津波警報の改善の方向性について（最終とりまとめ）|publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency|format = PDF|date = 2011-09-12|accessdate = 2011-09-14}}</ref><ref name="JMA2013">{{cite web|title = 津波警報の改善について|publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency|url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/tsunami/kaizen/|accessdate = 2016-04-01}}</ref> +In a letter to Vera Zasulich dated 8 March 1881, Marx contemplated the possibility of Russia's bypassing the capitalist stage of development and building communism on the basis of the common ownership of land characteristic of the village mir.[148][193] While admitting that Russia's rural "commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia", Marx also warned that in order for the mir to operate as a means for moving straight to the socialist stage without a preceding capitalist stage it "would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it (the rural commune) from all sides".[194] Given the elimination of these pernicious influences, Marx allowed that "normal conditions of spontaneous development" of the rural commune could exist.[194] However, in the same letter to Vera Zasulich he points out that "at the core of the capitalist system ... lies the complete separation of the producer from the means of production".[194] In one of the drafts of this letter, Marx reveals his growing passion for anthropology, motivated by his belief that future communism would be a return on a higher level to the communism of our prehistoric past. He wrote that "the historical trend of our age is the fatal crisis which capitalist production has undergone in the European and American countries where it has reached its highest peak, a crisis that will end in its destruction, in the return of modern society to a higher form of the most archaic type—collective production and appropriation". He added that "the vitality of primitive communities was incomparably greater than that of Semitic, Greek, Roman, etc. societies, and, a fortiori, that of modern capitalist societies".[195] Before he died, Marx asked Engels to write up these ideas, which were published in 1884 under the title The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. -In response to the aforementioned shortcomings in the tsunami warning system, JMA began an investigation in 2011 and updated their system in 2013. In the updated system, for a powerful earthquake that is capable of causing the JMA magnitude scale to saturate, no quantitative prediction will be released in the initial warning; instead, there will be words that describe the situation's emergency. There are plans to install new teleseismometers with the ability to measure larger earthquakes, which would allow the calculation of a quake's moment magnitude scale in a timely manner. JMA also implemented a simpler empirical method to integrate, into a tsunami warning, data from GPS tidal meters as well as from undersea water pressure meters, and there are plans to install more of these meters and to develop further technology to utilize data observed by them. To prevent under-reporting of tsunami heights, early quantitative observation data that are smaller than the expected amplitude will be overridden and the public will instead be told that the situation is under observation. About 90 seconds after an earthquake, an additional report on the possibility of a tsunami will also be included in observation reports, in order to warn people before the JMA magnitude can be calculated.<ref name="JMA20110912" /><ref name="JMA2013" /> +Personal life +Family -===Elsewhere across the Pacific=== -[[File:Midway bonin petrel 2011 tsunami.jpg|thumb|A [[Bonin petrel]] trapped in the sand on [[Midway Atoll]] by the tsunami, before being rescued]] +Jenny Carolina and Jenny Laura Marx (1869): all the Marx daughters were named Jenny in honour of their mother, Jenny von Westphalen. +Marx and von Westphalen had seven children together, but partly owing to the poor conditions in which they lived whilst in London, only three survived to adulthood.[196] The children were: Jenny Caroline (m. Longuet; 1844–1883); Jenny Laura (m. Lafargue; 1845–1911); Edgar (1847–1855); Henry Edward Guy ("Guido"; 1849–1850); Jenny Eveline Frances ("Franziska"; 1851–1852); Jenny Julia Eleanor (1855–1898) and one more who died before being named (July 1857). There are allegations that Marx also fathered a son, Freddy,[197] out of wedlock by his housekeeper, Helene Demuth.[198] -Shortly after the earthquake, the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] (PTWC) in Hawaii issued tsunami watches and announcements for locations in the Pacific. At 07:30 UTC, PTWC issued a widespread tsunami warning covering the entire Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117783848.html |title=Evacuate all coastal areas immediately, Hawaii Civil Defense says |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aNwJDv?url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117783848.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/tsunami_msgs/HEBTSUPAC.201103110932 |title=Text of PTWC Pacific-wide tsunami warning |accessdate=13 March 2011 |date=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aPN3r1?url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/tsunami_msgs/HEBTSUPAC.201103110932 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Russia]] evacuated 11,000 residents from coastal areas of the [[Kuril Islands]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tsunami from Japanese quake prompts evacuation of 11,000 residents on Russia's Pacific islands |url=http://www.1310news.com/news/world/article/195950--tsunami-from-japanese-quake-prompts-evacuation-of-11-000-residents-on-russia-s-pacific-islands |accessdate=13 March 2012 |agency=The Associated Press |publisher=''1310News.com'' |date=11 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063455/http://www.1310news.com/news/world/article/195950--tsunami-from-japanese-quake-prompts-evacuation-of-11-000-residents-on-russia-s-pacific-islands |archivedate=14 March 2012 |df= }}</ref> The United States [[National Tsunami Warning Center]] issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas in most of [[California]], all of [[Oregon]], and the western part of [[Alaska]], and a tsunami advisory covering the Pacific coastlines of most of Alaska, and all of [[Washington state|Washington]] and [[British Columbia]], Canada.<ref name="noaa6">{{cite web |title=Tsunami Warning and Advisory No.&nbsp;7 issued 03/11/2011 at 3:39&nbsp;am PST |url=http://ntwc.arh.noaa.gov/2011/03/11/lhvpd9/07/messagelhvpd9-07.htm |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aPSHnh?url=http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/2011/03/11/lhvpd9/07/messagelhvpd9-07.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="bctsunami">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2011/03/11/tsunami-warnings-bc.html?ref=rss |title=B.C. tsunami threat passes |publisher=CBC |location=Canada |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aPYw8r?url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2011/03/11/tsunami-warnings-bc.html?ref=rss |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> In [[California]] and [[Oregon]], up to {{convert|2.4|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} tsunami surges hit some areas, damaging docks and harbors and causing over US$10&nbsp;million in damage.<ref>Helen Jung and Jeff Manning, "Waves bring destruction to Oregon's south coast", ''The Oregonian'', 12 March 2011, p. 1+</ref> In [[Curry County, Oregon]] $7&nbsp;million in damage occurred including the destruction of {{convert|1100|m}} of docks at the [[Brookings, Oregon|Brookings]] harbor; the county has received over $1&nbsp;million in [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] emergency grants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktvz.com/oregon-northwest/28204273/detail.html |title=$1.2M FEMA Tsunami Grant To Ore.'s Curry County – Oregon – Northwest News Story – KTVZ Bend |publisher=Ktvz.com |date=9 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014649/http://www.ktvz.com/oregon-northwest/28204273/detail.html |archivedate=28 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Surges of up to {{convert|1|m}} hit [[Vancouver Island]] in Canada<ref name="bctsunami" /> prompting some evacuations, and causing boats to be banned from the waters surrounding the island for 12 hours following the wave strike, leaving many island residents in the area without means of getting to work.<ref>[http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/twilight-tsunami-evacuattion/story-fn6cc53j-1226021294350 Twilight tsunami evacuation]. Courier Mail (14 March 2011). Retrieved on 3 April 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aPvqSQ?url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/twilight-tsunami-evacuattion/story-fn6cc53j-1226021294350 |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>Girl, Bowen. (16 March 2011) [http://bowendiaries.blogspot.com/2011/03/japan.html Diary of a Bowen girl: Japan]. Bowendiaries.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 3 April 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aQqch0?url=http://bowendiaries.blogspot.com/2011/03/japan.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +Marx frequently used pseudonyms, often when renting a house or flat, apparently to make it harder for the authorities to track him down. While in Paris, he used that of "Monsieur Ramboz", whilst in London he signed off his letters as "A. Williams". His friends referred to him as "Moor", owing to his dark complexion and black curly hair, while he encouraged his children to call him "Old Nick" and "Charley".[199] He also bestowed nicknames and pseudonyms on his friends and family as well, referring to Friedrich Engels as "General", his housekeeper Helene as "Lenchen" or "Nym", while one of his daughters, Jennychen, was referred to as "Qui Qui, Emperor of China" and another, Laura, was known as "Kakadou" or "the Hottentot".[199] -[[File:Boats left nearby the 'costanera' for safety in Pichilemu, March 11, 2011.jpg|thumb|left|Fishing boats that were moved to higher ground in anticipation of tsunami arrival, in [[Pichilemu]], Chile]] +Health +Marx was afflicted by poor health (what he himself described as "the wretchedness of existence")[200] and various authors have sought to describe and explain it. His biographer Werner Blumenberg attributed it to liver and gall problems which Marx had in 1849 and from which he was never afterwards free, exacerbated by an unsuitable lifestyle. The attacks often came with headaches, eye inflammation, neuralgia in the head and rheumatic pains. A serious nervous disorder appeared in 1877 and protracted insomnia was a consequence, which Marx fought with narcotics. The illness was aggravated by excessive nocturnal work and faulty diet. Marx was fond of highly seasoned dishes, smoked fish, caviare, pickled cucumbers, "none of which are good for liver patients", but he also liked wine and liqueurs and smoked an enormous amount "and since he had no money, it was usually bad-quality cigars". From 1863, Marx complained a lot about boils: "These are very frequent with liver patients and may be due to the same causes".[201] The abscesses were so bad that Marx could neither sit nor work upright. According to Blumenberg, Marx's irritability is often found in liver patients: -In the [[Philippines]], waves up to {{convert|0.5|m}} high hit the eastern seaboard of the country. Some houses along the coast in [[Jayapura, Indonesia]] were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/12/tsunami-destroys-houses-jayapura.html |title=Tsunami destroys houses in Jayapura |website=The Jakarta Post |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x8nZ4NKe?url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/12/tsunami-destroys-houses-jayapura.html |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Authorities in [[Wewak]], [[East Sepik]], Papua New Guinea evacuated 100 patients from the city's Boram Hospital before it was hit by the waves, causing an estimated US$4&nbsp;million in damage.<ref name="abcaus">{{Cite news|title=PNG's Wewak hospital damaged by tsunami waves |url=http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/story.htm?id=38078 |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=16 March 2011 |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aR4SvC?url=http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/story.htm?id=38078 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure alone at US$3&nbsp;million, with damage to private properties, including resort hotels such as [[Four Seasons Resort Hualalai]], estimated at tens of millions of dollars.<ref name="Hawaii Star 1">Nakaso, Dan (14 March 2011)[http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117965429.html Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions] ''Star Advertiser''. Retrieved 15 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xCXcRJTq?url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117965429.html |date=15 March 2011 }}</ref> It was reported that a {{convert|1.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} wave completely submerged [[Midway Atoll]]'s reef inlets and Spit Island, killing more than 110,000 nesting [[seabirds]] at the [[Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge]].<ref name=cnnmarch19>{{Cite news|title=Tsunami washes away feathered victims west of Hawaii |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/18/tsunami.birds.deaths/?hpt=C2 |publisher=CNN |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aSZldy?url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/18/tsunami.birds.deaths/?hpt=C2 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Some other South Pacific countries, including [[Tonga]] and New Zealand, and U.S. territories [[American Samoa]] and [[Guam]], experienced larger-than-normal waves, but did not report any major damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117828543.html# |title=South Pacific islands hit by tsunami swells |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aT3dXN?url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117828543.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> However, in Guam some roads were closed off and people were evacuated from low-lying areas.<ref>[http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12303:tsunami-warning-for-guam-pushed-back-to-11-pm&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156 Tsunami Warning For Guam Extended Until 11 p.m]. Pacificnewscenter.com (11 March 2011). Retrieved on 3 April 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aTpgDk?url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D12303:tsunami-warning-for-guam-pushed-back-to-11-pm%26catid%3D45:guam-news%26Itemid%3D156 |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +The illness emphasised certain traits in his character. He argued cuttingly, his biting satire did not shrink at insults, and his expressions could be rude and cruel. Though in general Marx had a blind faith in his closest friends, nevertheless he himself complained that he was sometimes too mistrustful and unjust even to them. His verdicts, not only about enemies but even about friends, were sometimes so harsh that even less sensitive people would take offence… There must have been few whom he did not criticize like this… not even Engels was an exception.[202] -[[File:TsunamiDebrisWatch.JPG|thumb|A sign informing beachgoers about proper tsunami debris disposal procedures at [[Cape Lookout (Oregon)|Cape Lookout State Park]], [[Oregon]], USA]] +According to Princeton historian J.E. Seigel, in his late teens Marx may have had pneumonia or pleurisy, the effects of which led to his being exempted from Prussian military service. In later life whilst working on Capital (which he never completed),[203] Marx suffered from a trio of afflictions. A liver ailment, probably hereditary, was aggravated by overwork, bad diet and lack of sleep. Inflammation of the eyes was induced by too much work at night. A third affliction, eruption of carbuncles or boils, "was probably brought on by general physical debility to which the various features of Marx's style of life — alcohol, tobacco, poor diet, and failure to sleep — all contributed. Engels often exhorted Marx to alter this dangerous regime". In Professor Siegel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, originally induced in Karl Marx by his father.[204] -Along the Pacific Coast of [[Mexico]] and South America, tsunami surges were reported, but in most places caused little or no damage.<ref name="channelnewsasia1">[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1116127/1/.html Minor damage in Latin America by Japan's tsunami], channelnewsasia.com, 13 March 2011</ref> Peru reported a wave of {{convert|1.5|m}} and more than 300 homes damaged.<ref name="channelnewsasia1" /> The surge in Chile was large enough to damage more than 200 houses,<ref>(Spanish) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110317002502/http://www.ansa.it/ansalatina/notizie/notiziari/chile/20110313183235232122.html Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas]. ANSA Latina. 13 March 2011.</ref> with waves of up to {{convert|3|m}}.<ref>(Spanish) [http://www.biobiochile.cl/2011/03/12/caldera-80-viviendas-resultaron-destruidas-en-puerto-viejo-tras-subida-de-mar.shtml Caldera: 80 viviendas resultaron destruidas en Puerto Viejo por efecto de las olas]. Radio Bio-Bio. 3 December 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aVG5Xu?url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/2011/03/12/caldera-80-viviendas-resultaron-destruidas-en-puerto-viejo-tras-subida-de-mar.shtml |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>(Spanish) [http://diario.latercera.com/2011/03/13/01/contenido/otros/12-62305-9-mas-de-200-casas-danadas-dejo-seguidilla-de-olas-que-azotaron-las-costas.shtml Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas que azotaron las costas chilenas] La Tercera. 3 December 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aVuHGY?url=http://diario.latercera.com/2011/03/13/01/contenido/otros/12-62305-9-mas-de-200-casas-danadas-dejo-seguidilla-de-olas-que-azotaron-las-costas.shtml |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> In the [[Galápagos Islands]], 260 families received assistance following a {{convert|3|m}} surge which arrived 20 hours after the earthquake, after the tsunami warning had been lifted.<ref name="NBR_88155">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/gareth-morgans-galapagos-hotel-destroyed-tsunami-ck-88155 |title=Gareth Morgan's Galapagos hotel destroyed by tsunami |author=Keall, Chris |date=13 March 2011 |website=[[National Business Review]] |accessdate=15 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xDmAc8LQ?url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/gareth-morgans-galapagos-hotel-destroyed-tsunami-ck-88155 |archivedate=16 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ecuador Sends Aid To Galapagos After Islands Hit By Tsunami From Japan |url=http://latindispatch.com/2011/03/15/ecuador-sends-aid-to-galapagos-after-islands-hit-by-tsunami-from-japan/ |accessdate=17 March 2011 |newspaper=LATIN AMERICA NEWS DISPATCH |date=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aXFEsJ?url=http://latindispatch.com/2011/03/15/ecuador-sends-aid-to-galapagos-after-islands-hit-by-tsunami-from-japan/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> There was a great deal of damage to buildings on the islands and one man was injured but there were no reported fatalities.<ref name="NBR_88155"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110331005038/http://www.galapagos.org/2008/index.php?id=287 Tsunami Aftermath in Galapagos: Update from CDRS' Director Dr. J. Gabriel Lopez]. Galapagos.org. Retrieved on 3 April 2011.</ref> +In 2007, a retrodiagnosis of Marx's skin disease was made by dermatologist Sam Shuster of Newcastle University and for Shuster the most probable explanation was that Marx suffered not from liver problems, but from hidradenitis suppurativa, a recurring infective condition arising from blockage of apocrine ducts opening into hair follicles. This condition, which was not described in the English medical literature until 1933 (hence would not have been known to Marx's physicians), can produce joint pain (which could be misdiagnosed as rheumatic disorder) and painful eye conditions. To arrive at his retrodiagnosis, Shuster considered the primary material: the Marx correspondence published in the 50 volumes of the Marx/Engels Collected Works. There, "although the skin lesions were called 'furuncules', 'boils' and 'carbuncles' by Marx, his wife and his physicians, they were too persistent, recurrent, destructive and site-specific for that diagnosis". The sites of the persistent 'carbuncles' were noted repeatedly in the armpits, groins, perianal, genital (penis and scrotum) and suprapubic regions and inner thighs, "favoured sites of hidradenitis suppurativa". Professor Shuster claimed the diagnosis "can now be made definitively".[205] -After a {{convert|2|m}} high surge hit Chile, it was reported that the reflection from those surges traveled ''back'' across the Pacific, causing {{convert|30–60|cm}} surge in Japan, 47–48 hours after the earthquake, according to observation from multiple {{ill|tide station|ja|験潮場}}, including in Onahama, Owase, and Kushimoto.<ref>「津波 太平洋を往復」Nikkei 2014-05-02 Morning News</ref><ref>2014-05-01 {{ill|Japan Geoscience Union|ja|日本地球惑星科学連合}}, {{ill|Meteorological Research Institute|ja|気象研究所}} visiting scholar Masami Okada.</ref> +Shuster went on to consider the potential psychosocial effects of the disease, noting that the skin is an organ of communication and that hidradenitis suppurativa produces much psychological distress, including loathing and disgust and depression of self-image, mood and well-being, feelings for which Shuster found "much evidence" in the Marx correspondence. Professor Shuster went on to ask himself whether the mental effects of the disease affected Marx's work and even helped him to develop his theory of alienation.[206] -The tsunami broke [[iceberg]]s off the [[Sulzberger Ice Shelf]] in [[Antarctica]], {{convert|13000|km|mi}} away. The main iceberg measured {{convert|9.5|x|6.5|km|mi}} (approximately the area of [[Manhattan Island]]) and about {{convert|80|m|ft}} thick. A total of {{convert|125|km2|sqmi acre}} of ice broke away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMV87JTPQG_index_0.html|title=Japan tsunami caused icebergs to break off in Antarctica|publisher=European Space Agency|date=9 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Brunt|first=Kelly M.|author2=Emile A. Okal |author3=Douglas R. MacAyeal|title=Antarctic ice-shelf calving triggered by the Honshu (Japan) earthquake and tsunami, March 2011|journal=Journal of Glaciology |date=1 October 2011|volume=57|issue=205|pages=785–788|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/igsoc/jog/2011/00000057/00000205/art00001|accessdate=13 March 2012|bibcode = 2011JGlac..57..785B |doi = 10.3189/002214311798043681 }} (fee required for full article)</ref> +Death -As of April 2012, wreckage from the tsunami spread around the world, including a [[soccer]] ball which was found in Alaska<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/04/23/MNC51O7MBK.DTL Japan tsunami victim's soccer ball found in Alaska] 24 April 2012. [[Associated Press]]</ref> and a Japanese motorcycle found in British Columbia, Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/05/01/bc-tsunami-motorcycle-owner.html |title=Tsunami motorcycle owner located in Japan |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=1 May 2012 |accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> +Tomb of Karl Marx, East Highgate Cemetery, London +Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a catarrh that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life. It eventually brought on the bronchitis and pleurisy that killed him in London on 14 March 1883 (age 64), dying a stateless person.[207] Family and friends in London buried his body in Highgate Cemetery (East), London, on 17 March 1883 in an area reserved for agnostics and atheists (George Eliot's grave is nearby). There were between nine and eleven mourners at his funeral.[208][209] -==Land subsidence== -[[File:Subsidence in Shin-Urayasu Sta after 2011 Sendai earthquake.JPG|thumb|Land subsidence and soil liquefaction at [[Shin-Urayasu Station]] in [[Urayasu, Chiba]], near [[Tokyo]]]] +Several of his closest friends spoke at his funeral, including Wilhelm Liebknecht and Friedrich Engels. Engels' speech included the passage: -The [[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] reported land [[subsidence]] based on the height of [[triangulation station]]s in the area measured by [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] as compared to their previous values from 14 April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsi.go.jp/sokuchikijun/sokuchikijun40003.html |script-title=ja:平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震に伴う地盤沈下調査 |date=14 April 2011 |publisher=[[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] |language=Japanese |trans-title=Land subsidence caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami |accessdate=13 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aXoLUW?url=http://www.gsi.go.jp/sokuchikijun/sokuchikijun40003.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> -* [[Miyako, Iwate]] – {{convert|0.50|m}} -* [[Yamada, Iwate]] – {{convert|0.53|m}} -* [[Ōtsuchi, Iwate]] – {{convert|0.35|m}} <ref name=yumi20110415-p33 /> -* [[Kamaishi, Iwate]] – {{convert|0.66|m}} -* [[Ōfunato, Iwate]] – {{convert|0.73|m}} -* [[Rikuzentakata, Iwate]] – {{convert|0.84|m}} -* [[Kesennuma, Miyagi]] – {{convert|0.74|m}} -* [[Minamisanriku, Miyagi]] – {{convert|0.69|m}} -* [[Oshika Peninsula]], [[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi]] – {{convert|1.2|m}}<ref name=yumi20110415-p33>Values announced by [[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]], news report by [[Yomiuri Shimbun]] 15 April 2011 ver. 13S page 33</ref> -* [[Ishinomaki, Miyagi]] – {{convert|0.78|m}} -* [[Higashimatsushima, Miyagi]] – {{convert|0.43|m}} -* [[Iwanuma, Miyagi]] – {{convert|0.47|m}} -* [[Sōma, Fukushima]] – {{convert|0.29|m}} +On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep—but forever.[210] -Scientists say that the subsidence is permanent. As a result, the communities in question are now more susceptible to flooding during high tides.<ref>Alabaster, Jay (9 May 2011). [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=13559508#.T1-B58Uu15Y "Quake Shifted Japan; Towns Now Flood at High Tide"], Associated Press, ''[[ABC News]]''. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</ref> +Marx's surviving daughters Eleanor and Laura, as well as Charles Longuet and Paul Lafargue, Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, were also in attendance.[209] He had been predeceased by his wife and his eldest daughter, the latter dying a few months earlier in January 1883. Liebknecht, a founder and leader of the German Social Democratic Party, gave a speech in German and Longuet, a prominent figure in the French working-class movement, made a short statement in French.[209] Two telegrams from workers' parties in France and Spain were also read out.[209] Together with Engels's speech, this constituted the entire programme of the funeral.[209] Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the Cologne communist trial of 1852; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as "an old member of the Communist League"; and Carl Schorlemmer, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the Royal Society and a communist activist involved in the 1848 Baden revolution.[209] Another attendee of the funeral was Ray Lankester, a British zoologist who would later become a prominent academic.[209] -==Casualties== -===Japan=== -[[File:Signpost of prayer and wish.JPG|thumb|Memorials amongst the ruins, Natori]] +Upon his own death in 1895, Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a "significant portion" of his considerable estate (valued in 2011 at US$4.8m).[197] -In Japan, the [[National Police Agency (Japan)|National Police Agency]] has confirmed {{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami casualties dead}} {{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami casualties injured}} and {{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami casualties missing}} across twenty [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectures]].<ref name="npajproperty"/> In addition, some three thousands extra death have been identified as "earthquake-related death",<ref>[http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/main-cat2/sub-cat2-6/20170630_kanrenshi.pdf 東日本大震災における震災関連死の死者数（平成29年3月31日現在）［平成29年6月30日公表］]</ref><ref>[http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/main-cat2/sub-cat2-6/20140526131634.html 震災関連死の死者数等について]</ref> bringing the total number of death caused by the disaster to 19,575 as of 2017 September.<ref>[http://www.fdma.go.jp/neuter/topics/houdou/h29/09/290908_houdou_1.pdf 平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）の被害状況（平成29年9月1日現在）] 2017-09-01, [[Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications]]</ref> +Marx and his family were reburied on a new site nearby in November 1954. The tomb at the new site, unveiled on 14 March 1956,[211] bears the carved message: "Workers of All Lands Unite", the final line of The Communist Manifesto; and, from the 11th "Thesis on Feuerbach" (as edited by Engels), "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways—the point however is to change it".[212] The Communist Party of Great Britain had the monument with a portrait bust by Laurence Bradshaw erected and Marx's original tomb had only humble adornment.[212] In 1970, there was an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the monument using a homemade bomb.[213] -Of the 13,135 fatalities recovered by 11 April 2011, 12,143 or 92.5% died by drowning. Victims aged 60 or older accounted for 65.2% of the deaths, with 24% of total victims being in their 70s.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110421a5.html 90% of disaster casualties drowned]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 21 April 2011, p. 2.</ref> As of March 2012, Japanese police data showed that 70% of the 3,279 still missing were aged 60 or over, all found, including 893 in their 70s and 577 in their 80s. Of the total confirmed victims, 14,308 drowned, 667 were crushed to death or died from internal injuries, and 145 perished from burns.<ref>[[Jiji Press]], "70% of missing aged 60 and older", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 8 March 2012, p. 2.</ref> +The Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm remarked: "One cannot say Marx died a failure" because although he had not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the leftist movements in Germany and Russia. Within 25 years of his death, the continental European socialist parties that acknowledged Marx's influence on their politics were each gaining between 15 and 47 per cent in those countries with representative democratic elections.[214] -[[File:2011 Earthquake and Tsunami near Sendai, Japan.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Tsunami damage between Sendai and Sendai Bay]] +Thought +Part of a series on +Marxism +Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels +Theoretical works[show] +Philosophy[show] +Economics[show] +Sociology[show] +History[show] +Aspects[show] +Variants[show] +People[show] +Red flag II.svg Socialism portal +Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg Communism portal +Portal-puzzle.svg Karl Marx portal +Socrates.png Philosophy portal +vte +Influences +Main article: Influences on Karl Marx +Marx's thought demonstrates influences from many thinkers including, but not limited to: -"Earthquake-related death" is defined as cases where the earthquake did not directly kill those people, however it act as a contributory factor that indirectly caused their death, for the purpose of relief fund distribution. Some of the most widely reported reason for these deaths include "Physical and mental fatigue caused by life in temporary shelter", "Physical and mental fatigue caused by evacuation", "Delayed treatment due to the inoperative of hospital", "Physical and mental fatigue caused by stress from the earthquake and tsunami". A few cases of suicide are also included. Most of these deaths occurred during the first six months after the earthquake and the number dropped thereafter, but as time has passed, the number has continued to increase. Most of these deaths occurred in Fukushima prefecture, where the prefecture government has suggested that they could be due to evacuations caused by the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]].<ref>[https://nc.chukyo-u.ac.jp/gendaisyakai/kiyou/2014/2014_08_02_08noguchi.pdf ３．11「震災関連死」という問い 福島県の分析を通して] 野口典子</ref> These indirect casualties have already resulted in more deaths than the number of people killed directly by earthquake and tsunami within the Fukushima prefecture.<ref>[https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDG28HAN_Y5A221C1CR8000/ 福島の震災関連死2000人超す　原発避難の長期化影響 ] 2015-12-28 Nikkei</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite news |last=Smith|first=Alexander|title=Fukushima evacuation has killed more than earthquake and tsunami, survey says|url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/10/20420833-fukushima-evacuation-has-killed-more-than-earthquake-and-tsunami-survey-says?lite|accessdate=11 September 2013|date=10 September 2013 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131027031039/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/10/20420833-fukushima-evacuation-has-killed-more-than-earthquake-and-tsunami-survey-says?lite |archivedate= 2013-10-27 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="mainichi.jp">{{cite news |url=http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130909p2a00m0na009000c.html |title=Stress-induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927033901/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130909p2a00m0na009000c.html |archivedate= 2013-09-27 |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name=manichi>{{cite news |url=http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130909p2a00m0na009000c.html |title=Stress-induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927033901/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130909p2a00m0na009000c.html |archivedate=27 September 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref> +Lycurgus' philosophy, including the forceful and equal redistribution of resources (land) and the equality of all citizens[215] +Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy[216] +The classical political economy (economics) of Adam Smith and David Ricardo[217], as well as Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi's critique of laissez-faire economics and analysis of the precarious state of the proletariat[6] +French socialist thought,[217] in particular the thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri de Saint-Simon, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Charles Fourier[218][219] +Earlier German philosophical materialism among the Young Hegelians, particularly that of Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer,[82] as well as the French materialism of the late 18th century, including Diderot, Claude Adrien Helvétius and d'Holbach +The working class analysis by Friedrich Engels,[78] as well as the early descriptions of class provided by French liberals and Saint-Simonians such as François Guizot and Augustin Thierry +Marx's Judaic legacy has been identified as formative to both his moral outlook[220] and his materialist philosophy.[221] +Marx's view of history, which came to be called historical materialism (controversially adapted as the philosophy of dialectical materialism by Engels and Lenin), certainly shows the influence of Hegel's claim that one should view reality (and history) dialectically.[216] However, Hegel had thought in idealist terms, putting ideas in the forefront, whereas Marx sought to rewrite dialectics in materialist terms, arguing for the primacy of matter over idea.[93][216] Where Hegel saw the "spirit" as driving history, Marx saw this as an unnecessary mystification, obscuring the reality of humanity and its physical actions shaping the world.[216] He wrote that Hegelianism stood the movement of reality on its head, and that one needed to set it upon its feet.[216] Despite his dislike of mystical terms, Marx used Gothic language in several of his works: in The Communist Manifesto he proclaims "A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre", and in The Capital he refers to capital as "necromancy that surrounds the products of labour".[222] -[[Save the Children]] reports that as many as 100,000 children were uprooted from their homes, some of whom were separated from their families because the earthquake occurred during the school day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/15/japan-earthquake-children-displaced-charity |title=Japan earthquake: 100,000 children displaced, says charity |last=McCurry |first=Justin |date=15 March 2011 |work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xD8JCtef?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/15/japan-earthquake-children-displaced-charity/print |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> 236 children were orphaned in the prefectures of [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]], [[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi]] and [[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]] by the disaster;<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110918a3.html More quake orphan benefits sought]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 18 September 2011, p. 1.</ref><ref>[[Agence France-Presse]]/[[Jiji Press]], "At least 82 children were orphaned by disaster, government says", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 10 April 2011, p. 2.</ref> 1,580 children lost either one or both parents,<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120223f1.html Grandparents stifle grief to raise orphaned boy]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 23 February 2012, p. 3.</ref> 846 in Miyagi, 572 in Iwate, and 162 in Fukushima.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120224f1.html Tōhoku teen feels guilt of being lone survivor]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 24 February 2012, p. 3.</ref> The quake and tsunami killed 378 elementary, middle-school, and high school students and left 158 others missing.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110429a4.html 378 students killed, 158 missing in disaster]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 29 April 2011, p. 2. The victims included 234 elementary, 111 junior high and 191 high school students. Direct quote: "Out of the 378 students confirmed dead, 273 were in Miyagi, 59 in Fukushima and 46 in Iwate. The list of missing students is made up of 74 in Miyagi, 52 in Iwate and 32 in Fukushima." As of 25 December 2011, 342 elementary and junior high school students were declared dead or missing ([[Kyodo News]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20111225a8.html 3/11 tsunami killed 35% of students 'saved' by parents]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 25 December 2011, p. 2.)</ref> One elementary school in [[Ishinomaki, Miyagi]], Okawa Elementary, lost 74 of 108 students and 10 of 13 teachers and staff.<ref>[[Associated Press]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110419f1.html Loss-staggered school reopens] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514084752/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110419f1.html |date=14 May 2011 }}", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 19 April 2011, p. 3.</ref><ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110422a7.html Loss-hit Ishinomaki school opens]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 22 April 2011, p. 2.</ref><ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110429a1.html School that lost 70% of its pupils mourns] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502025707/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110429a1.html |date=2 May 2011 }}", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 29 April 2011, p. 1.</ref> +Though inspired by French socialist and sociological thought,[217] Marx criticised utopian socialists, arguing that their favoured small-scale socialistic communities would be bound to marginalisation and poverty and that only a large-scale change in the economic system can bring about real change.[219] -The Japanese Foreign Ministry has confirmed the deaths of nineteen foreigners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/japan-confirms-death-of-19-foreigners-in-march-11-quake-tsunami |title=Japan confirms death of 19 foreigners in March 11 quake, tsunami |date=5 April 2011 |agency=Kyodo News |accessdate=7 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xmGEK8uK?url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/japan-confirms-death-of-19-foreigners-in-march-11-quake-tsunami |archivedate=7 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Among them are two English teachers from the United States affiliated with the [[JET Programme|Japan Exchange and Teaching Program]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/06/japan.american.death/index.html |title=Body of second American found in Japan |date=7 April 2011 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=7 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xmGLLVuj?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/06/japan.american.death/index.html |archivedate=7 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> a Canadian missionary in [[Shiogama, Miyagi|Shiogama]];<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Quebec+priest+killed+Japanese+tsunami/4432920/story.html |title=Quebec priest killed in Japanese tsunami |date=13 March 2011 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |accessdate=7 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xmGRgwnS?url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Quebec%20priest%20killed%20Japanese%20tsunami/4432920/story.html |archivedate=7 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> and citizens of China, North and South Korea, Taiwan, Pakistan and the Philippines. +The other important contributions to Marx's revision of Hegelianism came from Engels's book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which led Marx to conceive of the historical dialectic in terms of class conflict and to see the modern working class as the most progressive force for revolution[78], as well as from the social democrat Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz, who in Die Bewegung der Produktion described the movement of society as "flowing from the contradiction between the forces of production and the mode of production."[7][223] -By 9:30 UTC on 11 March, [[Google Person Finder]], which was previously used in the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|Haitian]], [[2010 Chile earthquake|Chilean]], and [[2011 Christchurch earthquake|Christchurch, New Zealand]] earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.pcworld.in/news/google-person-finder-japan-earthquaketsunami-launched-46662011 |title=Google Person Finder for Japan Earthquake/Tsunami launched |last=Shinde |first=Jayesh |date=11 March 2011 |work=[[PC World]] |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aZEQnI?url=http://www.pcworld.in/news/google-person-finder-japan-earthquaketsunami-launched-46662011 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Person finder |edition=Japan |url=http://japan.person-finder.appspot.com/?lang=en |publisher=Appspot |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7H1r1tA?url=http://japan.person-finder.appspot.com/?lang=en |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> +Marx believed that he could study history and society scientifically and discern tendencies of history and the resulting outcome of social conflicts. Some followers of Marx therefore concluded that a communist revolution would inevitably occur. However, Marx famously asserted in the eleventh of his "Theses on Feuerbach" that "philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point however is to change it" and he clearly dedicated himself to trying to alter the world.[19][212] -[[Japanese funeral]]s are normally elaborate Buddhist ceremonies that entail cremation. The thousands of bodies, however, exceeded the capacity of available [[crematorium]]s and [[morgue]]s, many of them damaged,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html?pagewanted=all |title=As Tsunami Robbed Life, It Also Robs Rite of Death |last=Wines |first=Michael |date=23 March 2011 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=11 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xrN1uEXO?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html |archivedate=11 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="nishikawa20110323">{{cite news |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72M1JF20110323?sp=true |title=Quake-ravaged Japan digs mass graves |accessdate=27 March 2011 |author=Nishikawa, Yoko |date=23 March 2011 |agency=Reuters |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aZoQnL?url=http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72M1JF20110323?sp=true |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and there were shortages of both kerosene—each cremation requires 50&nbsp;litres—and [[dry ice]] for preservation.<ref name="allen20110324">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8398419/Japan-earthquake-country-begins-burying-dead-in-mass-graves.html |title=Japan earthquake: country begins burying dead in mass graves |accessdate=27 March 2011 |author=Allen, Nick |date=24 March 2011 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aa3auN?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8398419/Japan-earthquake-country-begins-burying-dead-in-mass-graves.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The single crematorium in [[Higashimatsushima, Miyagi|Higashimatsushima]], for example, could only handle four bodies a day, although hundreds were found there.<ref name="wines20110324">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html?src=me&pagewanted=all|title=As Tsunami Robbed Life, It Also Robs Rite of Death|accessdate=27 March 2011|author=Wines, Michael|date=24 March 2011|work=The New York Times|pages=A12| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060434/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html?src=me&pagewanted=all| archivedate=25 April 2012| deadurl= no}}</ref> Governments and the military were forced to bury many bodies in hastily dug [[mass grave]]s with rudimentary or no rites, although relatives of the deceased were promised that they would be cremated later.<ref name="ap20110327">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/03/27/world/asia/AP-AS-Japan-Earthquake-Burials.html?hp|title=Burials in Quake-Hit Towns Deepen Japan's Tragedy|accessdate=27 March 2011|agency=Associated Press|work=The New York Times|date=27 March 2011}}</ref> +Philosophy and social thought +Marx's polemic with other thinkers often occurred through critique and thus he has been called "the first great user of critical method in social sciences".[216][217] He criticised speculative philosophy, equating metaphysics with ideology.[224] By adopting this approach, Marx attempted to separate key findings from ideological biases.[217] This set him apart from many contemporary philosophers.[19] -Noted individual fatalities within Japan included 103-year-old [[Takashi Shimokawara]], holder of the world athletics records in the men's shot put, discus throw and javelin throw for the over-100s age category. He was killed by the earthquake and tsunami at [[Kamaishi, Iwate]].<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/aboutiaaf/news/newsid=59653.html "Takashi Shimokawara, 104, a victim of Japanese tsunami"], [[International Association of Athletics Federations]], 30 March 2011</ref> +Human nature +Further information: Marx's theory of human nature -As of 27 May 2011, three [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]] members had died while conducting relief operations in Tōhoku.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "GSDF member dies during relief", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 28 May 2011, p. 2.</ref> As of March 2012, the Japanese government had recognized 1,331 deaths as indirectly related to the earthquake, such as caused by harsh living conditions after the disaster.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120304a3.html Illness, suicides drive up disaster-linked toll]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 4 March 2012, p. 2.</ref> As of 30 April 2012, 18 people had died and 420 had been injured while participating in disaster recovery or clean-up efforts.<ref>[[Jiji Press]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120606a2.html Disaster reconstruction work has claimed 18 lives so far]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 6 June 2012, p. 1</ref> -===Overseas=== -The tsunami is reported to have caused several deaths outside Japan. One man was killed in [[Jayapura]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]], Indonesia after being swept out to sea.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/japan-tsunami-strikes-indonesia-one-confirmed-dead/428545 |title=Japan Tsunami Strikes Indonesia, One Confirmed Dead |date=12 March 2011 |work=Jakarta Globe |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x8fAm8XA?url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/japan-tsunami-strikes-indonesia-one-confirmed-dead/428545 |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> A man who is said to have been attempting to photograph the oncoming tsunami at the mouth of the [[Klamath River]], south of [[Crescent City, California]], was swept out to sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/rss/kswb-california-tsunami-death-norcal-man-drowns-trying-to-photograph-tsunami-20110311,0,7429447.story?track=rss |title=California tsunami death: NorCal man drowns trying to photograph tsunami – KSWB |publisher=Fox5sandiego.com |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2abuKBA?url=http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/rss/kswb-california-tsunami-death-norcal-man-drowns-trying-to-photograph-tsunami-20110311,0,7429447.story?track=rss |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}<br/>{{cite news|last=Associated Press |title=Man swept out to sea by tsunami was Bend native |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=27 March 2011 |date=13 March 2011 |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/03/oregon_coast_tsunami_dustin_weber.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xD7NuM1U?url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/03/oregon_coast_tsunami_dustin_weber.html |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}<br/>{{cite news|title=Klamath tsunami victim identified; search comes up empty |work=The Times-Standard |location=Eureka, CA |accessdate=27 March 2011 |date=13 March 2011 |url=http://www.times-standard.com/ci_17605586?source=most_viewed |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2acvxkv?url=http://www.times-standard.com/ci_17605586?source=most_viewed |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> His body was found on 2 April along Ocean Beach in [[Fort Stevens State Park]], Oregon, {{convert|330|mi|km}} to the north.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wireupdate.com/wires/16604/body-found-in-oregon-identified-as-missing-tsunami-victim/ |title=Body found in Oregon identified as missing tsunami victim |publisher=[[BNO News]] |accessdate=12 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414005117/http://wireupdate.com/wires/16604/body-found-in-oregon-identified-as-missing-tsunami-victim/ |archivedate=14 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}<br/>[http://www.koinlocal6.com/news/local/story/Tsunami-victim-remains-wash-ashore-near-Fort/S2ii-Y--j0WNKCAEV0tzcA.cspx Tsunami victim remains wash ashore near Fort Stevens]. Koinlocal6.com (12 March 2011). Retrieved on 2 May 2011.<br/>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=12 April 2011 |title=Body of Calif. man killed by tsunami washes up |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/body-of-calif-man-killed-by-tsunami-washes-up/ |work=CBS News |location= |access-date=3 July 2018 }}</ref> +The philosophers G. W. F. Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach, whose ideas on dialectics heavily influenced Marx +Like Tocqueville, who described a faceless and bureaucratic despotism with no identifiable despot,[225] Marx also broke with classical thinkers who spoke of a single tyrant and with Montesquieu, who discussed the nature of the single despot. Instead, Marx set out to analyse "the despotism of capital".[226] Fundamentally, Marx assumed that human history involves transforming human nature, which encompasses both human beings and material objects.[227] Humans recognise that they possess both actual and potential selves.[228][229] For both Marx and Hegel, self-development begins with an experience of internal alienation stemming from this recognition, followed by a realisation that the actual self, as a subjective agent, renders its potential counterpart an object to be apprehended.[229] Marx further argues that by moulding nature[230] in desired ways[231] the subject takes the object as its own and thus permits the individual to be actualised as fully human. For Marx, the human nature—Gattungswesen, or species-being—exists as a function of human labour.[228][229][231] Fundamental to Marx's idea of meaningful labour is the proposition that in order for a subject to come to terms with its alienated object it must first exert influence upon literal, material objects in the subject's world.[232] Marx acknowledges that Hegel "grasps the nature of work and comprehends objective man, authentic because actual, as the result of his own work",[233] but characterises Hegelian self-development as unduly "spiritual" and abstract.[234] Marx thus departs from Hegel by insisting that "the fact that man is a corporeal, actual, sentient, objective being with natural capacities means that he has actual, sensuous objects for his nature as objects of his life-expression, or that he can only express his life in actual sensuous objects".[232] Consequently, Marx revises Hegelian "work" into material "labour" and in the context of human capacity to transform nature the term "labour power".[93] -==Damage and effects== -[[File:Distant view of Rikuzentakata.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the Hirota Peninsula in Rikuzentakata swept away]] -[[File:US Navy 110318-M-HU778-007 An aerial view of Ishinomaki, Japan, a week after a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami devastated the area.jpg|thumb|Aerial photo of Minato, devastated by both the earthquake and subsequent tsunami]] +Labour, class struggle and false consciousness +Further information: Labour theory of value +The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. -The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. Video footage of the towns that were worst affected shows little more than piles of rubble, with almost no parts of any structures left standing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12727879 |title=film shown by BBC showing only rubble where there were buildings |publisher=BBC News |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xAQ38xIo?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12727879 |archivedate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Estimates of the cost of the damage range well into the tens of billions of [[US dollars]]; before-and-after [[satellite]] photographs of devastated regions show immense damage to many regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://picasaweb.google.com/118079222830783600944/Japan# |title=Before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions |accessdate=14 March 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110313104733/https://picasaweb.google.com/118079222830783600944/Japan| archivedate= 13 March 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12731781 |title=animated images showing undamaged places become damaged |publisher=BBC |date=14 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xBrp84HO?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12731781 |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which line at least 40% of its 34,751&nbsp;km (21,593&nbsp;mi) coastline and stand up to 12&nbsp;m (39&nbsp;ft) high, the tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls, collapsing some in the process.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seawalls.html|title=Seawalls Offered Little Protection Against Tsunami's Crushing Waves|last=Onishi|first=Norimitsu|work=The New York Times |date=13 March 2011|accessdate=15 March 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110314181214/http://www.nytimes.com//2011//03//14//world//asia//14seawalls.html| archivedate= 14 March 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> +— Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto[235] -[[File:Effect of 2011 Sendai earthquake in Tokyo (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|A fire which broke out in [[Tokyo]] after the earthquake]] +A monument dedicated to Marx and Engels in Shanghai, China +Marx had a special concern with how people relate to their own labour power.[236] He wrote extensively about this in terms of the problem of alienation.[237] As with the dialectic, Marx began with a Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a more materialist conception.[236] Capitalism mediates social relationships of production (such as among workers or between workers and capitalists) through commodities, including labour, that are bought and sold on the market.[236] For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's own labour—one's capacity to transform the world—is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss.[236] Marx described this loss as commodity fetishism, in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt.[238] -Japan's [[National Police Agency (Japan)|National Police Agency]] said on 3 April 2011, that 45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami. The damaged buildings included 29,500 structures in Miyagi Prefecture, 12,500 in Iwate Prefecture and 2,400 in Fukushima Prefecture.<ref>''[[NHK]]'', "190,000 buildings damaged by 11 March quake", 3 April 2011.</ref> Three hundred hospitals with 20 beds or more in Tōhoku were damaged by the disaster, with 11 being completely destroyed.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110609a1.html Fishermen to Tepco: Don't release water]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 9 June 2011, p. 1.</ref> The earthquake and tsunami created an estimated 24–25&nbsp;million tons of rubble and debris in Japan.<ref>[[Agence France-Presse]]/[[Jiji Press]], "Radiation, legalities complicate cleanup efforts", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 9 April 2011, p. 2.</ref><ref>Kamiya, Setsuko, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110630f1.html Debris removal, recycling daunting, piecemeal labor]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 30 June 2011, p. 3.</ref> +Commodity fetishism provides an example of what Engels called "false consciousness",[239] which relates closely to the understanding of ideology. By "ideology", Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a particular class at a particular time in history, but which contemporaries see as universal and eternal.[240] Marx and Engels's point was not only that such beliefs are at best half-truths, as they serve an important political function. Put another way, the control that one class exercises over the means of production includes not only the production of food or manufactured goods, but also the production of ideas (this provides one possible explanation for why members of a subordinate class may hold ideas contrary to their own interests).[93][241] An example of this sort of analysis is Marx's understanding of religion, summed up in a passage from the preface[242] to his 1843 Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: -An estimated 230,000 automobiles and trucks were damaged or destroyed in the disaster. As of the end of May 2011, residents of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures had requested deregistration of 15,000 vehicles, meaning that the owners of those vehicles were writing them off as unrepairable or unsalvageable.<ref>Kyodo News, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110616a4.html Applications to deregister cars lost in tsunami soar], ''[[Japan Times]]'', 16 June 2011, p. 1.</ref> +Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions.[243] -===Ports=== -[[File:Ship on the port CROP.jpg|thumb|Ship and crane damage at Sendai port]] +Whereas his Gymnasium senior thesis at the Gymnasium zu Trier [de] argued that religion had as its primary social aim the promotion of solidarity, here Marx sees the social function of religion in terms of highlighting/preserving political and economic status quo and inequality.[244] -All of Japan's ports were briefly shut down after the earthquake, though the ones in Tokyo and southwards soon re-opened. Fifteen ports were located in the disaster zone. The north eastern ports of Hachinohe, Sendai, Ishinomaki and Onahama were destroyed, while the [[Port of Chiba]] (which serves the hydrocarbon industry) and Japan's ninth-largest container port at [[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]] were also affected, though less severely. The ports at Hitachinaka, Hitachi, Soma, Shiogama, Kesennuma, Ofunato, Kamashi and Miyako were also damaged and closed to ships.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Status of Japanese ports 5 days after devastating quake and tsunami |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309623/status-japanese-ports-5-days-after-devastating-quake-and-tsunami |agency=Reuters |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aqWCrE?url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309623/status-japanese-ports-5-days-after-devastating-quake-and-tsunami |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> All 15 ports reopened to limited ship traffic by 29 March 2011.<ref name="autogenerated1">''[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]]'', "90 percent of major transport networks back in operation", 29 March 2011.</ref> A total of 319 fishing ports, about 10% of Japan's fishing ports, were damaged in the disaster.<ref>Fukada, Takahiro, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110921f1.html Iwate fisheries continue struggle to recover]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 21 September 2011, p. 3.</ref> Most were restored to operating condition by 18 April 2012.<ref>[[Jiji Press]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120526a7.html Most disaster-hit fish ports back up]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 26 May 2012, p. 2</ref> +Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour,[245] saying that British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children’s blood too", and that U.S. capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children".[246][247] -The [[Port of Tokyo]] suffered slight damage; the effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the port with parts of the port areas being flooded, including [[soil liquefaction]] in [[Tokyo Disneyland]]'s parking lot.<ref name="CNA0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1115810/1/.html|title=Tokyo Disneyland hit by liquefaction after quake|date=11 March 2011|publisher=[[MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia]]|accessdate=11 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="CNA1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1115777/1/.html|title=Japan issues top tsunami warning after major quake|date=11 March 2011|publisher=MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia|accessdate=11 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> +Economy, history and society +Further information: Marxian economics -===Dams and water problems=== -[[File:Fujinuma Dam failure.JPG|thumb|Dam failure at Fujinuma]] +Mural by Diego Rivera showing Karl Marx. In the National Palace in Mexico City. +Marx's thoughts on labour were related to the primacy he gave to the economic relation in determining the society's past, present and future (see also economic determinism).[216][219][248] Accumulation of capital shapes the social system.[219] For Marx, social change was about conflict between opposing interests, driven in the background by economic forces.[216] This became the inspiration for the body of works known as the conflict theory.[248] In his evolutionary model of history, he argued that human history began with free, productive and creative work that was over time coerced and dehumanised, a trend most apparent under capitalism.[216] Marx noted that this was not an intentional process, rather no individual or even state can go against the forces of economy.[219] -{{Update|section|date=March 2013}}The [[Fujinuma Dam|Fujinuma irrigation dam]] in [[Sukagawa]] ruptured,<ref name="The Gulf Today">{{Cite news|url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/067b285e-6644-4460-b882-f3e809f3b3e7.aspx |title=Japan's Afternoon of Horror |date=12 March 2011 |work=[[The Gulf Today]] |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xA4lpQXu?url=http://gulftoday.ae.nyud.net/portal/067b285e-6644-4460-b882-f3e809f3b3e7.aspx |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> causing flooding and washing away five homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dam Breaks In Northeast Japan, Washes Away Homes |url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/166581/reftab/149/t/Dam-breaks-in-northeast-Japan-washes-away-homes/Default.aspx |publisher=''Arab Times Online'' |accessdate=13 March 2012 |date=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2as1TVM?url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/166581/reftab/149/t/Dam-breaks-in-northeast-Japan-washes-away-homes/Default.aspx |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Eight people were missing and four bodies were discovered by the morning.<ref>{{cite web|last=Azuma |first=Kita |title=Pacific Ocean coast Earthquake |url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110312/dst11031205010058-n1.htm |publisher=MSN |accessdate=14 March 2011 |language=Japanese |date=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2asdQuY?url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110312/dst11031205010058-n1.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:ダム決壊　５棟流出　福島・須賀川 |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com.nyud.net/search?q=cache%3AUHJQVlLqrmAJ%3Ajyoho.kahoku.co.jp%2Fmember%2Fbacknum%2Fnews%2F2011%2F03%2F20110313t63033.htm |publisher=Fukushima News |accessdate=14 March 2011 |language=Japanese |date=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xVc4ZWPh?url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com.nyud.net/search?q=cache%3AUHJQVlLqrmAJ%3Ajyoho.kahoku.co.jp%2Fmember%2Fbacknum%2Fnews%2F2011%2F03%2F20110313t63033.htm |archivedate=28 March 2011 |deadurl= yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/76945.html |title=Death toll from powerful Japan quake likely to top 1,000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602012213/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/76945.html |archivedate= June 2, 2011 |deadurl=yes |accessdate= May 6, 2018}}</ref> Reportedly, some locals had attempted to repair leaks in the dam before it completely [[Dam failure|failed]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:ダム決壊 8人が行方不明 須賀川・藤沼ルポ |url=http://www.kahoku.co.jp/news/2011/03/20110312t63012.htm |publisher=Fukushima News |language=Japanese |accessdate=14 March 2011 |date=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xVcpnmX5?url=http://yamba-net.org/modules/news/index.php?page=article&storyid=1191 |archivedate=28 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> On 12 March 252 dams were inspected and it was discovered that six [[embankment dam]]s had shallow cracks on their crests. The reservoir at one concrete [[gravity dam]] suffered a small non-serious [[Slope stability|slope failure]]. All damaged dams are functioning with no problems. Four dams within the quake area were unreachable. When the roads clear, experts will be dispatched to conduct further investigations.<ref>{{cite web|title=A quick report on Japanese Dams after the Earthquake |url=http://www.chincold.org.cn/dams/NewsEvents/webinfo/2011/03/1299639147955756.htm |publisher=Chinese National Committee on Large Dams |accessdate=15 March 2011 |date=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2au93PH?url=http://www.chincold.org.cn/dams/NewsEvents/webinfo/2011/03/1299639147955756.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> +The organisation of society depends on means of production. The means of production are all things required to produce material goods, such as land, natural resources and technology but not human labor. The relations of production are the social relationships people enter into as they acquire and use the means of production.[248] Together, these compose the mode of production and Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of modes of production. Marx differentiated between base and superstructure, where the base (or substructure) is the economic system and superstructure is the cultural and political system.[248] Marx regarded this mismatch between economic base and social superstructure as a major source of social disruption and conflict.[248] -In the immediate aftermath of the calamity, at least 1.5&nbsp;million households were reported to have lost access to water supplies.<ref name="waterfoodheat" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://nz.news.yahoo.com/a/-/newshome/9010969/quake-hit-japan-battles-to-avert-radiation-leak/ |title=Quake-hit Japan battles to avert radiation leak |last=Uranaka |first=Taiga |author2=Kwon, Ki Joon |date=14 March 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xCDDo9CW?url=http://nz.news.yahoo.com/a/-/newshome/9010969/quake-hit-japan-battles-to-avert-radiation-leak/ |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> By 21 March 2011, this number fell to 1.04&nbsp;million.<ref name="Reuters figures"/> +Despite Marx's stress on critique of capitalism and discussion of the new communist society that should replace it, his explicit critique is guarded, as he saw it as an improved society compared to the past ones (slavery and feudalism).[93] Marx never clearly discusses issues of morality and justice, but scholars agree that his work contained implicit discussion of those concepts.[93] -===Electricity=== -[[File:Power Grid of Japan.svg|thumb|Geographic divide between 50 hertz systems and 60 hertz systems in Japan's electricity distribution network]] -According to the Japanese trade ministry, around 4.4&nbsp;million households served by [[Tōhoku Electric Power]] (TEP) in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.<ref>Inajima, Tsuyoshi; Okada, Yuji (11 March 2011) [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-11/cosmo-oil-refinery-set-on-fire-nuclear-power-reactors-shut-by-earthquake.html "Japanese Quake Forces Evacuation Near Nuclear Reactor; Oil Refinery Burns"], ''Bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</ref> Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake, reducing TEPCO's total capacity by 21 GW.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110330a4.html Utilities' monopoly on power backfires]", ''Japan Times'', 30 March 2011, p. 2. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xYWkB4x0?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110330a4.html |date=29 March 2011 }}</ref> [[Rolling blackout]]s began on 14 March due to power shortages caused by the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110313D13JFF08.htm |date=14 March 2011 |title=Power Outage To Deal Further Blows To Industrial Output |publisher=Nikkei.com |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2avomCu?url=http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110313D13JFF08.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[Tokyo Electric Power Company]] (TEPCO), which normally provides approximately 40 [[Gigawatt|GW]] of electricity, announced that it could only provide about 30 GW. This was because 40% of the electricity used in the greater Tokyo area was supplied by reactors in the [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]] and [[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]] prefectures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/index-j.html |title=東京電力ホームページ – エネルギーの最適サービスを通じてゆたかで快適な環境の実現に貢献します – |publisher=Tokyo Electric Power Company |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x7Zam5R8?url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/index-j.html |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The reactors at the [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant|Fukushima Daiichi]] and [[Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant|Fukushima Dai-ni]] plants were automatically taken offline when the first earthquake occurred and sustained major damage related to the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Rolling blackouts of approximately three hours were experienced throughout April and May while TEPCO scrambled to find a temporary power solution. The blackouts affected Tokyo, [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], Eastern [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]], [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]], [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]], and [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]] prefectures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkansports.com/general/news/f-gn-tp0-20110313-748042.html |title=News |publisher=Nikkan Sports |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xA8payah?url=http://www.nikkansports.com/general/news/f-gn-tp0-20110313-748042.html |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Voluntary reduced electricity use by consumers in the Kanto area helped reduce the predicted frequency and duration of the blackouts.<ref>Joe, Melinda, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fs20110317a3.html Kanto area works on energy conservation]", ''Japan Times'', 17 March 2011, p. 11. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2awhmjE?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fs20110317a3.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> By 21 March 2011, the number of households in the north without electricity fell to 242,927.<ref name="Reuters figures">{{cite news |last=Nomiyama |first=Chiz |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/21/us-japan-quake-numbers-idUSTRE72K0YJ20110321 |title=Factbox: Japan disaster in figures |date=21 March 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=21 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xLOSexvL?url=http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USTRE72K0YJ20110321 |archivedate=21 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> -[[File:Devastation in Minamisōma after tsunami.jpg|thumb|left|Damage to electricity transmission lines]] +Memorial to Karl Marx in Moscow, whose inscription reads: "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" +Marx's view of capitalism was two-sided.[93][163] On one hand, in the 19th century's deepest critique of the dehumanising aspects of this system he noted that defining features of capitalism include alienation, exploitation and recurring, cyclical depressions leading to mass unemployment. On the other hand, he characterized capitalism as "revolutionising, industrialising and universalising qualities of development, growth and progressivity" (by which Marx meant industrialisation, urbanisation, technological progress, increased productivity and growth, rationality and scientific revolution) that are responsible for progress.[93][163][216] Marx considered the capitalist class to be one of the most revolutionary in history because it constantly improved the means of production, more so than any other class in history and was responsible for the overthrow of feudalism.[219][249] Capitalism can stimulate considerable growth because the capitalist has an incentive to reinvest profits in new technologies and capital equipment.[236] -Tōhoku Electric Power was not able to provide the Kanto region with additional power, because TEP's power plants were also damaged in the earthquake. [[Kansai Electric Power Company]] (Kepco) cannot share electricity, because its system operates at 60 hertz, whereas TEPCO and TEP operate their systems at 50 hertz; this is due to early industrial and infrastructure development in the 1880s that left Japan without a unified national [[power grid]].<ref>[http://www.itworld.com/business/140626/legacy-1800s-leaves-tokyo-facing-blackouts A legacy from the 1800s leaves Tokyo facing blackouts], ITworld, 18 March 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2ayU8pa?url=http://www.itworld.com/business/140626/legacy-1800s-leaves-tokyo-facing-blackouts |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> Two substations, one in Shizuoka Prefecture and one in Nagano Prefecture, were able to convert between frequencies and transfer electricity from Kansai to Kanto and Tōhoku, but their capacity to do so is limited to 1 GW. With the damage to so many power plants, it may be years before a long-term solution can be found.<ref>Hongo, Jun, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110316a6.html One certainty in the crisis: Power will be at a premium]", ''Japan Times'', 16 March 2011, p. 2. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2azM8h6?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110316a6.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +According to Marx, capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce. Marx observed that in practically every successful industry, input unit-costs are lower than output unit-prices. Marx called the difference "surplus value" and argued that it was based on surplus labour, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive and what they can produce.[93] Although Marx describes capitalists as vampires sucking worker's blood,[216] he notes that drawing profit is "by no means an injustice"[93] and that capitalists cannot go against the system.[219] The problem is the "cancerous cell" of capital, understood not as property or equipment, but the relations between workers and owners—the economic system in general.[219] -In an effort to help alleviate the shortage, three steel manufacturers in the Kanto region contributed electricity produced by their in-house conventional power stations to TEPCO for distribution to the general public. [[Sumitomo Metal Industries]] could produce up to 500 MW, [[JFE Holdings|JFE Steel]] 400 MW, and [[Nippon Steel]] 500 MW of electric power<ref>''NHK'', "Steel makers provide TEPCO with electricity", 27 March 2011.</ref> Auto and auto parts makers in Kanto and Tōhoku agreed in May 2011 to operate their factories on Saturdays and Sundays and close on Thursdays and Fridays to assist in alleviating the electricity shortage during the summer of 2011.<ref>Nakata, Hiroko, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20110520a1.html Auto industry agrees to adopt weekend work shifts]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 20 May 2011, p. 1.</ref> Additionally, the public and other companies were also encouraged to conserve electricity in the 2011 summer months ([[Setsuden]]).<ref>Rubin, Jeffrey [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeffrey-rubin/setsuden-japan-nuclear-free_b_916123.html "Setsuden Poised to Replace Nuclear Power in Japan "]"[[The Huffington Post]]", 4 August 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011</ref> +At the same time, Marx stressed that capitalism was unstable and prone to periodic crises.[107] He suggested that over time capitalists would invest more and more in new technologies and less and less in labour.[93] Since Marx believed that profit derived from surplus value appropriated from labour, he concluded that the rate of profit would fall as the economy grows.[184] Marx believed that increasingly severe crises would punctuate this cycle of growth and collapse.[184] Moreover, he believed that in the long-term, this process would enrich and empower the capitalist class and impoverish the proletariat.[184][219] In section one of The Communist Manifesto, Marx describes feudalism, capitalism and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: -The expected electricity crisis in 2011 summer have been successfully prevented thanks to all the ''setsuden'' measures, peak electricity consumption recorded by TEPCO during the period was 49.22GW, which is 10.77GW (18%) lower than the peak consumption in the previous year. The overall electricity consumption during the entire July and August was also 14% less than the previous year.<ref>[http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/index-j.html 節電について], - [http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/pdf/index01-j.pdf 今夏の電力需給状況について] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027042708/http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/pdf/index01-j.pdf |date=27 October 2011 }}, [http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/pdf/index02-j.pdf 最大電力の動向] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027050021/http://www.tepco.co.jp/setsuden/pdf/index02-j.pdf |date=27 October 2011 }} TEPCO, Access Date: October 9, 2011</ref> The peak electricity consumption within TEP's area was 12.46GW during the 2011 summer, 3.11GW (20%) less than the peak consumption in the previous year, and the overall consumption have been reduced by 11% in July with 17% in August compared to previous year.<ref>[http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/news/supply/1183476_1068.html 7月分の電力需給実績について] TEP, August 26, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/news/supply/1183523_1068.html 8月分の電力需給実績について] TEP, September 28, 2011</ref><ref name="TohokuSepMonthlyPress">[http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/news/press/1183530_1067.html 9月定例社長記者会見概要] TEP, September 10, 2011</ref> Japanese government continue to ask the public to conserve electricity for several years until year 2016, when it predicted that the supply will be sufficient to meet demand, thanks to the deepening of the mindset to conserve electricity among corporate and general public, addition of new electricity providers due to the [[energy liberalization|electricity liberalization]] policy, increased output from renewable energy as well as fossil fuel power stations, as well as sharing of electricity between different electricity companies.<ref>[http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASFS13H0X_T10C16A5EAF000/ 政府、今夏は節電要請せず　東日本大震災後初] Nikkei, May 13, 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDZ28H0I_Y6A620C1000000/ 「節電なし」初の夏が来る　窮地を救う省・再・新] Nikkei, June 28, 2016</ref><ref>[https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170422/k00/00m/020/066000c/ 今夏の節電要請見送り　安定的な供給可能] Mainichi Shimbun, May 21, 2017</ref> +We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged ... the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes ... The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property.[17] -===Oil, gas and coal=== -[[File:Cosmo Oil explosion 2 20110311CROP.jpg|thumb|upright|Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in [[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]]]] -A {{convert|220000|oilbbl|m3|adj=on}}-per-day<ref name="Fernandez" /> [[oil refinery]] of [[Cosmo Oil Company]] was set on fire by the quake at [[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]], [[Chiba Prefecture]], to the east of Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pennenergy.com/index/petroleum/display.0223973745.articles.oil-gas-journal.general-interest-2.20100.march-2011.after-8_9_quake__explosion.html |author=Watkins, Eric |date=11 March 2011|title=After 8.9 quake, explosion hits pchem complex in Japan |website=Oil & Gas Journal |publisher=PennEnergy.com |accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8375497/Japan-earthquake-causes-oil-refinery-inferno.html Japan earthquake causes oil refinery inferno] Daily Telegraph, London, 11 March 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b03qod?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8375497/Japan-earthquake-causes-oil-refinery-inferno.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> It was extinguished after ten days, injuring six people, and destroying storage tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmo-oil.co.jp/eng/information/110321/index.html |title=LPG Tanks Fire Extinguished at Chiba Refinery (5th Update) &#124; COSMO OIL Co., Ltd |publisher=Cosmo-oil.co.jp |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014808/http://www.cosmo-oil.co.jp/eng/information/110321/index.html| archivedate= 28 July 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Others halted production due to safety checks and power loss.<ref>[http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=743808&print=yes Fires, safety checks take out Japanese refineries] ''Argus Media'', 14 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b0aaXB?url=http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu%3Dyes%26id%3D743808%26print%3Dyes |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=743987&print=yes Japanese refiners try to offset shortages] ''Argus Media'', 15 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b0iREU?url=http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu%3Dyes%26id%3D743987%26print%3Dyes |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> -In Sendai, a {{convert|145000|oilbbl|m3|adj=on}}-per-day refinery owned by the largest refiner in Japan, [[Nippon Oil|JX Nippon Oil & Energy]], was also set ablaze by the quake.<ref name="Fernandez">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/14/us-japan-commodities-idUSTRE72D1X320110314 |title=Japan's shipping, energy sectors begin march back from quake |last=Fernandez |first=Clarence |date=14 March 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xAvhzbD4?url=http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USTRE72D1X320110314 |archivedate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Workers were evacuated,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312 |title=JX refinery fire seen originated from shipping facility |last=Tsukimori |first=Osamu |author2=Negishi, Mayumi |date=11 March 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xAvN97ku?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/refinery-operations-jx-fire-idUSTKG00706520110312 |archivedate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so.<ref name="Fernandez" /> +Outside a factory in Oldham. Marx believed that industrial workers (the proletariat) would rise up around the world. +Marx believed that those structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism, or a post-capitalistic, communist society: -An analyst estimates that consumption of various types of oil may increase by as much as {{convert|300000|oilbbl|m3}} per day (as well as LNG), as back-up power plants burning [[fossil fuel]]s try to compensate for the loss of 11 GW of Japan's nuclear power capacity.<ref>[http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=744156&print=yes Analysis – Oil markets adjust to Japan's disaster] ''Argus Media'', 16 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b0piZR?url=http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu%3Dyes%26id%3D744156%26print%3Dyes |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu=yes&id=744031&print=yes Japan quake begins to impact LNG trade] ''Argus Media'', 15 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b0y0Z5?url=http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?menu%3Dyes%26id%3D744031%26print%3Dyes |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.[17] -The city-owned plant for importing [[liquefied natural gas]] in Sendai was severely damaged, and supplies were halted for at least a month.<ref>[http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?id=744173&menu=yes Tsunami Disaster: "Japan's Sendai says LNG Infrastructure Badly Damaged"] ''Argus Media'', 16 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b15FJ5?url=http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?id%3D744173%26menu%3Dyes |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +Thanks to various processes overseen by capitalism, such as urbanisation, the working class, the proletariat, should grow in numbers and develop class consciousness, in time realising that they can and must change the system.[216][219] Marx believed that if the proletariat were to seize the means of production, they would encourage social relations that would benefit everyone equally, abolishing exploiting class and introduce a system of production less vulnerable to cyclical crises.[216] Marx argued in The German Ideology that capitalism will end through the organised actions of an international working class: -In addition to refining and storage, several power plants were damaged. These include Sendai #4, New-Sendai #1 and #2, Haranomachi #1 and #2, Hirono #2 and #4 and Hitachinaka #1.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/jeb/1103.pdf |journal=Japan Energy Brief |title=Eastern Japan paralyzed by unprecedented earthquake |issue=12 |date=March 2011 |editor1-first=Kensuke |editor1-last=Kanekiyo |editor2-first=Akira |editor2-last=Ishimura |accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> +Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence.[250] -===Nuclear power plants=== -{{Further|Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster}} +In this new society, the alienation would end and humans would be free to act without being bound by the labour market.[184] It would be a democratic society, enfranchising the entire population.[219] In such a utopian world, there would also be little need for a state, whose goal was previously to enforce the alienation.[184] Marx theorised that between capitalism and the establishment of a socialist/communist system, would exist a period of dictatorship of the proletariat—where the working class holds political power and forcibly socialises the means of production.[219] As he wrote in his Critique of the Gotha Program, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat".[251] While he allowed for the possibility of peaceful transition in some countries with strong democratic institutional structures (such as Britain, the United States and the Netherlands), he suggested that in other countries in which workers cannot "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force".[252] -The [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant|Fukushima Daiichi]], [[Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant|Fukushima Daini]], [[Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant]] and [[Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant|Tōkai nuclear power stations]], consisting of a total eleven reactors, were [[Scram|automatically shut down]] following the earthquake.<ref name="11plants">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/japan-earthquake-evacuations-ordered-as-fears-grow-of-radiation-leak-at-nuclear-plant/story-e6frfkyi-1226020473244 |title=Japan earthquake: Evacuations ordered as fears grow of radiation leak at nuclear plant; News.com.au |accessdate=13 March 2011 |date=12 March 2011 |agency=AFP |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2adXZqV?url=http://www.news.com.au/world/japan-earthquake-evacuations-ordered-as-fears-grow-of-radiation-leak-at-nuclear-plant/story-e6frfkyi-1226020473244 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant|Higashidōri]], also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. Cooling is needed to remove [[decay heat]] after a [[Generation II reactor]] has been shut down, and to maintain spent fuel pools. The backup cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators at the plants and at [[Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant|Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant]].<ref name="nei-20110311">{{Cite news|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=132&storyCode=2059127 |title=Japan initiates emergency protocol after earthquake |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2ae6b0U?url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=132&storyCode=2059127 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> At Fukushima Daiichi and Daini, tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to severe problems at Fukushima Daiichi, including three large explosions and radioactive leakage. Subsequent analysis found that many Japanese nuclear plants, including Fukushima Daiichi, were not adequately protected against tsunamis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Fukushima Disaster and Japan's Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective|journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=6082–6088|doi=10.1021/es4004813 |pmid = 23679069|year=2013 |last1=Lipscy |first1=Phillip Y |last2=Kushida |first2=Kenji E |last3=Incerti |first3=Trevor |bibcode=2013EnST...47.6082L }}</ref> Over 200,000 people were evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/13/japan-nuclear-plants-fukushima-earthquake |title=Japan's nuclear fears intensify at two Fukushima power stations |work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=13 March 2011 |first=Ian |last=Sample |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xAN6EQZ8?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/13/japan-nuclear-plants-fukushima-earthquake |archivedate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |date=13 March 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> +International relations +Marx viewed Russia as the main counter-revolutionary threat to European revolutions.[253] During the Crimean War, Marx backed the Ottoman Empire and its allies Britain and France against Russia.[253] He was absolutely opposed to Pan-Slavism, viewing it as an instrument of Russian foreign policy.[253] Marx had considered the Slavic nations except Poles as 'counter-revolutionary'. Marx and Engels published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in February 1849: -7 April aftershock caused the loss of external power to Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant and Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant but backup generators were functional. [[Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant]] lost 3 of 4 external power lines and temporarily lost cooling function in its spent fuel pools for "20 to 80&nbsp;minutes". A spill of "up to 3.8&nbsp;litres" of radioactive water also occurred at Onagawa following the aftershock.<ref name="ibtimes1">[http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/132203/20110408/nuclear-plants-in-onagawa-higashidori-lose-power.htm Japan Earthquake: More Nuclear Plants Lose Power], ''International Business Times'', Jesse Emspak, 8 April 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aepag3?url=http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/132203/20110408/nuclear-plants-in-onagawa-higashidori-lose-power.htm |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +To the sentimental phrases about brotherhood which we are being offered here on behalf of the most counter-revolutionary nations of Europe, we reply that hatred of Russians was and still is the primary revolutionary passion among Germans; that since the revolution [of 1848] hatred of Czechs and Croats has been added, and that only by the most determined use of terror against these Slav peoples can we, jointly with the Poles and Magyars, safeguard the revolution. We know where the enemies of the revolution are concentrated, viz. in Russia and the Slav regions of Austria, and no fine phrases, no allusions to an undefined democratic future for these countries can deter us from treating our enemies as enemies. Then there will be a struggle, an “inexorable life-and-death struggle”, against those Slavs who betray the revolution; an annihilating fight and ruthless terror — not in the interests of Germany, but in the interests of the revolution!"[254] -A report by the [[IAEA]] in 2012 found that the [[Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant]], the closest nuclear plant to the epicenter of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami, had remained largely undamaged. The plant's 3 reactors automatically shut down without damage and all safety systems functioned as designed. The plant's {{convert|14|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} seawall successfully withstood the tsunami.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |work=Associated Press |title=Nuke plant near quake epicenter undamaged|date= 11 August 2012 |page= 8 |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/iaea-nuke-plant-near-fukushima-largely-undamaged}}</ref> +Marx and Engels sympathised with the Narodnik revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s. When the Russian revolutionaries assassinated Tsar Alexander II of Russia, Marx expressed the hope that the assassination foreshadowed ‘the formation of a Russian commune’.[255] Marx supported the Polish uprisings against tsarist Russia.[253] He said in a speech in London in 1867: -Europe's [[European Commissioner for Energy|Energy Commissioner]] [[Günther Oettinger]] addressed the European Parliament on 15 March, explaining that the nuclear disaster was an "apocalypse".<ref>Evans, Martin and Gordon Rayner. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8384809/Japan-nuclear-plant-disaster-warning-of-an-apocalypse-as-fallout-hits-danger-levels.html "Japan nuclear plant disaster: warning of an 'apocalypse’ as fallout hits danger levels,"] ''The Independent'' (UK). 16 March 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xFkDV78N?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8384809/Japan-nuclear-plant-disaster-warning-of-an-apocalypse-as-fallout-hits-danger-levels.html |date=17 March 2011 }}</ref> As the nuclear crisis entered a second month, experts recognized that Fukushima Daiichi is not the worst nuclear accident ever, but it is the most complicated. Nuclear experts stated that Fukushima will go down in history as the second-worst nuclear accident ever ... while not as bad as [[Chernobyl disaster]], worse than [[Three Mile Island accident]]. It could take months or years to learn how damaging the release of dangerous isotopes has been to human health and food supplies, and the surrounding countryside.<ref>[http://in.ibtimes.com/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm "Analysis: A month on, Japan nuclear crisis still scarring,"] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2agYEQZ?url=http://in.ibtimes.com/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm |date=18 April 2011 }} ''International Business Times'' (Australia). 9 April 2011, retrieved 12 April 2011; excerpt, According to [[James M. Acton|James Acton]], Associate of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Fukushima is not the worst nuclear accident ever but it is the most complicated and the most dramatic ... This was a crisis that played out in real time on TV. Chernobyl did not." {{cite web|url=http://in.ibtimes.com/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-04-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2agYEQZ?url=http://in.ibtimes.com/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |df= }}</ref> +In the first place the policy of Russia is changeless... Its methods, its tactics, its manoeuvres may change, but the polar star of its policy – world domination – is a fixed star. In our times only a civilised government ruling over barbarian masses can hatch out such a plan and execute it. ... There is but one alternative for Europe. Either Asiatic barbarism, under Muscovite direction, will burst around its head like an avalanche, or else it must re-establish Poland, thus putting twenty million heroes between itself and Asia and gaining a breathing spell for the accomplishment of its social regeneration.[256] -Later analysis indicated three reactors at [[Fukushima I]] (Units 1, 2, and 3) had suffered meltdowns and continued to leak coolant water,<ref name="autogenerated2"/> and by summer the Vice-minister for Economy, Trade and Industry, the head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, and the head of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, had lost their jobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/08/04/japan.nuclear.crisis/index.html?eref=ib_topstories |title=Japan to fire 3 top nuclear officials |publisher=CNN |date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref> -====Fukushima meltdowns==== -<!-- This section is an introduction to the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accidents]] article. --> +CPI(M) mural in Kerala, India +Marx supported the cause of Irish independence. In 1867, he wrote Engels: "I used to think the separation of Ireland from England impossible. I now think it inevitable. The English working class will never accomplish anything until it has got rid of Ireland. ... English reaction in England had its roots ... in the subjugation of Ireland."[257] -{{Main|Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster}} +Marx spent some time in French Algeria, which had been invaded and made a French colony in 1830, and had opportunity to observe life in colonial North Africa. He wrote about the colonial justice system, in which "a form of torture has been used (and this happens ‘regularly’) to extract confessions from the Arabs; naturally it is done (like the English in India) by the ‘police’; the judge is supposed to know nothing at all about it."[258] Marx was surprised by the arrogance of many European settlers in Algiers and wrote in a letter: "when a European colonist dwells among the ‘lesser breeds,’ either as a settler or even on business, he generally regards himself as even more inviolable than handsome William I [a Prussian king]. Still, when it comes to bare-faced arrogance and presumptuousness vis-à-vis the ‘lesser breeds,’ the British and Dutch outdo the French."[258] -[[File:VOA Herman - April 12 2011 Namie-11.jpg|thumb|Loose livestock roam the evacuation zone]] +According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Marx’s analysis of colonialism as a progressive force bringing modernization to a backward feudal society sounds like a transparent rationalization for foreign domination. His account of British domination, however, reflects the same ambivalence that he shows towards capitalism in Europe. In both cases, Marx recognizes the immense suffering brought about during the transition from feudal to bourgeois society while insisting that the transition is both necessary and ultimately progressive. He argues that the penetration of foreign commerce will cause a social revolution in India."[259] -Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant]], resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.<ref name="guardian2011-03-11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/japan-declares-nuclear-emergency-quake |title=Japan Declares 'Nuclear Emergency' after Quake |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 |first=Justin |last=McCurry |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x8Swgz2f?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-declares-nuclear-emergency-quake |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.anhourago.com.au/show.aspx?l=8083104|author=Sato, Shigemi|date=12 March 2011|title=High radiation in Japanese nuclear plant|agency=Agence France Press|work=Sydney Morning Herald ''(AFP)''|publisher=anhourago.com.au|accessdate=13 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063620/http://www.anhourago.com.au/show.aspx?l=8083104|archivedate=14 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="BBC3">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 |title=Japan Tsunami |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5w5dpTRTE?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 |archivedate=29 January 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Officials from the Japanese [[Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency]] reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radioactive Material May Have Leaked from Japanese Reactor |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.nuclear/index.html |accessdate=11 March 2011 |work=[[CNN International]] |date=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2ahm3X6?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.nuclear/index.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to 8 times normal levels.<ref>Hiroko Tabuchi, Matthew L. Wald. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14nuclear.html Partial Meltdowns Presumed at Crippled Reactors]. ''The New York Times'', 13 March 2011</ref> Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the [[Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant|Fukushima Daini]] nuclear power plant about {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} south.<ref>Chico Harlan: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/12/AR2011031201452.html?hpid%3Dtopnews Japan quake: With two natural disasters and a nuclear emergency, recovery begins]. ''The Washington Post'', 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. {{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/12/AR2011031201452.html?hpid=topnews |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-05-22 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2ai5PuF?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/12/AR2011031201452.html?hpid=topnews |archivedate=18 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This brought the total number of problematic reactors to six.<ref>Rik Myslewski. [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/13/japanese_nuclear_site_update/ Sixth Japanese nuclear reactor loses cooling]. ''The Register'', 13 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aiZLwy?url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/13/japanese_nuclear_site_update/ |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +Marx discussed British colonial rule in India in the New York Herald Tribune in June 1853: -It was reported that radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi, Gunma, Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Niigata, and radioactive caesium in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi and Gunma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103160286.html |title=asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：福島市内の水道水から放射性物質検出 国の基準は下回る – 東日本大震災 |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |date=3 January 2011 |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2ajF4Z7?url=http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103160286.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110319-OYT1T00743.htm |title=１都５県の水道水から放射性物質、国基準下回る : 科学 |website=Yomiuri Shimbun |location=Japan |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2akJkdQ?url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110319-OYT1T00743.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com.nyud.net/search?q=cache%3AI6wPxN4qqsEJ%3Ak.nhk.jp%2Fknews%2F20110319%2Fk10014787301000.html |title=水道水 制限値を全国で下回る |publisher=NHK News |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xVbO9cRA?url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com.nyud.net/search?q=cache%3AI6wPxN4qqsEJ%3Ak.nhk.jp%2Fknews%2F20110319%2Fk10014787301000.html |archivedate=28 March 2011 |deadurl=bot: unknown |df=dmy }}</ref> Radioactive caesium, iodine, and strontium<ref>[http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0412/TKY201104120522.html asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：福島の土壌から微量ストロンチウム 水溶性の放射性物質 – 社会] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2akiMFW?url=http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0412/TKY201104120522.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima. There may be a need to replace the contaminated soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103230215.html |title=asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：原発から４０キロの土壌、高濃度セシウム 半減期３０年 – 東日本大震災 |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |date=1 March 2011 |accessdate=26 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2albVby?url=http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103230215.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Many radioactive hotspots were found outside the evacuation zone, including Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201110060625.html |title=asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：東京・神奈川含む汚染マップ公表 一部で１万ベクレル超 – 東日本大震災 |publisher=Asahi.com |date=6 October 2011 |accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref> Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-27/food-contamination-set-to-rise-as-japan-fights-radiation-crisis-at-reactor.html |title=Food Contamination Set to Rise as Japan Fights Radiation Crisis at Reactor |author=Jae Hur |publisher=Bloomberg |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2amCwmH?url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-27/food-contamination-set-to-rise-as-japan-fights-radiation-crisis-at-reactor.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |date=27 March 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> On 5 April 2011, the government of the [[Ibaraki Prefecture]] banned the fishing of [[sand lance]] after discovering that this species was contaminated by radioactive [[caesium]] above legal limits.<ref name="NHK World 20110405">{{cite news|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/05_34.html |title=High level of caesium detected in sand lances |publisher=NHK World |date=5 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2amUu38?url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/05_34.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> As late as July 2013 slightly elevated levels of radioactivity were found in beef on sale at Tokyo markets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ito |first=Nicholas |url=http://www.ktvz.com/health/28520368/detail.html |title=Radioactive Meat Sold In Japan Market – Health News Story – KTVZ Bend |publisher=Ktvz.com |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=7 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014654/http://www.ktvz.com/health/28520368/detail.html |archivedate=28 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> +There cannot remain any doubt but that the misery inflicted by the British on Hindostan [India] is of an essentially different and infinitely more intensive kind than all Hindostan had to suffer before. England has broken down the entire framework of Indian society, without any symptoms of reconstitution yet appearing... [however], we must not forget that these idyllic village communities, inoffensive though they may appear, had always been the solid foundation of Oriental despotism, that they restrained the human mind within the smallest possible compass, making it the unresisting tool of superstition.[258][260] -====Incidents elsewhere==== -A fire occurred in the turbine section of the [[Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant]] following the earthquake.<ref name="nei-20110311" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/quake-japan-nuclear-idUSLHE7E801E20110311 |title=Fire at Tōhoku Elec Onagawa nuclear plant -Kyodo &#124; Reuters |first=Chikako |last=Mogi |agency=Reuters |accessdate=13 March 2011 |date=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2an6CNo?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/quake-japan-nuclear-idUSLHE7E801E20110311 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor,<ref name="guardian2011-03-11" /> and was soon extinguished.<ref name="Australian">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/fire-at-nuclear-power-plant-others-shut-down/story-fn84naht-1226020092352 |title=Fire at nuclear power plant extinguished |work=The Australian |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2anTfAu?url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/fire-at-nuclear-power-plant-others-shut-down/story-fn84naht-1226020092352 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The plant was shut down as a precaution.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hafez Ahmed |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=130958&date=31 |title=March 2011 Japan's atomic plant neighbours mull leaving homes |publisher=Thefinancialexpress-bd.com |accessdate=7 September 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014832/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=130958&date=31| archivedate= 28 July 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> +Legacy +Main article: Marxism -On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant as radioactivity readings temporarily<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html |title=IAEA update on Japan Earthquake |website=iaea.org |year=2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x8gJ8rN2?url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html |archivedate=12 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima130311.html |title=IAEA update on Japan Earthquake |website=iaea.org |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xt8321q7?url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima130311.html |archivedate=12 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>Chico Harlan, Steven Mufson: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/12/AR2011031205493.html?hpid=topnews Japanese nuclear plants' operator scrambles to avert meltdowns]. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 11 March 2011 {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aoSMrP?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/12/AR2011031205493.html?hpid=topnews |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> Tōhoku Electric Power Co. stated this may have been due to radiation from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accidents but was not from the Onagawa plant itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309172/sea-water-injected-troubled-fukushima-power-plant |title=Sea water injected into troubled Fukushima power plant &#124; The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online |website=mb.com.ph |year=2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aof5f0?url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309172/sea-water-injected-troubled-fukushima-power-plant |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> +Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels monument in Marx-Engels-Forum, Berlin-Mitte, Germany +Marx's ideas have had a profound impact on world politics and intellectual thought.[19][20][261][262] Followers of Marx have often debated amongst themselves over how to interpret Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world.[263] The legacy of Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Marx's most accurate interpreter. In the political realm, these tendencies include Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, Maoism, Luxemburgism and libertarian Marxism.[263] Various currents have also developed in academic Marxism, often under influence of other views, resulting in structuralist Marxism, historical Marxism, phenomenological Marxism, analytical Marxism and Hegelian Marxism.[263] -As a result of 7 April aftershock, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant lost 3 of 4 external power lines and lost cooling function for as much as 80&nbsp;minutes. A spill of a couple of litres of radioactive water occurred at Onagawa.<ref name="ibtimes1" /> +From an academic perspective, Marx's work contributed to the birth of modern sociology. He has been cited as one of the 19th century's three masters of the "school of suspicion" alongside Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud[264] and as one of the three principal architects of modern social science along with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.[265] In contrast to other philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the scientific method.[19] Both Marx and Auguste Comte set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European secularisation and new developments in the philosophies of history and science. Working in the Hegelian tradition, Marx rejected Comtean sociological positivism in attempt to develop a science of society.[266] Karl Löwith considered Marx and Søren Kierkegaard to be the two greatest Hegelian philosophical successors.[267] In modern sociological theory, Marxist sociology is recognised as one of the main classical perspectives. Isaiah Berlin considers Marx the true founder of modern sociology "in so far as anyone can claim the title".[268] Beyond social science, he has also had a lasting legacy in philosophy, literature, the arts and the humanities.[269][270][271][272] -The number 2 reactor at [[Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant]] was shut down automatically.<ref name="11plants" /> On 14 March it was reported that a cooling system pump for this reactor had stopped working;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFTKG00708120110313 |title=Cooling system pump stops at Tokai No.2 plant-Kyodo; Energy & Oil; Reuters |work=af.reuters.com |accessdate=13 March 2011 |date=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2aot3wZ?url=http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFTKG00708120110313 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> however, the Japan Atomic Power Company stated that there was a second operational pump sustaining the cooling systems, but that two of three diesel generators used to power the cooling system were out of order.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/13/uk-japan-quake-tokai-idUKTRE72C2RL20110313 |title=Tokai No.2 nuke plant cooling process working – operator &#124; Reuters |first=Kiyoshi |last=Takenaka |work=uk.reuters.com |accessdate=13 March 2011 |date=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2ap319X?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/13/uk-japan-quake-tokai-idUKTRE72C2RL20110313 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> -===Wind power=== -None of [[Wind power in Japan|Japan's commercial wind turbines]], totaling over 2300 MW in [[nameplate capacity]], failed as a result of the earthquake and tsunami, including the Kamisu offshore wind farm directly hit by the tsunami.<ref name="kamisu_tsunami">{{cite web|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/05/the-dangers-of-energy-generation |title=The Dangers of Energy Generation |first=Elisa |last=Wood |publisher=Renewable Energy World |date=25 May 2011 |archivedate=3 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zAoObMnC?url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/05/the-dangers-of-energy-generation |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> +Map of countries that declared themselves to be socialist states under the Marxist–Leninist or Maoist definition between 1979 and 1983, which marked the greatest territorial extent of socialist states +Social theorists of the 20th and 21st centuries have pursued two main strategies in response to Marx. One move has been to reduce it to its analytical core, known as analytical Marxism. Another, more common, move has been to dilute the explanatory claims of Marx's social theory and emphasise the "relative autonomy" of aspects of social and economic life not directly related to Marx's central narrative of interaction between the development of the "forces of production" and the succession of "modes of production". Such has been for example the neo-Marxist theorising adopted by historians inspired by Marx's social theory, such as E. P. Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. It has also been a line of thinking pursued by thinkers and activists like Antonio Gramsci who have sought to understand the opportunities and the difficulties of transformative political practice, seen in the light of Marxist social theory.[273][274][275][276] Marx's ideas would also have a profound influence on subsequent artists and art history, with avant-garde movements across literature, visual art, music, film and theater.[277] -===Transport=== -[[File:Rokko-Bridge fell,Namegata-city,Japan.jpg|thumb|A highway bridge damaged and severed]] +Politically, Marx's legacy is more complex. Throughout the 20th century, revolutions in dozens of countries labelled themselves "Marxist"—most notably the Russian Revolution, which led to the founding of the Soviet Union.[278] Major world leaders including Vladimir Lenin,[278] Mao Zedong,[279] Fidel Castro,[280] Salvador Allende,[281] Josip Broz Tito,[282] Kwame Nkrumah,[283] Jawaharlal Nehru,[284] Nelson Mandela,[285] Xi Jinping,[286] Jean-Claude Juncker[286][287] and Thomas Sankara all cited Marx as an influence. Beyond where Marxist revolutions took place, Marx's ideas informed political parties worldwide.[288] In countries associated with some Marxist claims have led political opponents to blame Marx for millions of deaths,[289] but the fidelity of these varied revolutionaries, leaders and parties to Marx's work is highly contested and rejected by many Marxists.[290] It is now common to distinguish between the legacy and influence of Marx specifically and the legacy and influence of those who shaped his ideas for political purposes.[291] -Japan's transport network suffered severe disruptions. Many sections of [[Tōhoku Expressway]] serving northern Japan were damaged. The expressway did not reopen to general public use until 24 March 2011.<ref>''NHK World'', "Tōhoku Expressway Reopened To All Traffic", 24 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-03-24/highway-to-japan-quake-area-opens-as-casualties-pass-25-000.html |title=Highway to Japan Quake Area Opens as Casualties Pass 25,000 |last=Chu |first=Kathleen |author2=Sakamaki, Sachiko |date=24 March 2011 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |accessdate=24 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xQW5ujha?url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-03-24/highway-to-japan-quake-area-opens-as-casualties-pass-25-000.html |archivedate=24 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.<ref>NHK News, 23:30 JST</ref> In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110311D11JF318.htm |title=Many Rail Services In Tokyo Suspended After Quake |publisher=NIKKEI |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b1ElUG?url=http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110311D11JF318.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Most Tokyo area train lines resumed full service by the next day—12 March.<ref>[[Associated Press]], "When Tokyo's clockwork trains stopped ticking", ''Japan Times'', 13 March 2011, p. 3.</ref> Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11–12 March inside [[Tokyo Disneyland]].<ref>Kyodo News, "Disney reality check for the stuck", ''Japan Times'', 13 March 2011, p. 3.</ref> +Two centuries after his birth Marx remains both controversial and relevant, as the unveiling of a 4.5m statue of him (given by China, sculpted by Wu Weishan) in his birthplace of Trier, Germany in 2018 demonstrates. [292] In 2017 a feature film, The Young Karl Marx, featuring Marx, his wife Jenny Marx, and his collaborator Freidrich Engels, among other revolutionaries and intellectuals prior to the revolutions of 1848 received good reviews both for its historical accuracy and its brio in treating the intellectual life. [293] -A tsunami wave flooded [[Sendai Airport]] at 15:55 JST,<ref name="AVH1" /> about 1 hour after the initial quake, causing severe damage. [[Narita International Airport|Narita]] and [[Haneda Airport]] both briefly suspended operations after the quake, but suffered little damage and reopened within 24 hours.<ref name="CNA1" /> Eleven airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby [[Yokota Air Base]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yokota.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123246410 |title=Yokota provides support following massive earthquake |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b1p0oW?url=http://www.yokota.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123246410 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>Kyodo News, "USS Reagan on way", ''Japan Times'', 13 March 2011, p. 2.</ref> -[[File:Shinchi Sta 20110404.jpg|thumb|left|Remains of [[Shinchi Station]]]] +Karl Marx statue in Trier, Germany -Various train services around Japan were also canceled, with [[JR East]] suspending all services for the rest of the day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/service.aspx |title=JR東日本：列車運行情報 |publisher=Traininfo.jreast.co.jp |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b2Dga0?url=http://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/service.aspx |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators; one, a four-car train on the [[Senseki Line]], was found to have derailed, and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8&nbsp;am the next morning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110312-OYT1T00215.htm?from=main2 |title=脱線のＪＲ仙石線車内から、県警ヘリで９人救出 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞） |website=Yomiuri Shimbun |location=Japan |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b2UiOS?url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110312-OYT1T00215.htm?from=main2 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Minami-Kesennuma Station]] on the [[Kesennuma Line]] was obliterated save for its platform;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004840.htm |title=Kesennuma described as 'hellish sight' |last=Akiyama |first=Hironari |author2=Ishibashi, Takeharu |date=13 March 2011 |work=Yomiuri Shimbun |location=Japan |accessdate=16 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xDwnpDxQ?url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004840.htm |archivedate=16 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> 62 of 70 (31 of 35) JR East train lines suffered damage to some degree;<ref name="autogenerated1" /> in the worst-hit areas, 23 stations on 7 lines were washed away, with damage or loss of track in 680 locations and the 30-km radius around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant unable to be assessed.<ref>[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110331-OYT1T00855.htm ２３駅流失、線路被害６８０か所…ＪＲ東日本 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b2tNNm?url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110331-OYT1T00855.htm |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> +Karl Marx statue in Trier - label +In May 2018, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker attended the event in Karl Marx's hometown of Trier, Germany, at which a statue of Marx, donated by the Chinese government, was unveiled. Juncker defended Marx, saying that "Karl Marx was a philosopher, who thought into the future, had creative aspirations, and today he stands for things, which is he not responsible for and which he didn't cause, because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite."[287] -There were no derailments of [[Shinkansen]] bullet train services in and out of Tokyo, but their services were also suspended.<ref name="CNA1" /> The [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen]] resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day, while the [[Jōetsu Shinkansen|Jōetsu]] and [[Nagano Shinkansen]] resumed services late on 12 March. Services on [[Yamagata Shinkansen]] resumed with limited numbers of trains on 31 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201103290189.html |title=Full Tōhoku Shinkansen Line services to be restored by late April |website=The Asahi Shimbun Company |date=30 March 2001 |accessdate=2 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b5IHoX?url=http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201103290189.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> +Honors +Hungary issued a postage stamp on 1 May 1953 on account of the 70th death anniversary of Karl Marx.279 +Hungary issued a commemorative postage stamp on 6 November 1964 on the occasion of centenary of 1st Socialist International.280 +India issued a stamp on 5 May 1983.281 +Russia issued two stamps on 5 April 2018.282 +On 10 October 1983 Vietnam issued two stamps.283 +In March 1933 Soviet Union issued three stamps.284 +There are many other postage stamps; at least 22 countries issued postage stamps in his honor. -Derailments were minimized because of an early warning system that detected the earthquake before it struck. The system automatically stopped all high-speed trains, which minimized the damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature122751 |title=How Japan's Rail Network Survived the Earthquake |publisher=Railway Technology |date= |accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> +Selected bibliography +The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law, 1842 +Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, 1843 +"On the Jewish Question", 1843 +"Notes on James Mill", 1844 +Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, 1844 +The Holy Family, 1845 +"Theses on Feuerbach", 1845 +The German Ideology, 1845 +The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847 +"Wage Labour and Capital", 1847 +Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848 +The Class Struggles in France, 1850 +The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, 1852 +Grundrisse, 1857 +A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859 +Writings on the U.S. Civil War, 1861 +Theories of Surplus Value, 3 volumes, 1862 +"Value, Price and Profit", 1865 +Capital, Volume I (Das Kapital), 1867 +"The Civil War in France", 1871 +Critique of the Gotha Program, 1875 +"Notes on Adolph Wagner", 1883 +Capital, Volume II (posthumously published by Engels), 1885 +Capital, Volume III (posthumously published by Engels), 1894 +See also + Karl Marx portal + Social and political philosophy portal + Sociology portal +flag Germany portal + Communism portal +icon Socialism portal +icon Business and economics portal +Criticisms of Marxism +Karl Marx House +Karl Marx Monument +Karl Marx in film +Marxian class theory +Marxian economics +Marx Memorial Library +Marx's method +Marx Reloaded +Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx +Political Economy +Pre-Marx socialists +Timeline of Karl Marx +References +Jump up ^ Marx became a Fellow of the highly prestigious Royal Society of Arts, London, in 1862. +Jump up ^ http://willamette.edu/cla/classics/careers/marx/index.html +Jump up ^ Bhikhu Parekh, Marx's Theory of Ideology, Routledge, 2015, p. 203. +Jump up ^ Babbage pages +Jump up ^ Plutarch, Biography of Lycurgus +^ Jump up to: a b Chattopadhyay, Paresh (2016). Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism. Springer. p. 39-41. +^ Jump up to: a b Levine, Norman (2006). Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method. Lexington Books. p. 223. +Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 144 +Jump up ^ Hill, Lisa (2007). "Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour". Journal of Classical Sociology. 7 (3): 339–366. +Jump up ^ Allen Oakley, Marx's Critique of Political Economy: 1844 to 1860, Routledge, 1984, p. 51. +Jump up ^ Marx & pp. 397–399. +Jump up ^ Mehring, Franz, Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (Routledge, 2003) p. 75 +Jump up ^ John Bellamy Foster. "Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 105, No. 2 (September 1999), pp. 366–405. +Jump up ^ The name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error. His birth certificate says "Carl Heinrich Marx", while elsewhere "Karl Marx" is used. "K. H. Marx" is used only in his poetry collections and the transcript of his dissertation; since Marx wanted to honour his father, who had died in 1838, he called himself "Karl Heinrich" in three documents.The article by Friedrich Engels "Marx, Karl Heinrich" in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (Jena, 1892, column 1130 to 1133 see MECW Volume 22, pp. 337–345) does not justify assigning Marx a middle name. See Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Grundlagen zu Leben und Werk. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 214 and 354, respectively. +Jump up ^ "Duden | Karl | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition". Duden (in German). Retrieved 16 October 2018. Kạrl +Jump up ^ "Duden | Marx | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition". Duden (in German). Retrieved 16 October 2018. Mạrx +^ Jump up to: a b c Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848).The Communist Manifesto +Jump up ^ Karl Marx: Critique of the Gotha Program +^ Jump up to: a b c d e Calhoun 2002, pp. 23–24 +^ Jump up to: a b "Marx the millennium's 'greatest thinker'". BBC News World Online. 1 October 1999. Retrieved 23 November 2010. +Jump up ^ Roberto Mangabeira Unger. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. +Jump up ^ John Hicks, "Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern." The American Economic Review 64.2 (May 1974) p. 307: "The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history ..." +Jump up ^ Joseph Schumpeter Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. Volume 26 of Unwin University books. Edition 4, Taylor & Francis Group, 1952 ISBN 0415110785, 9780415110785 +Jump up ^ Little, Daniel. "Marxism and Method". +Jump up ^ Kim, Sung Ho (2017). Zalta, Edward N., ed. "Max Weber". Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 10 December 2017. Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 7; Wheen 2001, pp. 8, 12; McLellan 2006, p. 1. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 4–5; Wheen 2001, pp. 7–9, 12; McLellan 2006, pp. 2–3. +Jump up ^ Carroll, James (1 April 2002). Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 419. ISBN 978-0547348889. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 4–6; McLellan 2006, pp. 2–4. +Jump up ^ Raddatz Karl Marx: A Political Biography +Jump up ^ McLellan 2006, p. 178, Plate 1. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. pp. 12–13. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 5, 8–12; Wheen 2001, p. 11; McLellan 2006, pp. 5–6. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 7; Wheen 2001, p. 10; McLellan 2006, p. 7. +Jump up ^ Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life, (Fourth Estate, 1999), ISBN 1-85702-637-3 +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 12; Wheen 2001, p. 13. +Jump up ^ McLellan 2006, p. 7. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx: Dictionary of National Biography. Volume 37. pp. 57–58. Published Oxford University Press, 2004 (ISBN&nbsp, 0198613873). templatestyles stripmarker in |pp= at position 49 (help) +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 12–15; Wheen 2001, p. 13; McLellan 2006, pp. 7–11. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 15–16; Wheen 2001, p. 14; McLellan 2006, p. 13. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001, p. 15. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 20; McLellan 2006, p. 14. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001, p. 16; McLellan 2006, p. 14. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 21–22; McLellan 2006, p. 14. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 22; Wheen 2001, pp. 16–17; McLellan 2006, p. 14. +Jump up ^ Fedoseyev 1973, p. 23; Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 23–30; Wheen 2001, pp. 16–21, 33; McLellan 2006, pp. 15, 20. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 70–71; Wheen 2001, pp. 52–53; McLellan 2006, pp. 61–62. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 31; McLellan 2006, p. 15. +Jump up ^ McLellan 2006, p. 21 +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 33; McLellan 2006, p. 21. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 32–34; Wheen 2001, pp. 21–22; McLellan 2006, pp. 21–22. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 34–38; Wheen 2001, p. 34; McLellan 2006, pp. 25–27. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 44,69–70; McLellan 2006, pp. 17–18. +Jump up ^ Sperber 2013, pp. 55–56. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 33; McLellan 2006, pp. 18–19. These love poems would be published posthumously in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 1 (New York: International Publishers, 1975) pp. 531–632. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 33; Wheen 2001, pp. 25–26. +Jump up ^ Marx's thesis was posthumously published in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 1 (New York: International Publishers, 1975) pp. 25–107. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 32. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 45; Wheen 2001, p. 33; McLellan 2006, pp. 28–29, 33. +Jump up ^ http://willamette.edu/cla/classics/careers/marx/index.html +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 38–45; Wheen 2001, p. 34; McLellan 2006, pp. 32–33, 37. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 49; McLellan 2006, p. 33. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 50–51; Wheen 2001, pp. 34–36, 42–44; McLellan 2006, pp. 35–47. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 57; Wheen 2001, p. 47; McLellan 2006, pp. 48–50. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 60–61; Wheen 2001, pp. 47–48; McLellan 2006, pp. 50–51. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 68–69, 72; Wheen 2001, p. 48; McLellan 2006, pp. 59–61 +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 77–79; Wheen 2001, pp. 62–66; McLellan 2006, pp. 73–74, 94. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, p. 72; Wheen 2001, pp. 64–65; McLellan 2006, pp. 71–72. +Jump up ^ Marx, Karl, "Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law", contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3 (International Publishers: New York, 1975) p. 3. +Jump up ^ Marx, Karl, "On the Jewish Question", contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3, p. 146. +Jump up ^ McLellan 2006, pp. 65–70, 74–80. +Jump up ^ Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976, pp. 72, 75–76; Wheen 2001, p. 65; McLellan 2006, pp. 88–90. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001, pp. 66–67, 112; McLellan 2006, pp. 79–80. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001, p. 90. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 75. +Jump up ^ Mansel, Philip: Paris Between Empires, p. 390 (St. Martin Press, NY) 2001 +Jump up ^ Frederick Engels, "The Condition of the Working Class in England", contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 4 (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 295–596. +^ Jump up to: a b c T. B. Bottomore (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist thought. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-0-631-18082-1. Retrieved 5 March 2011. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, Karl Marx: A Biography (Progress Publishers: Moscow, 1973) p. 82. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. pp. 85–86. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "The Holy Family", contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 4, pp. 3–211. +^ Jump up to: a b Several authors elucidated this for long neglected crucial turn in Marx's theoretical development, such as Ernie Thomson in The Discovery of the Materialist Conception of History in the Writings of the Young Karl Marx, New York, The Edwin Mellen Press, 2004; for a short account see Max Stirner, a durable dissident +Jump up ^ Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 in the book "Karl Marx: A Biography", written by a team of historians and writers headed by P. N. Fedoseyev (Progress Publishers: Moscow, 1973). +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, et al. Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 63. +Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (Oxford University Press: London, 1963) pp. 90–94. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev et al., Karl Marx: A Biography (Progress Publishers: Moscow, 1973) p. 62. +Jump up ^ Larisa Miskievich, "Preface" to Volume 28 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. XII +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35, Volume 36 and Volume 37 (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987). +Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, pp. 35–61. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, et al., Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 62. +Jump up ^ Note 54 contained on page 598 in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3 (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346. +^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Karl Marx – Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy".. First published Tue 26 August 2003; substantive revision Mon 14 June 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2011. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 83. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach", contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5 (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5, p. 8. +Jump up ^ Doug Lorimer, in Friedrich Engels (1999). Socialism: utopian and scientific. Resistance Books. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-0-909196-86-8. Retrieved 7 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b c Wheen 2001. p. 90. +Jump up ^ Heinrich Gemkow et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Verlag Zeit im Bild ["New Book Publishing House"]: Dresden, 1972) p. 101 +Jump up ^ Heinrich Gemkow, et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography, p. 102. +Jump up ^ Heinrich Gemkow, et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Verlag Zeit im Bild [New Book Publishing House]: Dresden, 1972) p. 53 +Jump up ^ Heinrich Gemkow, et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography, p. 78. +^ Jump up to: a b c P. N. Fedoseyev, et al., Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 89. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 92. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "German Ideology" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5 (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 19–539. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, et al., Karl Marx: A Biography, pp. 96–97. +^ Jump up to: a b Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-158591-1. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 93. +Jump up ^ See Note 71 on p. 672 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6 (International Publishers: New York, 1976). +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6(International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 105–212. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 107. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, Karl Marx: A Biography (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1973) p. 124. +Jump up ^ Note 260 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11 (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 671–672. +Jump up ^ Note 260 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11, p. 672. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev,et al., Karl Marx: A Biography, pp. 123–125. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, et al, Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 125. +Jump up ^ Frederick Engels, "Principles of Communism" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6 (International Publishers, New York, 1976) pp. 341–357. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "The Communist Manifesto" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6, pp. 477–519. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 115. +Jump up ^ Chris Shilling; Philip A Mellor (2001). The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life. SAGE Publications. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7619-6549-7. +Jump up ^ Marx and Engels 1848. +^ Jump up to: a b Wheen 2001. p. 125. +^ Jump up to: a b Maltsev; Yuri N. Requiem for Marx. Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-61016-116-9. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Saul Kussiel Padover, Karl Marx, an intimate biography, McGraw-Hill, 1978, page 205 +^ Jump up to: a b c Wheen 2001. pp. 126–127. +Jump up ^ David McLellan 1973 Karl Marx: His life and Thought. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 189–190 +Jump up ^ Felix, David (1982). "Heute Deutschland! Marx as Provincial Politician". Central European History. 15 (4): 332–350. doi:10.1017/S0008938900010621. JSTOR 4545968. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 128. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "Demands of the Communist Party" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7 (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. p. 129. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. pp. 130–132. +Jump up ^ Seigel, p. 50 +^ Jump up to: a b Doug Lorimer. Introduction. In Karl Marx. The Class Struggles in France: From the February Revolution to the Paris Commune. Resistance Books. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-876646-19-6. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b Wheen 2001. pp. 136–137. +^ Jump up to: a b c Boris Nicolaievsky (15 March 2007). Karl Marx – Man and Fighter. READ BOOKS. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-4067-2703-6. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Slavko Splichal (2002). Principles of publicity and press freedom. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-7425-1615-1. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b Franz Mehring (24 September 2003). Karl Marx: The Story of His Life. Psychology Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-415-31333-9. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1490572741. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. pp. 137–146. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. pp. 147–148. +Jump up ^ Peter Watson (22 June 2010). The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth Century. HarperCollins. pp. 250–. ISBN 978-0-06-076022-9. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b P. N. Fedoseyev, Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 233. +Jump up ^ Note 269 contained on page 674 in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11. +Jump up ^ Wheen 2001. pp. 151–155. +Jump up ^ Phil Harriss (1 September 2006). London Markets, 4th. New Holland Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-86011-306-2. Retrieved 23 April 2011. +Jump up ^ Note 269 on page 674 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11. +Jump up ^ Enrique D. Dussel; Fred Moseley (2001). Towards an unknown Marx: a commentary on the manuscripts of 1861–63. Psychology Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-415-21545-9. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography". Egs.edu. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 295. +^ Jump up to: a b c Kluger, Richard (1986). The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. +Jump up ^ Karl, Marx (2007). James Ledbetter, ed. Dispatches for the New York Tribune: Selected Journalism of Karl Marx. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-144192-4. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, Karl Marx: A Biography, 274. +Jump up ^ Michael Perelman : How Karl Marx Helped Shape the Republican Party [1] - More : Karl Mary and Henry Carey in the New-York Tribune [2] +Jump up ^ Taken from a picture on page 327 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11 (International Publishers: New York, 1979). +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs" contained in theCollected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11 (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–332. +Jump up ^ Marx & Engels Collected Works, vol.41 +Jump up ^ Richard Kluger, The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune (Alfred A. 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From Hegel to Marx: studies in the intellectual development of Karl Marx. Columbia University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-231-09665-2. Retrieved 16 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b Ronald John Johnston (2000). The dictionary of human geography. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 795. ISBN 978-0-631-20561-6. Retrieved 16 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Richard T. De George; James Patrick Scanlan (31 December 1975). Marxism and religion in Eastern Europe: papers presented at the Banff International Slavic Conference, September 4–7, 1974. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-90-277-0636-2. Retrieved 16 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 320. +Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 347. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev et al., Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 345. +Jump up ^ Boris Nicolaievsky (15 March 2007). Karl Marx – Man and Fighter. READ BOOKS. pp. 269–. ISBN 978-1-4067-2703-6. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Bob Jessop; Russell Wheatley (1999). Karl Marx's social and political thought. Taylor & Francis US. p. 526. ISBN 978-0-415-19327-6. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Michael Curtis (1997). Marxism: the inner dialogues. Transaction Publishers. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-56000-945-0. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "The Civil War in France" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 22 (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 307–359. +Jump up ^ Calhoun 2002, p. 20 +Jump up ^ Mab Segrest (27 June 2002). Born to belonging: writings on spirit and justice. Rutgers University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-8135-3101-4. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28 (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 5–537. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858" contained in the Preparatory Materials section of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29 (International Publishers: New York, 1987) pp. 421–507. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29, pp. 257–417. +Jump up ^ P. N. Fedoseyev, Karl Marx: A Biography, p. 318. +Jump up ^ Tom Rockmore (2002). Marx after Marxism: the philosophy of Karl Marx. John Wiley and Sons. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-631-23189-9. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Anthony Brewer; Karl Marx (1984). A guide to Marx's Capital. CUP Archive. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-25730-5. 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Introduction. +Jump up ^ "Tomb raiders' failed attack on Marx grave", Camden New Journal +Jump up ^ Hobsbawm 2011. pp. 03–04. +Jump up ^ Plutarch, Biography of Lycurgus +^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Calhoun 2002, pp. 120–23 +^ Jump up to: a b c d e Howard J. Sherman (1995). Reinventing marxism. JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8018-5077-6. Retrieved 7 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Peter Beilharz (1992). Labour's Utopias: Bolshevism, Fabianism and Social Democracy. CUP Archive. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-415-09680-5. Retrieved 7 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Barry Stewart Clark (1998). Political economy: a comparative approach. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-275-96370-5. Retrieved 7 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Eagleton, Terry Why Marx Was Right Yale University Press, 2011, p. 158 +Jump up ^ Seigel, Jerrold Marx's Fate Princeton University Press, 1978, pp. 112–19 +Jump up ^ Mark Neocleous. "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE DEAD: MARX's VAMPIRES" (PDF). +Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 144 +Jump up ^ Himani Bannerji (2001). Inventing subjects: studies in hegemony, patriarchy and colonialism. Anthem Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-84331-072-3. Retrieved 2 May 2011. +Jump up ^ Annelien de Dijn, French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 152. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, vol. 1, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling (New York: Modem Library, 1906), 440. +Jump up ^ Bertell Ollman (1973). Alienation: Marx's conception of man in capitalist society. CUP Archive. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-00-133135-5. Retrieved 8 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b Marx K (1999). "The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value". In K Marx, Capital (Vol. 1, Ch. 7). Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Original work published 1867. +^ Jump up to: a b c See Marx K (1997). "Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general". In K Marx, Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society (LD Easton & KH Guddat, Trans.), pp. 314–347. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Original work published 1844. +Jump up ^ See also Lefever DM; Lefever JT (1977). "Marxian alienation and economic organisation: An alternate view". The American Economist(21)2, pp. 40–48. +^ Jump up to: a b See also Holland EW (2005). "Desire". In CJ Stivale (Ed.), Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts, pp. 53–62. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. +^ Jump up to: a b Marx (1997), p. 325, emphasis in original. +Jump up ^ Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original. +Jump up ^ Marx (1997), p. 324. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels (2009). The Communist Manifesto. Echo Library. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4068-5174-8. +^ Jump up to: a b c d e Calhoun 2002, p. 22 +Jump up ^ István Mészáros (1 March 2006). Marx's Theory of Alienation. Merlin Press. p. 96. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-521-29705-9. Retrieved 23 April 2011. +Jump up ^ "Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme". +Jump up ^ "You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour." La Liberté Speech delivered by Karl Marx on 8 September 1872, in Amsterdam +^ Jump up to: a b c d Kevin B. Anderson (2016). "Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies". University of Chicago Press. pp.49-239. ISBN 022634570X +Jump up ^ Cited in: B. Hepner, “Marx et la puissance russe,” in: K. Marx, La Russie et l'Europe, Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally published in Neue Rheinische Zeitung, no. 223, 16 February 1849. +Jump up ^ Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975). +Jump up ^ Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International’s General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867, text published in Le Socialisme, 15 March 1908; Odbudowa Polski (Warsaw, 1910), pp. 119–23; Mysl Socjalistyczna, May 1908. From Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Russian Menace to Europe, edited by Paul Blackstock and Bert Hoselitz, and published by George Allen and Unwin, London, 1953, pp. 104–08. +Jump up ^ "Karl Marx and the Irish". The New York Times. December 1971. +^ Jump up to: a b c "Marx in Algiers". Al-Ahram. +Jump up ^ "Colonialism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. +Jump up ^ "Marx on India under the British". The Hindu. 13 June 2006. +Jump up ^ Wheen, Francis (17 July 2005). "Why Marx is man of the moment". The Observer. +Jump up ^ Kenneth Allan (11 May 2010). The Social Lens: An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory. Pine Forge Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4129-7834-7. Retrieved 25 March 2011. +^ Jump up to: a b c Heine Andersen; Lars Bo Kaspersen (2000). Classical and modern social theory. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-0-631-21288-1. Retrieved 9 March 2011. +Jump up ^ Ricoeur, Paul. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1970, p. 32 +Jump up ^ "Max Weber – Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy". +Jump up ^ Calhoun 2002, p. 19 +Jump up ^ Löwith, Karl. From Hegel to Nietzsche. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, p. 49. +Jump up ^ Berlin, Isaiah. 1967. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. Time Inc Book Division, New York. pp130 +Jump up ^ Singer 1980, p. 1 +Jump up ^ Bridget O'Laughlin (1975) Marxist Approaches in Anthropology, Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 4: pp. 341–70 (October 1975) doi:10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013. +William Roseberry (1997) Marx and Anthropology Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 (October 1997) doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25 +Jump up ^ Becker, S. L. (1984). "Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience". Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 1 (1): 66–80. doi:10.1080/15295038409360014. +Jump up ^ See Manuel Alvarado, Robin Gutch, and Tana Wollen (1987) Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching, Palgrave Macmillan. +Jump up ^ Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism : the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P. S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. +Jump up ^ Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, N.Y: Anchor Books, 1965. +Jump up ^ Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976. +Jump up ^ Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World : Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–344. +Jump up ^ Hemingway, Andrew. Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left. Pluto Press, 2006. +^ Jump up to: a b Lenin, VI. "The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution". Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ "Glossary of People – Ma". Marxists.org. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ Savioli, Arminio. "L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism". Marxists. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ Allende, Salvador. "First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election". Marxists.org. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ Tito, Josef. "Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism". Marxists.org. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ Nkrumah, Kwame. "African Socialism Revisited". Marxists.org. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ "Nehru’s economic philosophy ". The Hindu. 27 May 2017. +Jump up ^ "Nelson Mandela’s Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949-1952". The South African. 6 November 2013. +^ Jump up to: a b "Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx". Euronews. 4 Mary 2018 +^ Jump up to: a b "'Today he stands for things, which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx’s legacy". The Independent. 4 Mary 2018. +Jump up ^ Jeffries, Stuart. "Why Marxism is on the rise again". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ Stanley, Tim. "The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ Phillips, Ben. "USSR: Capitalist or Socialist?". Marxists.org. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ Elbe, Indigo. "Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory". Viewpoint Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015. +Jump up ^ n/a, n/a (5 May 2018). "Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst". BBC. Retrieved 5 May 2018. +Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. (22 February 2018). "Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe". NYT. Retrieved 6 May 2018. -The [[Tōhoku Shinkansen]] line was worst hit, with JR East estimating that 1,100 sections of the line, varying from collapsed station roofs to bent power pylons, will need repairs. Services on the Tōhoku Shinkansen partially resumed only in Kantō area on 15 March, with one round-trip service per hour between [[Tokyo Station|Tokyo]] and [[Nasushiobara Station|Nasu-Shiobara]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0315/TKY201103150121.html |title=asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：東北新幹線、東京―那須塩原で再開　各停、１時間に１本 |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b3AlYB?url=http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0315/TKY201103150121.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and Tōhoku area service partially resumed on 22 March between [[Morioka Station|Morioka]] and [[Shin-Aomori Station|Shin-Aomori]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/no-of-dead-or-missing-tops-21000-bodies-buried-in-rare-measure |title=No. of dead or missing tops 22,000; bodies buried in rare measure |website=JAPANTODAY |date=22 March 2001 |accessdate=2 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b3oDmQ?url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/no-of-dead-or-missing-tops-21000-bodies-buried-in-rare-measure |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Services on [[Akita Shinkansen]] resumed with limited numbers of trains on 18 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110318D18JF316.htm |title=Gradual Restoration Of Infrastructure Continues At Disaster Areas |website=Nikkei |date=18 March 2001 |accessdate=2 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b4N0NM?url=http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110318D18JF316.htm |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Service between Tokyo and [[Shin-Aomori Station|Shin-Aomori]] was restored by May, but at lower speeds due to ongoing restoration work; the pre-earthquake timetable was not reinstated until late September.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asahi.com/travel/rail/news/TKY201109230547.html |title=仙台―東京「はやぶさ」８分短縮　半年ぶりダイヤ復旧 |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |date=23 September 2011 |accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> -[[File:Carried train in Ishinomaki Line.JPG|thumb|Train washed away uphill from [[Onagawa Station]]]] +Bibliography +Calhoun, Craig J. (2002). Classical Sociological Theory. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21348-2. +Hobsbawm, Eric (2011). How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0287-1. +McLellan, David (2006). Karl Marx: A Biography (fourth edition). Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1403997302. +Nicolaievsky, Boris; Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1976) [1936]. Karl Marx: Man and Fighter. trans. Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher. Harmondsworth and New York: Pelican. ISBN 978-1-4067-2703-6. +Schwarzschild, Leopold (1986) [1948]. The Red Prussian: Life and Legend of Karl Marx. Pickwick Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0948859007. +Singer, Peter (1980). Marx. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-287510-5. +Sperber, Jonathan (2013). Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0871404671. +Stedman Jones, Gareth (2016). Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-713-99904-4. +Stokes, Philip (2004). Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers. Kettering: Index Books. ISBN 978-0-572-02935-7. +Vygodsky, Vitaly (1973). The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote "Capital". Verlag Die Wirtschaft. +Wheen, Francis (2001). Karl Marx. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-85702-637-5. +Further reading +Biographies +Main article: Biographies of Karl Marx +Barnett, Vincent. Marx (Routledge, 2009) +Berlin, Isaiah. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (Oxford University Press, 1963) ISBN 0-19-520052-7 +Blumenberg, Werner (2000). Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography. trans. Douglas Scott. London; New York: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-254-6. +Gemkow, Heinrich. Karl Marx: A Biography. Dresden: Verlag Zeit im Bild. 1968. +Hobsbawm, E. J. (2004). "Marx, Karl Heinrich". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) +Lenin, Vladimir (1967) [1913]. Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism. Peking: Foreign Languages Press. +McLellan, David. Karl Marx: his Life and Thought Harper & Row, 1973 ISBN 978-0-06-012829-6 +Mehring, Franz. Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (Routledge, 2003) +McLellan, David. Marx before Marxism (1980), Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-27882-6 +Rubel, Maximilien. Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work (Blackwell, 1975) ISBN 0-631-15780-8 +Segrillo, Angelo. Karl Marx: An Overview of his Biographies (LEA Working Paper Series, nº 3, Jan. 2018). +Sperber, Jonathan. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life (W.W. Norton & Company; 2013) 648 pages; by a leading academic scholar +Stedman Jones, Gareth. Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (Allen Lane, 2016). ISBN 978-0-713-99904-4. +Walker, Frank Thomas. 'Karl Marx: a Bibliographic and Political Biography. (bj.publications), 2009. +Wheen, Francis. Karl Marx: A Life, (Fourth Estate, 1999), ISBN 1-85702-637-3 +Commentaries on Marx +Althusser, Louis. For Marx. London: Verso, 2005. +Althusser, Louis and Balibar, Étienne. Reading Capital. London: Verso, 2009. +Attali, Jacques. Karl Marx or the thought of the world. 2005 +Avineri, Shlomo. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge University Press, 1968) ISBN 0-521-09619-7 +Axelos, Kostas. Alienation, Praxis, and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx (translated by Ronald Bruzina, University of Texas Press, 1976). +Blackledge, Paul. Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History (Manchester University Press, 2006) +Blackledge, Paul. Marxism and Ethics (SUNY Press, 2012) +Bottomore, Tom, ed. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. +Callinicos, Alex (2010) [1983]. The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-905192-68-7. +Cleaver, Harry. Reading Capital Politically (AK Press, 2000) +G. A. Cohen. Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (Princeton University Press, 1978) ISBN 0-691-07068-7 +Collier, Andrew. Marx (Oneworld, 2004) +Draper, Hal, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution (4 volumes) Monthly Review Press +Duncan, Ronald and Wilson, Colin. (editors) Marx Refuted, (Bath, UK, 1987) ISBN 0-906798-71-X +Eagleton, Terry. Why Marx Was Right (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011). +Fine, Ben. Marx's Capital. 5th ed. London: Pluto, 2010. +Foster, John Bellamy. Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. +Gould, Stephen Jay. A Darwinian Gentleman at Marx's Funeral – E. Ray Lankester, Page 1, Find Articles.com (1999) +Harvey, David. A Companion to Marx's Capital. London: Verso, 2010. +Harvey, David. The Limits of Capital. London: Verso, 2006. +Henry, Michel. Marx I and Marx II. 1976 +Holt, Justin P. The Social Thought of Karl Marx. Sage, 2015. +Iggers, Georg G. "Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge."(Wesleyan University Press, 1997, 2005) +Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism Oxford: Clarendon Press, OUP, 1978 +Little, Daniel. The Scientific Marx, (University of Minnesota Press, 1986) ISBN 0-8166-1505-5 +Mandel, Ernest. Marxist Economic Theory. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970. +Mandel, Ernest. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977. +Mészáros, István. Marx's Theory of Alienation (The Merlin Press, 1970) +Miller, Richard W. Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power, and History. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1984. +Postone, Moishe. Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993. +Rothbard, Murray. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Volume II: Classical Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995) ISBN 0-945466-48-X +Saad-Filho, Alfredo. The Value of Marx: Political Economy for Contemporary Capitalism. London: Routledge, 2002. +Schmidt, Alfred. The Concept of Nature in Marx. London: NLB, 1971. +Seigel, J. E. (1973). "Marx's Early Development: Vocation, Rebellion and Realism". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 3 (3): 475–508. JSTOR 202551. +Seigel, Jerrold. Marx's fate: the shape of a life (Princeton University Press, 1978) ISBN 0-271-00935-7 +Strathern, Paul. "Marx in 90 Minutes", (Ivan R. Dee, 2001) +Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. +Uno, Kozo. Principles of Political Economy. Theory of a Purely Capitalist Society, Brighton, Sussex: Harvester; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities, 1980. +Vianello, F. [1989], "Effective Demand and the Rate of Profits: Some Thoughts on Marx, Kalecki and Sraffa", in: Sebastiani, M. (ed.), Kalecki's Relevance Today, London, Macmillan, ISBN 978-03-12-02411-6. +Wendling, Amy. Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) +Wheen, Francis. Marx's Das Kapital, (Atlantic Books, 2006) ISBN 1-84354-400-8 +Wilson, Edmund. To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1940 +Fiction works +Barker, Jason. Marx Returns, Winchester, UK: Zero Books, 2018, ISBN 9781785356605. +Medical articles +Shuster, Sam (2008). "The nature and consequence of Karl Marx's skin disease". British Journal of Dermatology. 158 (1): 071106220718011-???. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08282.x. PMID 17986303. +External links +Karl Marx +at Wikipedia's sister projects +Media from Wikimedia Commons +Quotations from Wikiquote +Texts from Wikisource +Textbooks from Wikibooks +Resources from Wikiversity +Works by Karl Marx at Project Gutenberg +Works by or about Karl Marx at Internet Archive +Works by Karl Marx at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) +Works by Karl Marx (in German) at Zeno.org +Karl Marx at Encyclopædia Britannica +Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Karl Marx". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. +Marxists.org, homepage of the Marxists Internet Archive +Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1989). Karl Marx: a Biography (4 ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. +Krader, Lawrence, ed. (1974). The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx (PDF) (2 ed.). Assen: Van Gorcum. +Archive of Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels Papers at the International Institute of Social History +The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, in English translation and in 50 volumes, are published in London by Lawrence & Wishart and in New York by International Publishers. (These volumes were at one time put online by the Marxists Internet Archive, until the original publishers objected on copyright grounds: "Marx/Engels Collected Works". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 3 March 2018.) They are available online and searchable, for purchase or through subscribing libraries, in the "Social Theory" collection published by Alexander Street Press in collaboration with the University of Chicago. +Marx, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anthony Grayling, Francis Wheen & Gareth Stedman Jones (In Our Time, 14 July 2005) +Newspaper clippings about Karl Marx in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW) +Articles and entries +Dead Labour: Marx and Lenin Reconsidered by Paul Craig Roberts +Hegel, Marx, Engels, and the Origins of Marxism, by David North +In Praise of Marx Terry Eagleton synopsising his Why Marx was right chronicle.com 10 April 2011. +Karl Marx: An Overview of his Biographies, by Angelo Segrillo +Karl Marx: Did he get it all Right? by Philip Collins, The Times, 21 October 2008 +Karl Marx, Ernest Mandel +Liberalism, Marxism and The State, by Ralph Raico +Marx, Mao and mathematics: the politics of infinitesimals, by Joseph Dauben +Marxism and Ethics from International Socialism Paul Blackledge (2008) +Marxmyths.org Various essays on misinterpretations of Marx +Portraits of Karl Marx (International Institute of Social History) +Paul Dorn, The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution +Karl Marx (1818–1883). The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. 2008. +Marx's Revenge: How Class Struggle Is Shaping the World. TIME, 25 March 2013. +Marx Was Right: Five Surprising Ways Karl Marx Predicted 2014. Rolling Stone, 30 January 2014. +Karl Marx Was Right. Chris Hedges for Truthdig, 31 May 2015. +Karl Marx, Against the State 1844-1891 (passages) -The rolling blackouts brought on by the crises at the nuclear power plants in Fukushima had a profound effect on the rail networks around Tokyo starting on 14 March. Major railways began running trains at 10–20&nbsp;minute intervals, rather than the usual 3–5&nbsp;minute intervals, operating some lines only at rush hour and completely shutting down others; notably, the [[Tōkaidō Main Line]], [[Yokosuka Line]], [[Sōbu Main Line]] and [[Chūō-Sōbu Line]] were all stopped for the day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0314/TKY201103130323.html |title=asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：計画停電で影響が出る主な鉄道（午前７時現在） – 社会 |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b5j7jT?url=http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0314/TKY201103130323.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> This led to near-paralysis within the capital, with long lines at train stations and many people unable to come to work or get home. Railway operators gradually increased capacity over the next few days, until running at approximately 80% capacity by 17 March and relieving the worst of the passenger congestion. -===Telecommunications=== -[[File:Fallen power poles in Ishinomaki.jpg|thumb|Damaged utility pole in Ishinomaki]] - -Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tokyo phone lines jammed, trains stop |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/rest-of-world/28683249_1_trains-phone-lines-tokyo |work=Times of India |location=India |date=12 March 2011 |quote=The temblor shook buildings in the capital, left millions of homes across Japan without electricity, shut down the mobile phone network and severely disrupted landline phone service. |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b6KaCx?url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/rest-of-world/28683249_1_trains-phone-lines-tokyo |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Immediately after the earthquake cellular communication was jammed across much of Japan due to a surge of network activity. On the day of the quake, American broadcaster NPR was unable to reach anyone in Sendai with working phone or Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/03/11/134467277/A-Look-At-The-Japanese-City-Closest-To-The-Quake |accessdate=26 March 2011 |title=A Look At The Japanese City Closest To The Quake |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b6tu5Q?url=http://www.npr.org/2011/03/11/134467277/A-Look-At-The-Japanese-City-Closest-To-The-Quake |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Internet services were largely unaffected in areas where basic infrastructure remained, despite the earthquake having damaged portions of several [[submarine communications cable|undersea cable]] systems landing in the affected regions; these systems were able to reroute around affected segments onto redundant links.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gigaom.com/broadband/in-japan-many-under-sea-cables-are-damaged/ |title=In Japan, Many Undersea Cables Are Damaged: Broadband News and Analysis |publisher=Gigaom.com |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xCrffo18?url=http://gigaom.com/broadband/in-japan-many-under-sea-cables-are-damaged/ |archivedate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cowie |first=James |url=http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/03/japan-quake.shtml |title=Japan Quake – Renesys Blog |publisher=Renesys.com |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x9kSwgxs?url=http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/03/japan-quake.shtml |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Within Japan, only a few websites were initially unreachable.<ref name="computerworld">{{Cite news|title=Japan's phone networks remain severely disrupted |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214261/Japan_s_phone_networks_remain_severely_disrupted |work=Computerworld |date=12 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2emLvjn?url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214261/Japan_s_phone_networks_remain_severely_disrupted |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Several [[Wi-Fi]] hotspot providers reacted to the quake by providing free access to their networks,<ref name="computerworld" /> and some American telecommunications and [[VoIP]] companies such as [[AT&T]], [[Sprint Nextel|Sprint]], [[Verizon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2011/03/14/att-free-calls-japan/ |accessdate=30 March 2011 |title=AT&T, Sprint & Verizon Offer Free Calls & Texts to Japan from U.S. [UPDATED] |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2b7Ms5J?url=http://mashable.com/2011/03/14/att-free-calls-japan/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[T-Mobile]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.t-mobile.com/articles/t-mobile-assists-customers-Japan |accessdate=29 May 2011 |title=T-Mobile USA Waives Call Charges to Japan and Wi-Fi Calling and Text Messaging Charges to and From Japan |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602012256/http://newsroom.t-mobile.com/articles/t-mobile-assists-customers-Japan |archivedate=2 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and VoIP companies such as [[netTALK]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/business/netTALK+Extends+Free+Calling+Japan+Through+April/4478989/story.html |accessdate=30 March 2011 |title=netTALK Extends Free Calling to Japan Through April |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2enGc01?url=http://www.vancouversun.com/business/netTALK+Extends+Free+Calling+Japan+Through+April/4478989/story.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> and [[Vonage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercevoip.com/story/vonage-offers-free-calls-japan/2011-03-14/ |accessdate=30 March 2011 |title=Vonage offers free calls to Japan |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2eo28hI?url=http://www.fiercevoip.com/story/vonage-offers-free-calls-japan/2011-03-14 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> have offered free calls to (and in some cases, from) Japan for a limited time, as did Germany's [[Deutsche Telekom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telekom.com/medien/konzern/29364 |publisher=''Deutsche Telekom'' |date=17 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2012 |title=Deutsche Telekom: Konzern erleichtert Kommunikation nach Japan |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063706/http://www.telekom.com/medien/konzern/29364 |archivedate=14 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> - -===Defense=== -[[Matsushima Air Field]] of the [[Japan Self-Defense Force]] in Miyagi Prefecture was struck by the tsunami, flooding the base and resulting in damage to all 18 [[Mitsubishi F-2]] fighter jets of the 21st Fighter Training Squadron.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/business/news/20110928p2a00m0na017000c.html |title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bids goodbye to F2 aircraft |accessdate=28 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930235506/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/business/news/20110928p2a00m0na017000c.html |archivedate=30 September 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/03/earthquake-devastates-japan-f-.html|title=Earthquake devastates Japan F-2 sqd|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8380342/Tsunami-and-earthquake-in-Japan-latest-pictures-of-the-damage.html|title=Tsunami and earthquake in Japan: latest pictures of the damage|accessdate=28 September 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=14 March 2011}}</ref> 12 of the aircraft were scrapped, while the remaining 6 were slated for repair at a cost of 80 billion yen ($1 billion), exceeding the original cost of the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ2011091510588 |title=Air SDF to scrap 12 fighters, citing tsunami damage |accessdate=28 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026192518/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ2011091510588 |archivedate=26 October 2011 |df= }}</ref> - -===Space center=== -[[JAXA]] (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) evacuated the [[Tsukuba Space Center]] in [[Tsukuba, Ibaraki]]. The Center, which houses a control room for part of the [[International Space Station]], was shut down and some damage was reported.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malik |first=Tariq |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42038724/ns/technology_and_science-space/ |title=Quake forces closure of Japanese space center |publisher=MSNBC |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2eoLjd1?url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42038724/ns/technology_and_science-space/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0316/TKY201103160235.html |title=asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：茨城の宇宙機構施設が損傷 「きぼう」一部管制できず – サイエンス |website=Asahi Shimbun |location=Japan |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2woTRPp?url=http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0316/TKY201103160235.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> -The Tsukuba control center resumed full operations for the space station's Kibo laboratory and the HTV cargo craft on 21 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/h2b/htv2/110327update/ |title=spaceflightnow.com |website=Stephen Clark |accessdate=28 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2wpCsdy?url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/h2b/htv2/110327update/ |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> - -===Cultural properties=== -[[File:Monuments fell down by 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake in Tokiwa-shrine.JPG|thumb|Damage to a [[Tōrō|traditional lantern]] at [[Tokiwa Jinja|Tokiwa shrine]] in [[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito City]]]] - -754 [[Cultural Properties of Japan|cultural properties]] were damaged across nineteen prefectures, including five [[National Treasures of Japan|National Treasures]] (at [[Zuigan-ji]], [[Ōsaki Hachiman-gū]], [[Shiramizu Amidadō]], and [[Seihaku-ji]]); 160 [[Important Cultural Properties of Japan|Important Cultural Properties]] (including at [[Sendai Tōshō-gū]], the [[Kōdōkan (Mito)|Kōdōkan]], and [[Entsū-in (Matsushima)|Entsū-in]], with its [[Namban art|western decorative motifs]]); one hundred and forty-four [[Monuments of Japan]] (including [[Matsushima]], [[Takata-matsubara]], [[Yūbikan]], and the [[Site of Tagajō]]); six [[Groups of Traditional Buildings]]; and four [[Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties]]. Stone monuments at the UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]: [[Shrines and Temples of Nikkō]] were toppled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/2011_Tohoku_ver14.pdf |title=Damages to Cultural Properties in "the Great East Japan Earthquake" |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |date=16 February 2012 |accessdate=22 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328065531/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/2011_Tohoku_ver14.pdf |archivedate=28 March 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/tohokujishin_kanren/hisaijyokyo.html |script-title=ja:東日本大震災による文化芸術分野の被災状況 |trans-title=Effects of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in the field of Culture and the Arts |language=Japanese |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |accessdate=22 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425065349/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/tohokujishin_kanren/hisaijyokyo.html |archivedate=25 April 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/culture/news/20110312-OYT1T00635.htm |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110512010008/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/culture/news/20110312-OYT1T00635.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=12 May 2011 |title=岡倉天心ゆかりの文化財「六角堂」、津波で消失 |publisher=[[Daily Yomiuri]] |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=6 May 2011 |df= }}</ref> In Tokyo, there was damage to [[Koishikawa Kōrakuen]], [[Rikugien Garden|Rikugien]], [[Hamarikyu Gardens|Hamarikyū Onshi Teien]], and the walls of [[Edo Castle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/seisaku/09_01/pdf/shiryo_6.pdf |title=Damage to Cultural Properties |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |date=27 April 2011 |accessdate=9 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512010025/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/seisaku/09_01/pdf/shiryo_6.pdf |archivedate=12 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Information on the condition of collections held by museums, libraries and archives is still incomplete.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccrom.org/eng/news_en/2011_en/various_en/13_24earthquakeJapan_en.pdf |title=An Interim Report on the Situation of Cultural Heritage in Japan after the Tōhoku district -off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake (or Tōhoku Earthquake) |publisher=[[ICCROM]] |accessdate=8 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110512010023/http://www.iccrom.org/eng/news_en/2011_en/various_en/13_24earthquakeJapan_en.pdf| archivedate= 12 May 2011 | deadurl= yes}}</ref> There was no damage to the [[Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi]] in Iwate Prefecture, and the recommendation for their inscription on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Japan|UNESCO World Heritage List]] in June was seized upon as a symbol of international recognition and recovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110507002957.htm |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110507220154/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110507002957.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=7 May 2011 |title=UNESCO move brings joy |publisher=[[Daily Yomiuri]] |accessdate=9 May 2011 |df= }}</ref> - -==Aftermath== -[[File:Rescued from Tsunami at Ishinomaki.JPG|thumb|upright|Rescue operations in the floodwaters in downtown [[Ishinomaki]]]] -<!-- (This is a summary only – see main article for supporting references.) -->{{Main|Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami}} - -The aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami included both a humanitarian crisis and a major economic impact. The tsunami resulted in over 340,000 displaced people in the Tōhoku region, and shortages of food, water, shelter, medicine, and fuel for survivors. In response the Japanese government mobilized the Self-Defence Forces (under Joint Task Force – Tōhoku, led by Lieutenant General [[Eiji Kimizuka]]), while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide also responded, with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1&nbsp;billion in donations. The economic impact included both immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ¥10&nbsp;trillion ($122&nbsp;billion). In comparison to the [[1995 Great Hanshin earthquake]], the East Japan earthquake brought serious damage to an extremely wide range.<ref>{{cite book | title=East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Evacuation, Communication, Education and Volunteerism | publisher=Research Publishing Services |author1=Rajib Shaw |author2=Yukiko Takeuchi | year=2012 | location=Singapore | page=288 | isbn=978-981-07-0186-4}}</ref> - -The aftermath of the twin disasters also left Japan's coastal cities and towns with nearly 25 million tons of debris. In Ishinomaki alone, there were 17 trash collection sites {{convert|180|m}} long and at least {{convert|4.5|m}} high. An official in the city's government trash disposal department estimated that it would take three years to empty these sites.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Japan tackles mountains of trash | publisher=Christian Science Monitor | author=Peter Ford | date=18 July 2011 | page=12 | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0715/Japan-tackles-mountains-of-trash-left-in-tsunami-s-wake}}</ref> - -In April 2015, authorities off the coast of [[Oregon]] discovered debris that is thought to be from a boat destroyed during the tsunami. Cargo contained yellowtail jack fish, a species that lives off the coast of Japan, still alive. KGW estimates that more than 1 million tons of debris still remain in the Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mejia|first1=Paula|title=Piece of Ship from Japan's 2011 Tsunami Surfaces in Oregon|url=http://www.newsweek.com/piece-ship-japans-2011-tsunami-surfaces-oregon-321793|website=Newsweek|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> - -==Humanitarian response== -[[File:Japanese fundraisers.jpg|thumb|Japanese students collecting funds for the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami at the [[University of Pécs]], [[Hungary]]]] -{{Main|Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami}} -[[File:2011TsunamiFireVehicles.jpg|thumb|upright|Emergency vehicles staging in the ruins of [[:en:Otsuchi, Iwate|Otsuchi]], Japan following the tsunami]] -According to Japan's foreign ministry, 116 countries and 28 international organizations offered assistance. Japan specifically requested assistance from teams from [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Korea]], and the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/us-japan-quake-aid-refile-idUSTRE72A71320110311|title=Japan requests foreign rescue teams, UN says|last=Nebehay|first=Stephanie|date=11 March 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref> - -==Media coverage== -[[File:Anti nuclear rally in Tokyo on Sunday 27 March 2011.JPG|thumb|Anti-nuclear protest following the disaster]] - -Japan's national public broadcaster, [[NHK]], and [[JSTV|Japan Satellite Television]] suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation.<ref>NHK News, 14:40 JST.</ref> Other nationwide Japanese and international TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster. [[Ustream.tv|Ustream Asia]] broadcast live feeds of NHK, [[Tokyo Broadcasting System]], [[Nippon TV]], [[Fuji TV]], [[TV Asahi]], [[TV Tokyo]], [[Tokyo MX]], [[TV Kanagawa]], and [[CNN]] on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/20110312_432721.html |title=Ustream Asia、民放TV各局の東北地方太平洋沖地震報道番組を同時配jmjffr -INTERNET Watch |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2wpuUWE?url=http://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/20110312_432721.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[YokosoNews]], an Internet webcast in Japan, dedicated its broadcast to the latest news gathered from Japanese news stations, translating them in real time to English.<ref>Pinola, Melanie. [http://lifehacker.com/#!5781316/listen-to-live-coverage-from-japan-in-english-from-yokosonews Listen to Live Coverage from Japan In English from YokosoNews], "lifehacker", 13 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2wqbuig?url=http://lifehacker.com/%23%215781316/listen-to-live-coverage-from-japan-in-english-from-yokosonews |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> - -It was noted that the Japanese news media has been at times overly cautious to avoid panic and reliance on confusing statements by experts and officials.<ref>Brasor, Philip. [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20110320pb.html "Local broadcasters remain calm during the quake crisis,"] ''Japan Times''. 20 March 2011; Johnston, Eric. [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110321f1.html "Foreign media take flak for fanning fears,"] ''Japan Times''. 21 March 2011; Harlan, Chico and Akiko Yamamoto. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/in-japan-disaster-coverage-is-measured-not-breathless/2011/03/26/AFMmfxlB_story.html "In Japan, disaster coverage is measured, not breathless,"] ''Washington Post'' (US). 27 March 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20110320pb.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=20 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2wqoFZn?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20110320pb.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> - -In this national crisis, the Japanese government provided [[Japanese Sign Language]] (JSL) interpreting at the press conferences related to the earthquake and tsunami.<ref>[http://deafjapan.blogspot.com/2011/03/first-interpreting-at-government-press.html "First interpreting at government press conference on disaster,"] ''Deaf News Japan.'' 20 March 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2wsgMdq?url=http://deafjapan.blogspot.com/2011/03/first-interpreting-at-government-press.html |date=18 April 2011 }}</ref> Television broadcasts of the press conferences of [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Naoto Kan]] and [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]] [[Yukio Edano]] included simultaneous JSL interpreters standing next to the Japanese flag on the same platform.<ref>[http://www.usicd.org/index.cfm/news_pwd-relief-headquarters-petition "Japan Relief Headquarters for Persons with Disabilities Petition for Support and Accommodation Following Earthquake,"] United States International Council on Disabilities (USICD), 17 March 2011, retrieved 14 April 2011; [http://www.komei.or.jp/en/news/detail/20110320_4766 "New Komeito post-quake initiatives being adopted,"] New Komeito Party. 20 March 2011, retrieved 14 April 2011; [http://edmonton.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110401/japan-radiation-110401/20110401/?hub=EdmontonHome "Japan's PM set to visit crippled nuclear plant,"] CTV (Canada). 1 April 2011; see photo. Retrieved 2011-04-14.{{cite web|url=http://www.komei.or.jp/en/news/detail/20110320_4766 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=14 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2wssAVh?url=http://www.komei.or.jp/en/news/detail/20110320_4766 |archivedate=18 April 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> - -According to [[Jake Adelstein]], most Japanese media accepted and parroted the misinformation put out by the Japanese government and TEPCO about the unfolding Fukushima nuclear crisis. Notable exceptions, according to Adelstein, were newspapers ''[[Sankei Shimbun]]'' and ''[[Chunichi Shimbun]]'' which questioned the accuracy of the information coming from the government and TEPCO. Because of the unquestioning nature of most Japanese media to hold to the "party line", many Japanese mid-level officials and experts spoke to foreign media to get their opinions and observations publicized.<ref>[[Jake Adelstein|Adelstein, Jake]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/01/01/national/what-2011-means-for-japan-in-2012-and-beyond/ What 2011 means for Japan in 2012 and beyond]," ''[[Japan Times]]'', 1 January 2012, p. 20.</ref> - -[[Atsushi Funahashi]], director of ''Nuclear Nation'' notes that "when the overseas media was calling Fukushima a '[[Nuclear meltdown|meltdown]],' the Japanese government and media waited two months before admitting it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2014/03/japans-radioactive-nightmare.html|title=JAPAN'S RADIOACTIVE NIGHTMARE|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> - -Nine days after the earthquake hit, a [[Scientific visualization|visualization]] and [[sonification]] were uploaded to [[YouTube]] allowing listeners to hear the earthquake as it unfolded in time. Two days of seismic activity made available by the [[IRIS Consortium]] were compressed into two minutes of sound. The large number of views made the video one of the most popular examples of sonification on the web.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PJxUPvz9Oo|title=Sonification of the Tōhoku Earthquake}}</ref> - -Also, following the earthquake, for the first time in Japanese history, the Emperor addressed the nation in a pre-recorded television broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somber Japan emperor makes unprecedented address to nation|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake-emperor-idUSTRE72F23520110316|website=Reuters|accessdate=22 May 2016|date=16 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Japan's Emperor Akihito expresses 'deep concern' over Fukushima nuclear plant crisis|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/japan-earthquake-and-tsunami-in/8385058/Japans-Emperor-Akihito-expresses-deep-concern-over-Fukushima-nuclear-plant-crisis.html|website=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> - -==Scientific and research response== -Seismologists anticipated a very large quake would strike in the same place as the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]] — in the [[Sagami Trough]], southwest of Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110315-japan-earthquake-tsunami-big-one-science/ |title=Japan Earthquake Not the "Big One"? |last=Lovett |first=Richard A. |date=14 March 2011 |work=[[National Geographic News]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xG1LYwp9?url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110315-japan-earthquake-tsunami-big-one-science/ |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Achenbach">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/11/AR2011031102415_pf.html |title=Japan: The 'Big One' hit, but not where they thought it would |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |date=11 March 2011 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xG1EVm2z?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/11/AR2011031102415_pf.html |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The Japanese government had tracked plate movements since 1976 in preparation for the so-called [[Tōkai earthquakes|Tokai earthquake]], predicted to take place in that region.<ref name="Powell">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/japan-earthquake-surpise/ |title=Japan Quake Epicenter Was in Unexpected Location |last=Powell |first=Devin |date=17 March 2011 |work=[[Wired News]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xG14OpFb?url=http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/japan-earthquake-surpise/ |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> However, occurring as it did {{convert|373|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east of Tokyo, the Tōhoku earthquake came as a surprise to seismologists. While the [[Japan Trench]] was known for creating large quakes, it had not been expected to generate quakes above an 8.0 magnitude.<ref name="Achenbach" /><ref name="Powell" /> The Headquarters For Earthquake Research Promotion setup by Japanese government have then reassessed the long term risk of trench-type earthquakes around Japan, and it was announced in November 2011 that, combining with researches on [[869 Sanriku earthquake]], an earthquake similar to this one (with a magnitude of {{M|w|link=y}} 8.4–9.0) would take place in the area between off the coast of Pacific side of the Northeast Japan in an average of every 600 years intervals (See also [[Seismicity of the Sanriku coast]]), and it is also assessed that a tsunami-earthquake with a [[Seismic scale#Tsunami magnitude scales|tsunami magnitude scales]] (Mt) between 8.6 and 9.0 (Similar to [[1896 Sanriku earthquake]], the Mt for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake is 9.1–9.4) will have a 30% chance to occur within 30 years.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/111126/dst11112608520000-n1.htm|title = 三陸沖〜房総沖で「Ｍ9」30年以内に30% 地震調査委|publisher = Sankei Shimbun|date = 2011-11-26|accessdate = 2011-11-26|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111126231054/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/111126/dst11112608520000-n1.htm|archivedate = 26 November 2011|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/11nov_sanriku/index.htm|title = 三陸沖から房総沖にかけての地震活動の長期評価（第二版）について|publisher = The Headquarters For Earthquake Research Promotion|date = 2011-11-25|accessdate = 2011-11-26}}</ref> - -The quake gave scientists the opportunity to collect a large amount of data so as to model in great detail the seismic events that took place.<ref name="DW" /> This data is expected to be used in a variety of ways, providing as it does unprecedented information about how buildings respond to shaking, and other effects.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-sci-japan-quake-science-20110313,0,5782113.story |title=Japan earthquake shifted Earth on its axis |last=Brown |first=Eryn |date=12 March 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=13 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x96cBq8d?url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-sci-japan-quake-science-20110313,0,5782113.story |archivedate=13 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Gravimetry|Gravimetric]] data from the quake has been used to create a model for [[Earthquake warning system|increased warning time]] compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13349 |title=Prompt gravity signal induced by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake |doi=10.1038/ncomms13349 |pmid=27874858 |pmc=5121411 |volume=7 |journal=Nature Communications |page=13349|year=2016 |last1=Montagner |first1=Jean-Paul |last2=Juhel |first2=Kévin |last3=Barsuglia |first3=Matteo |last4=Ampuero |first4=Jean Paul |last5=Chassande-Mottin |first5=Eric |last6=Harms |first6=Jan |last7=Whiting |first7=Bernard |last8=Bernard |first8=Pascal |last9=Clévédé |first9=Eric |last10=Lognonné |first10=Philippe |bibcode=2016NatCo...713349M }}</ref> - -Researchers have also analysed the economic effects of this earthquake and have developed models of the nationwide propagation via interfirm supply networks of the shock originated in Tōhoku region.<ref name="Todo">{{cite journal | last1 = Todo | first1 = Yasuyuki | last2 = Nakajima | first2 = Kentaro | last3 = Matous | first3 = Petr | year = 2015 | title = How do supply chain networks affect the resilience of firms to natural disasters? Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake | journal = Regional Science | volume = 55 | issue = 2| pages = 209–229 | doi=10.1111/jors.12119}}</ref><ref name="matous">{{cite journal | last1 = Matous | first1 = Petr | last2 = Todo | first2 = Yasuyuki | year = 2016 | title = Energy and resilience: The effects of endogenous interdependencies on trade network formation across space among major Japanese firms | url = | journal = Network Science | volume = 4| issue = 2| pages = 141–163| doi = 10.1017/nws.2015.37 }}</ref> - -Researchers soon after the full extent of the disaster was known launched a project to gather all digital material relating to the disaster into an online searchable archive to form the basis of future research into the events during and after the disaster. The Japan Digital Archive is presented in English and Japanese and is hosted at the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at [[Harvard University]] in Boston, Massachusetts. Some of the first research to come from the archive was a 2014 paper from the Digital Methods Initiative in Amsterdam about patterns of [[Twitter]] usage around the time of the disaster. - -After the 2011 disaster the UNISDR, [[United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction]], held its [[World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction]] in Tohoku in March 2015, which produced the [[Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction|Sendai Framework]] document to guide efforts by international development agencies to act before disasters instead of reacting to them after the fact. At this time Japan's Disaster Management Office (Naikakufu Bosai Keikaku) published a bi-lingual guide in Japanese and English, ''Disaster Management in Japan'', to outline the several varieties of natural disaster and the preparations being made for the eventuality of each. In the fall of 2016 Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED; Japanese abbreviation, Bosai Kaken; full name Bousai Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho) launched the online interactive "Disaster Chronology Map for Japan, 416–2013" (map labels in Japanese) to display in visual form the location, disaster time, and date across the islands. - -An expedition named [[Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project]] have been conducted in year 2012–2013 to drill oceanfloor boreholes through the fault-zone of the earthquake and gathered important data about the rupture mechanism and physical properties of the fault that caused the huge earthquake and tsuanmi which devastated much of northeast Japan.<ref name="smithsonian">Smithsonian.com [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fault-that-caused-japans-2011-earthquake-is-thin-and-slippery-180948057/?no-ist Fault that Caused Japan's 2011 Earthquake is Thin and Slippery], Dec. 5, 2013</ref><ref name="christsci">Christian Science Monitor [http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1206/Japan-s-monster-quake-Do-scientists-have-key-to-decode-future-temblors Japan's monster quake: Do scientists have key to decode future tremblors?], Dec. 6, 2013</ref> - -==See also== -[[File:Fukushima7.png|thumb|Fukushima radiation comparison to other incidents and standards, with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events. ''(Note: Does not include all radiation readings from Fukushima Daini site)'']] - -* [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] -* [[Health crisis]] -* [[List of earthquakes in 2011]] -* [[List of earthquakes in Japan]] -* [[List of historical tsunamis]] -* [[Lists of earthquakes]] -* [http://dil-db.bosai.go.jp/saigai/ Map to chronicle all known disasters in Japan from 416–2013] (labels in Japanese) -* [[Nuclear power in Japan#Seismicity|Nuclear power in Japan § Seismicity]] -* ''[[Ryou-Un Maru]]'' -* [[Seismicity of the Sanriku coast]] - -==Notes== -{{Reflist | group="fn"}} -{{Clear}} - -==References== -{{Reflist|30em|refs= -<ref name=15wcee>{{cite conference|title=Source rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake derived from strong-motion records|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_1650.pdf|first=W.|last=Suzuki|first2=S.|last2=Aoi|first3=H.|last3=Sekiguchi|first4=T.|last4=Kunugi|conference=Proceedings of the fifteenth world conference on earthquake engineering|year=2012|location=Lisbon, Portugal|page=1}}</ref> -<ref name="jma">{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20110311150154391-111446.html |title=Japan Meteorological Agency &#124; Earthquake Information |publisher=Jma.go.jp |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2xF2rpM?url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20110311150154391-111446.html |archivedate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>}} - -==Further reading== -* {{cite book | editor = Architectural Institute of Japan | title = Preliminary Reconnaissance Report of the 2011 Tōhoku-Chiho Taiheiyo-Oki Earthquake | edition = | url = | accessdate = | year = 2012 | series= | publisher = Springer | location = | isbn = | issn = | oclc = | page = 460}} -* {{cite book | last = Birmingham | first = Lucy | first2 = David | last2 = McNeill | title = Strong in the Rain: Surviving Japan's Earthquake, Tsunami and Fukushima Nuclear Disaster | edition = | url = | accessdate = | year = 2012 | series= | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = | isbn = | issn = | oclc = | page = 256}} -* Cabinet Office Disaster Management, Government of Japan (2015). ''Disaster Management in Japan''. Online (bilingual), http://www.bousai.go.jp/1info/pdf/saigaipamphlet_je.pdf -* Levi McLaughlin {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/4190393|title=What Have Religious Groups Done After 3.11? Part 1: A Brief Survey of Religious Mobilization after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disasters}} -* Levi McLaughlin {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/4190405|title=What Have Religious Groups Done After 3.11? Part 2: From Religious Mobilization to "Spiritual Care."}} - -==External links== -{{sister project links|commons=Category:2011 Tōhoku earthquake|wikt=no|q=no|b=no|s=no|v=no|species=no|n=Category:2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami}} -* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/japan-killer-quake.html Japan's Killer Quake] – [[Nova (TV series)|NOVA]] -* [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/archive/product/poster/20110311/us/1481142094043/poster.pdf Poster of the Great Tōhoku Earthquake] from [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) -* [http://supersites.earthobservations.org/sendai.php Scientific information about the Tōhoku earthquake] -* {{YouTube|id=xylDxj6-9dY|title=Earthquake Swarm Google Earth Animation}} -* [http://ptwc.weather.gov/ Pacific Tsunami Warning Center] at [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) -* [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DE687B15F54FBFBD8525785500636B6C-map.pdf Map of Tsunami Inundation Areas in Japan] from [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/RKRR-8EZP8P?OpenDocument&rc=3&emid=EQ-2011-000028-JPN ReliefWeb] -* [http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/03/massive_earthquake_hits_japan.html Massive earthquake hits Japan] Photos from ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' -* [http://www.abc.net.au/news/events/japan-quake-2011/beforeafter.htm Japan Earthquake: before and after] aerial and satellite images from ABC News, credited to [http://google-latlong.blogspot.com/2011/03/post-earthquake-images-of-japan.html Post-earthquake images of Japan] -* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html Satellite Photos of Japan, Before and After the Quake and Tsunami] ''The New York Times'' -* [https://www.google.com/crisisresponse/japanquake2011.html 2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami] at [[Google Crisis Response]] -* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121020104648/http://ias.umn.edu/phenomena/bat-faculty-interviews/japan-in-crisis-2011/ Japan in Crisis: A Series of Interviews with Scholars by Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota] -* [http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/data/hottopics/japanquake/ Special: The Tōhoku-Oki Earthquake, Japan] – free-access scientific papers from ''Science'' magazine -* {{Dmoz|Science/Earth_Sciences/Natural_Disasters_and_Hazards/Earthquakes/Past_Earthquakes/Sendai%2C_Japan_2011}} -* [http://www.news-world.us/pics/2011/03/11/japan-gigantic-earthquake-and-tsunami-2011/ Japan Gigantic Earthquake and Tsunami 2011] -* [http://e.nagasaki.mapping.jp/p/japan-earthquake.html The East Japan Earthquake Archive (Testimonies of survivors, Photographs and Videos on Google Earth)] -* [https://www.npr.org/2011/03/18/134658880/Japan-Earthquake-May-Have-Changed-Earths-Axis Gross, Richard. (2011, 19 March) "Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth's Axis" – NPR online] -* [http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:jpnearthquake2011/Great%20East%20Japan%20Earthquake%202011/ PreventionWeb Great East Japan Earthquake 2011 ] -* [http://www9.nhk.or.jp/311shogen/en/ Video archives] from ''[[NHK]]'' -* {{YouTube | u = FNN311 | Video archives "Remembering 3/11"}} from [[Fuji News Network|''FNN'']] -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170214183702/https://beslider.com/album/japan-tohoku-earthquake-and-tsunami Interactive Comparisons of Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami] at Beslider.com -* {{EQ-isc-link|16461282}} - -{{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami}} -{{Earthquakes in 2011}} -{{Earthquakes in Japan}} -{{JapanTrenchMegathrust}} - -{{DEFAULTSORT:2011 Tohoku Earthquake And Tsunami}} -[[Category:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami| ]] -[[Category:2011 earthquakes|Tohoku]] -[[Category:2011 in Japan|Earthquake]] -[[Category:2011 tsunamis]] -[[Category:Coasts of Japan]] -[[Category:Civilian nuclear power accidents]] -[[Category:Midway Atoll]] -[[Category:History of Tokyo]] -[[Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Japan]] -[[Category:2011 natural disasters in the United States|Tohoku]] -[[Category:Natural disasters in British Columbia]] -[[Category:Natural disasters in California]] -[[Category:Natural disasters in Hawaii]] -[[Category:Natural disasters in Oregon]] -[[Category:Natural disasters in Papua New Guinea]] -[[Category:Natural disasters in Peru]] -[[Category:Natural disasters in Washington (state)]] -[[Category:Nuclear energy in Japan]] -[[Category:Postwar Japan]] -[[Category:Sendai]] -[[Category:Tōhoku region]] -[[Category:Tsunamis in Chile]] -[[Category:Tsunamis in Japan]] -[[Category:Tsunamis in the United States]] -[[Category:Articles containing video clips]] -[[Category:March 2011 events]] +showvte +Karl Marx +show +Articles related to Karl Marx +Authority control Edit this at Wikidata +WorldCat Identities BIBSYS: 90051270 BNE: XX949564 BNF: cb11914934t (data) GND: 118578537 ISNI: 0000 0001 2279 6570 LCCN: n79006935 MusicBrainz: 22aff6e2-a76c-4511-a116-1f0905272e6f NARA: 10580373 NDL: 00449037 NKC: jn19990005454 NLA: 35331985 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\000882 SELIBR: 205490 SNAC: w6fr00h5 SUDOC: 027329305 ULAN: 500234949 VIAF: 49228757 +Categories: Karl Marx1818 births1883 deathsPeople from TrierPeople from the Grand Duchy of the Lower RhineGerman people of Dutch-Jewish descentGerman atheistsGerman MarxistsMembers of the International Workingmen's AssociationGerman emigrants to EnglandStateless peopleAnti-capitalistsAnti-consumeristsAnti-imperialismAnti-poverty advocatesAntitheistsAtheist philosophersAtheist writersCritics of work and the work ethicCommunist writersContinental philosophersCultural criticsEconomic historiansGerman atheism activistsGerman communistsGerman economistsGerman historiansGerman philosophersGerman revolutionariesGerman socialistsGerman sociologistsGerman tax resistersHistorians of economic thoughtMale journalistsMarxian economistsMarxist historiansMarxist journalistsMarxist theoristsMarxist writersMaterialistsOpinion journalistsPhilosophers of technologyPolitical philosophersSocial criticsSocial philosophersSocialist economistsWriters about globalization19th-century atheists19th-century economists19th-century German writers19th-century historians19 '