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Demographics of Tajikistan

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"Tajikistani" redirects here. For other uses, see Tajik (disambiguation).

Demographics of Tajikistan
Population pyramid of Tajikistan in 2020
Population10,077,600 (2023)
Growth rate1.4% (2022 est.)
Birth rate20.73 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate5.72 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy71.43 years[1] (2023 est.)
 • male66.2 years
 • female72.69 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rateIncrease 3.45 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate32.33 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years31.43%
65 and over3.63%
Sex ratio
Total0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.04 male(s)/female
65 and over0.48 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityTajikistani
Language
OfficialTajik
Tajikistan's population and rural population 1958–2005 (millions).
A Tajik man in traditional headgear (2005).
A Tajik woman and her son.

The Demographics of Tajikistan is about the demography of the population of Tajikistan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

[edit]

Tajikistan's main ethnic group are the Tajiks, with minorities such as the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, and a small Russian minority. Because not everyone in Tajikistan is an ethnic Tajik, the non-Tajik citizens of the country are referred to as Tajikistani. The official nationality of any person from Tajikistan is a Tajikistani, while the ethnic Tajik majority simply call themselves Tajik.

Contemporary Tajiks are an Iranian people. In particular, they are descended from ancient Eastern Iranian peoples of Central Asia, such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians as well as non-Iranian peoples.[2]

Until the 20th century, people in the region used two types of distinction to identify themselves: way of life - either nomadic or sedentary - and place of residence. By the late nineteenth century, the Tajik and Uzbek peoples, who had lived in proximity for centuries and often used each other's languages, did not perceive themselves as two distinct nationalities. The modern labels were imposed artificially when Central Asia was divided into five Soviet republics in the 1920s.[2]

Historically, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan were also home to Bukharan Jews, who trace their ancestry to the Lost Tribes of Israel taken captive by the Babylonians in the 7th century BC, but almost no Bukharian Jews are left in Tajikistan.[3]

Ethnic Groups

[edit]
Tajik children
Further information: List of ethnic groups in Tajikistan
Two young Tajik women

Ethnic Groups in 2020 Census[4]

Ethnic makeup according to the population censuses from 1926 to 2020[5][6][7]
Note: The category Tajiks also includes ethnic Pamiris, of which 65% are Shughni speakers, 13% are Rushani speakers, 12% speak Wakhi, 5% are Bartangi speakers, 3% are Yazgulyami speakers, 1.5% speak Khufi, and 0.8% are Ishkashimi speakers. In addition there are a few thousands speakers of Yagnobi. According to the 2000 census, excluding the people whose native languages are Pamiri or Yagnobi, Tajiks account for 77.6% of the population and Pamiris and Yagnobis account for 2.3%.

Population of Tajikistan according to ethnic group 1926–2020
Ethnic
group 		census 1926 census 1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2000 census 2010 census 2020
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Tajiks 617,125 74.6 883,966 59.5 1,051,164 53.1 1,629,920 56.2 2,237,048 58.8 3,172,420 62.3 4,898,400 79.9 6,373,834 84.3 8,314,700 86.1
Yagnobi 1,829 0.2
Uzbeks 175,627 21.2 353,478 23.8 454,433 23.0 665,662 23.0 873,199 22.9 1,197,841 23.5 1,012,500 16.5 926,344 12.2 1,091,200 11.3
Kyrgyz 11,410 1.4 27,968 1.9 25,635 1.3 35,485 1.2 48,376 1.3 63,832 1.3 65,500 1.1 60,715 0.8 38,600 0.4
Russians 5,638 0.7 134,916 9.1 262,610 13.3 344,109 11.9 395,089 10.4 388,481 7.6 68,200 1.1 34,838 0.5 29,000 0.3
Turkmen 4,148 0.5 4,040 0.3 7,115 0.4 11,043 0.4 13,991 0.4 20,487 0.4 20,300 0.3 15,171 0.2 183,500 1.9
Tatars 950 0.1 18,296 1.2 56,893 2.9 70,803 2.4 79,529 2.1 79,442 1.6 19,000 0.3 6,495 0.1
Arabs 3,260 0.4 2,290 0.2 1,297 0.1 248 0.0 176 0.0 276 0.0 14,500 0.2 4,184 0.1
Others 7,180 0.9 60,137 4.0 120,750 6.1 142,332 4.9 158,812 4.2 169,824 3.3 29,100 0.5 142,921 1.9
Total 827,167 1,485,091 1,979,897 2,899,602 3,806,220 5,092,603 6,127,500 7,564,502 9,657,005
1 Source: [1]. 2 Source: [2]. 3 Source: [3]. 4 Source: [4]. 5 Source: [5]. 6 Source: [6] 7 including 51,000 Lakai, 15,100 Kongrat, 4,900 Katagan, 3,700 Barlos and 1,100 Yuz. 8 Source: [7], p. 7. including 65,555 Lakai, 38,078 Kongrat, 7,601 Katagan, 5,271 Barlos and 3,798 Yuz . 9Source[8]

Languages

[edit]

Several dialects of Persian (Central Asian dialects of Persian) are spoken in Tajikistan and it is one of the two official languages of Tajikistan (officially referred to as Tajik).[9] Russian is the official interethnic language and is widely used in both government and business. The different ethnic minorities speak different languages, for instance Uzbek, Turkmen, Kyrgyz and Khowar.[10] In the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, Shughni as well as other Pamir languages are spoken. In the northern Yaghnob valley, the Yaghnobi language is still spoken.

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Tajikistan (2020) by ARDA[11]
Religion Percent
Sunni Islam
 
 87.55%
Shia Islam
 
 9.9%
No religion
 
 1.67%
Other
 
 1.19%
Christianity
 
 0.69%
A religious scholar from Tajikistan (2005)
Main article: Religion in Tajikistan

Religious demographics in 2020

Population

[edit]

9,275,787 (2019 est.) According to Worldmeters

Age structure

[edit]

0–14 years: 34.3% (male 1,282,681/female 1,238,607)
15–64 years: 62.1% (male 2,260,552/female 2,303,034)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 112,334/female 151,937) (2009 est.)

Population growth rate

[edit]

1.88% (2009 est.)

2.21% (2013-2014 est.) (source:www.stat.tj)

Net migration rate

[edit]

-1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Sex ratio

[edit]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]

total population: 65.33 years
male: 62.29 years
female: 68.52 years (2009 est.)

Education

[edit]

Education is required through high school (11 years of schooling) but completion rate is under 90%;

Literacy

[edit]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.5%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2% (2000 census)

Vital statistics

[edit]

UN estimates

[edit]
Period[12] Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950-1955 74 000 20 000 54 000 42.7 15.4 27.3 5.40
1955-1960 89 000 26 000 63 000 47.9 15.8 32.1 6.20
1960-1965 111 000 30 000 81 000 47.9 14.7 33.2 6.80
1965-1970 110 000 30 000 80 000 43.6 12.8 30.8 7.00
1970-1975 127 000 30 000 97 000 41.5 11.6 29.9 6.83
1975-1980 138 000 33 000 105 000 39.7 10.5 29.2 5.90
1980-1985 164 000 34 000 130 000 42.0 10.2 31.8 5.60
1985-1990 198 000 34 000 164 000 42.8 9.7 33.1 5.50
1990-1995 206 000 52 000 154 000 37.4 9.6 27.8 4.88
1995-2000 195 000 49 000 146 000 32.7 7.8 24.9 4.29
2000-2005 185 000 45 000 140 000 28.5 6.4 22.1 3.60
2005-2010 187 000 43 000 144 000 29.5 5.7 23.8 3.50
2010-2015 30.2 5.3 24.9 3.50
2015-2020 27.9 5.1 22.8 3.28
2020-2025 24.9 5.0 19.9 3.09
2025-2030 22.4 5.1 17.3 2.93
2030-2035 21.3 5.3 16.0 2.79
2035-2040 20.9 5.6 15.3 2.66
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Births and deaths[13][14][15]

Average population Live births in thousands Deaths in thousands Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration rate (per 1000) TFR
1950 1,526,140 46,571 12,543 34,028 30.4 8.2 22.2
1951 1,582,465 48,407 12,384 36,023 30.5 7.8 22.7 14.2
1952 1,637,708 54,931 12,562 42,369 33.4 7.6 25.8 9.1
1953 1,692,875 54,697 14,530 40,167 32.4 8.6 23.8 9.9
1954 1,748,475 56,946 13,045 43,901 32.9 7.5 25.4 7.4
1955 1,805,209 60,335 15,812 44,523 33.8 8.9 25.0 7.4
1956 1,863,791 62,960 10,894 52,066 34.2 5.9 28.3 4.2
1957 1,924,944 62,966 10,838 52,128 33.1 5.7 27.4 5.4
1958 1,989,603 56,826 11,548 45,278 29.1 5.9 23.2 10.4
1959 2,058,891 60,978 11,024 49,954 30.3 5.5 24.8 10.0
1960 2,131,991 69,715 10,670 59,045 33.5 5.1 28.4 7.1
1961 2,208,026 73,653 11,035 62,618 34.0 5.1 28.9 6.8
1962 2,287,181 75,909 13,001 62,908 33.6 5.8 27.8 8.0
1963 2,368,868 80,733 13,042 67,691 34.5 5.6 28.9 6.8
1964 2,452,671 84,300 13,132 71,168 34.7 5.4 29.3 6.1
1965 2,538,295 92,448 16,474 75,974 36.8 6.6 30.2 4.7
1966 2,625,653 91,825 15,491 76,334 35.4 6.0 29.4 5.0
1967 2,714,959 93,988 17,546 76,442 35.2 6.6 28.6 5.4
1968 2,806,565 101,462 16,577 84,885 36.7 6.0 30.7 3.0
1969 2,899,853 98,831 17,390 81,441 34.7 6.1 28.6 4.6
1970 2,993,019 102,201 18,686 83,515 34.8 6.4 28.4 3.7
1971 3,085,961 111,839 17,173 94,666 36.8 5.7 31.1 0
1972 3,180,461 111,069 19,895 91,174 35.3 6.3 29.0 1.6
1973 3,277,487 115,157 23,343 91,814 35.5 7.2 28.3 2.2
1974 3,377,757 123,338 24,923 98,415 36.9 7.5 29.4 1.2
1975 3,482,124 127,464 27,965 99,499 37.0 8.1 28.9 2.0
1976 3,590,605 135,243 30,101 105,142 38.2 8.5 29.7 1.5
1977 3,703,010 132,875 32,110 100,765 36.4 8.8 27.6 3.7
1978 3,818,114 140,622 31,048 109,574 37.5 8.3 29.2 1.9
1979 3,932,682 145,431 29,822 115,609 37.8 7.7 30.1 -0.1
1980 4,045,965 146,422 31,830 114,592 37.0 8.0 29.0 -0.2
1981 4,160,744 155,508 31,637 123,871 38.3 7.8 30.5 -2.1
1982 4,278,908 159,571 32,053 127,518 38.2 7.7 30.5 -2.1
1983 4,401,502 164,710 32,553 132,157 38.3 7.6 30.7 -2.0
1984 4,529,500 176,197 32,872 143,325 39.8 7.4 32.4 -3.3 5.494
1985 4,660,598 182,716 32,014 150,702 40.0 7.0 33.0 -4.1 5.498
1986 4,798,281 198,647 31,993 166,654 42.1 6.8 35.3 -5.8 5.698
1987 4,946,293 204,450 33,543 170,907 41.9 6.9 35.0 -4.2 5.662
1988 5,100,019 201,864 35,334 166,530 40.2 7.0 33.2 -2.1 5.348
1989 5,264,331 200,430 33,395 167,035 38.7 6.5 32.3 -0.1 5.104
1990 5,417,860 205,813 33,020 172,793 38.8 6.2 32.6 -3.4 5.091
1991 5,556,305 215,269 33,584 181,685 39.1 6.1 33.0 -7.4 5.094
1992 5,656,207 180,377 36,718 143,634 32.4 6.6 25.8 -7.8 4.205
1993 5,717,805 186,920 49,326 137,261 33.5 8.9 24.6 -13.7 4.320
1994 5,803,992 191,596 39,943 151,653 34.2 7.1 27.0 -11.9 4.355
1995 5,916,173 193,182 34,274 158,908 34.1 6.0 28.0 -8.7 4.385
1996 6,035,599 172,341 31,792 140,549 30.0 5.5 24.5 -4.3 3.931
1997 6,117,068 178,127 28,710 149,417 30.6 4.9 25.7 -12.2 4.064
1998 6,156,804 185,733 27,397 158,336 31.3 4.6 26.7 -20.2 4.068
1999 6,189,564 180,888 25,495 155,393 29.8 4.2 25.6 -20.3 3.852
2000 6,272,998 167,246 29,387 137,859 27.0 4.7 22.3 -8.8 3.493
2001 6,408,809 171,623 32,015 139,608 27.2 5.1 22.1 -0.4 3.487
2002 6,541,754 175,599 31,142 144,457 27.3 4.8 22.4 -1.7 3.471
2003 6,672,491 177,938 33,185 144,753 27.1 5.1 22.0 -2.0 3.420
2004 6,801,204 179,563 29,741 149,822 26.8 4.4 22.3 -3.0 3.354
2005 6,929,144 180,790 31,520 149,270 26.4 4.6 21.8 -3.0 3.274
2006 7,057,416 186,463 31,990 154,473 26.7 4.6 22.1 -3.6 3.266
2007 7,188,390 200,010 33,686 166,324 28.1 4.7 23.3 -4.7 3.5
2008 7,324,627 203,332 31,996 171,336 27.9 4.4 23.5 -4.5 3.55
2009 7,468,595 199,826 32,332 167,504 26.8 4.3 22.5 -2.8 3.48
2010 7,621,779 218,065 32,635 185,430 29.4 4.4 25.0 -4.5 3.576
2011 7,784,818 226,652 33,958 192,693 28.7 4.3 24.4 -3.0 3.49
2012 7,956,381 219,281 33,972 185,309 27.8 4.3 23.5 -1.5 3.55
2013 8,136,610 209,417 31,706 177,711 25.9 3.9 22.0 0.7 3.54
2014 8,326,347 229,460 32,879 196,581 27.8 4.0 23.8 -0.5 3.87
2015 8,524,062 237,500 33,500 204,000 28.1 4.0 24.1 -0.4 4.00
2016 8,725,318 229,998 34,102 195,896 26.6 3.9 22.7 0.9 3.87
2017 8,925,525 226,852 32,152 194,700 25.4 3.6 21.7 1.2 3.61
2018 9,128,132 233,641 32,856 200,785 25.6 3.6 22.0 0.7 3.65
2019 9,337,003 236,571 33,530 200,900 25.4 3.6 21.8 1.1 3.69
2020 9,543,207 250,693 43,726 206,967 25.8 4.5 21.3 0.8 3.72
2021 9,750,064 218,498 39,547 178,951 22.1 4.0 18.1 3.6 3.75
2022 9,952,787 230,654 31,103 199,551 23.0 3.1 19.9 0.9 3.78
2023 10,159,805 242,697 32,767 209,930 24.1 3.3 20.8 -1.6 3.80

Vital statistics

[edit]

[16]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January — June 2022 110,200 16,350 +93,850
January — June 2023 106,800 17,000 +89,800
Difference Decrease -3,400 (-3%) Negative increase +650 (+4%) Decrease -4,050

Life Expectancy

[edit]
Life expectancy in Tajikistan since 1950
Life expectancy in Tajikistan since 1960 by gender
Period[17] Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 53.1 1985–1990 64.1
1955–1960 55.1 1990–1995 62.3
1960–1965 57.2 1995–2000 64.5
1965–1970 59.3 2000–2005 66.4
1970–1975 60.8 2005–2010 68.7
1975–1980 62.1 2010–2015 70.4
1980–1985 63.2

Fertility rate

[edit]

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):[18][19]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
2012 33.9 3.8 (3.3) 28.9 3.3 (2.9) 35.6 3.9 (3.4)
2017 33.4 3.8 (3.5) 25.6 3.0 (2.8) 36.1 4.0 (3.7)
2023 27.1 3.5 25.4 3.2 27.8 3.5

Population pyramids

[edit]

Source:[20]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012)
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 3 987 517 3 909 796 7 897 313 100
0-4 555 543 522 110 1 077 653 13.65
5-9 437 711 414 701 852 412 10.79
10-14 440 884 419 105 859 989 10.89
15-19 436 357 420 499 856 856 10.85
20-24 429 738 424 831 854 569 10.82
25-29 363 432 358 886 722 318 9.15
30-34 271 966 265 850 537 816 6.81
35-39 225 366 227 780 453 146 5.74
40-44 202 816 208 317 411 132 5.21
45-49 181 790 189 145 370 934 4.70
50-54 156 158 160 512 316 669 4.01
55-59 100 176 104 798 204 974 2.60
60-64 64 192 67 836 132 028 1.67
65-69 36 014 33 300 69 314 0.88
70-74 38 813 38 360 77 172 0.98
75-79 24 913 28 119 53 032 0.67
80-84 14 691 16 110 30 801 0.39
85-89 5 432 6 682 12 114 0.15
90-94 1 211 2 114 3 324 0.04
95-99 268 491 758 0.01
100+ 52 257 309 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 1 434 138 1 355 916 2 790 054 35.33
15-64 2 431 985 2 428 447 4 860 432 61.55
65+ 121 394 125 433 246 827 3.13
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013)
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 4 078 857 3 995 409 8 074 266 100
0-4 564 736 528 451 1 093 187 13.54
5-9 453 224 428 754 881 978 10.92
10-14 437 293 415 432 852 725 10.56
15-19 440 389 422 520 862 909 10.69
20-24 428 230 422 055 850 284 10.53
25-29 382 376 379 040 761 416 9.43
30-34 286 675 279 681 566 356 7.01
35-39 230 478 231 505 461 983 5.72
40-44 206 328 211 812 418 139 5.18
45-49 184 234 191 988 376 222 4.66
50-54 163 910 168 577 332 487 4.12
55-59 108 532 113 347 221 879 2.75
60-64 69 788 74 346 144 133 1.79
65-69 37 799 36 790 74 589 0.92
70-74 37 495 36 388 73 883 0.92
75-79 25 173 28 084 53 256 0.66
80-84 14 482 16 838 31 319 0.39
85-89 6 091 7 046 13 136 0.16
90-94 1 301 2 108 3 408 0.04
95-99 262 434 696 0.01
100+ 69 218 287 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 1 455 253 1 372 637 2 827 890 35.02
15-64 2 500 932 2 494 866 4 995 798 61.87
65+ 122 672 127 906 250 578 3.10
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):[21]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 724 044 4 589 723 9 313 767 100
0–4 604 646 538 522 1 143 168 12.27
5–9 572 947 528 515 1 101 462 11.83
10–14 486 486 459 827 946 313 10.16
15–19 430 596 408 418 839 014 9.01
20–24 433 864 421 271 855 135 9.18
25–29 427 540 419 755 847 295 9.10
30–34 398 523 400 106 798 629 8.57
35–39 304 697 298 972 603 669 6.48
40–44 237 475 237 835 475 310 5.10
45–49 208 346 214 686 423 032 4.54
50–54 183 206 192 067 375 273 4.03
55–59 166 874 175 280 342 154 3.67
60–64 114 298 121 451 235 749 2.53
65-69 70 002 76 881 146 883 1.58
70-74 35 648 38 794 74 442 0.80
75-79 24 460 25 412 49 872 0.54
80-84 14 826 18 668 33 494 0.36
85-89 6 462 9 532 15 994 0.17
90-94 2 337 2 337 4 930 0.05
95-99 741 1 088 1 829 0.02
100+ 70 50 120 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 664 079 1 526 864 3 190 943 34.26
15–64 2 905 419 2 889 841 5 795 260 62.22
65+ 154 546 173 018 327 564 3.52

Birth rate

[edit]
Group of boys in Tajikistan

There were slightly over 224 thousand births in Tajikistan in 2017, down from 230 thousand in 2016.[22] Most births occurred in Khatlon Region (89 thousand births), followed by Sughd Region (61 thousand births) and the Districts of Republican Subordination (53 thousand births). The fewest births is recorded in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in eastern Tajikistan, with around 5,700 births. Dushanbe city recorded approximately 15,500 births in 2017.

The crude birth rate for Tajikistan was 25.4‰ in 2017, down from 28.1‰ two years earlier (in 2015). Khatlon Region has the highest birth rate (28.1‰) in 2017, while the city of Dushanbe has the lowest birth rate with 18.8‰.

Crude birth rate by division from 2000 to 2018[23]
Division 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region 17.4 20.3 19.2 23.8 17.3 18.4 19.8 21.9 23.7 23.5
Sughd Region 25.1 25.4 23.9 24.0 25.8 29.4 27.6 28.2 24.9 24.2
Khatlon Region 28.6 29.0 31.9 29.4 30.5 31.1 29.4 31.1 30.0 28.5
Dushanbe city 28.5 25.6 20.9 20.4 25.6 24.1 22.8 16.5 17.5 18.4
Districts of Republican Subordination 28.1 28.8 26.0 27.9 28.8 30.2 28.5 27.5 27.5 25.9
Tajikistan 27.0 27.3 26.8 26.7 27.9 29.4 27.8 27.8 26.6 25.6

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Tajikistan Population (2024) - Worldometer".
  2. ^ a b "Library of Congress Country Studies - Tajikistan - Historical & Ethnic Background - 1996". Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  3. ^ "Jewish music of Bukhara? Alaev Family's got it". August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  4. ^ https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/WS10RizoevENG.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  5. ^ "Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы". www.demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.
  6. ^ Spoorenberg, Thomas (2013). "Fertility changes in Central Asia since 1980". Asian Population Studies. 9 (1): 50–77. doi:10.1080/17441730.2012.752238. S2CID 154532617.
  7. ^ Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). "Explaining recent fertility increase in Central Asia". Asian Population Studies. 11 (2): 115–133. doi:10.1080/17441730.2015.1027275. S2CID 153924060.
  8. ^ https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/WS10RizoevENG.pdf
  9. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, November 6, 1994, Article 2.
  10. ^ "Ethnologue report for Languages of Tajikistan". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  11. ^ "World Religion Database at the ARDA website, 2023-08-03". Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  12. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011.
  13. ^ "Socio-demographic sector Basic social indicators, 2000–2023 (Official Tajikistan Government Statistics)". 6 April 2024.
  14. ^ "UN Demographic Yearbook System". Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  15. ^ Естественное движение населения республик СССР, 1935 [Natural population growth of the Republics of the USSR, 1935] (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  16. ^ "В Таджикистане снизилась рождаемость". 11 August 2023.
  17. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  18. ^ http://www.dhsprogram.com/ Archived 2015-05-07 at the Wayback Machine (Demographic Health Survey)
  19. ^ "Tajikistan Demographic and Health Survey 2023 - Key Indicators Report (English, Russian)".
  20. ^ "Demographic Yearbook". UN Data. United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  21. ^ "Demographic Yearbook - 2020". New York: United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Number of births, 2000-2017". Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  23. ^ Birth rate Archived 2020-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
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