View source for -in

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "in"}}
==English==

===Etymology 1===
{{clipping|en|-ine}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{lb|en|biochemistry}} {{non-gloss|Used, as a modification of [[-ine]], to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins ([[globulin]]), carbohydrates ([[dextrin]]), dyes ([[alizarin]]) and others ([[vanillin]]).}}
## a neutral chemical compound
##: ''[[albumin]], [[casein]], [[chitin]], [[pepsin]], [[saponin]]''
## an [[enzyme]]
##: ''[[renin]], [[pancreatin]]''
## an [[antibiotic]]
##: ''[[penicillin]], [[streptomycin]]''
## a pharmaceutical product
##: ''[[cobalamin]], [[niacin]], [[vitamin]]''

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|en}}

===Etymology 2===
From the particle {{m|en|in}}, modelled after {{m|en|sit-in}}. Compare {{m|en|-off}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{senseid|en|protest}} {{n-g|Attached to a [[word]] (usually a [[verb]]) to denote a [[protest]], [[demonstration]] or other type of [[gathering]] characterized by the [[activity]] denoted by the base word.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col4|en|bed-in|be-in|die-in|gay-in|kiss-in|lie-in|love-in|marry-in|nurse-in|ogle-in|sing-in|sit-in|swim-in|teach-in}}

====Further reading====
* {{cite-journal|en|year=1968|author=Harder, K. B.|title=Coinages of the Type of “Sit-In.”|journal={{w|American Speech}}|volume=43|issue=1|pages=58–64|doi=10.2307/455377}}

===Etymology 3===
{{clipping|en|-ing}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|en|-in’}}

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{lb|en|proscribed|dialect}} {{alternative form of|en|-ing}}.

===Etymology 4===

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# {{alternative form of|en|-en}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|elf|elfin}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=in|N.I.|NI|ni}}

{{cln|en|productive suffixes}}

==Azerbaijani==

===Etymology 1===

====Suffix====
{{az-suffix-forms|n}}
{{head|az|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Reflexive suffix.}}
#: {{suffixusex|az|örtmək|gloss1=to cover|altsuf=-ün|örtünmək|gloss2=to cover oneself}}
#: {{suffixusex|az|gizləmək|gloss1=to hide|altsuf=-n|gizlənmək|gloss2=to hide oneself}}
# {{non-gloss|Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.}}

=====Usage notes=====
{{az-latin-note|verb-suffix|demək|gloss1=to say|deyinmək|gloss2=to say to oneself, to mutter}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|az|-in (reflexive)}}
{{suffixsee|az}}

===Etymology 2===

====Suffix====
{{az-suffix-forms|n}}
{{head|az|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Suffix creating nouns from verbs.}}

=====Declension=====
{{az-decl-noun|i|c}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|az|-in (nominal)}}

===Etymology 3===

====Suffix====
{{az-inf-p}}
{{head|az|suffix form}}

# {{non-gloss|Form of {{m|az|-il|t=[passive suffix]}} after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.}}

=====Derived terms=====
See {{m|az|-il}}.

==Chuukese==

===Suffix===
{{head|chk|suffix}}

# [[of]]
#: {{syn|chk|-en}}

==Czech==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|cs|/ɪn/}}

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|cs|zlw-ocs|-in}}, from {{inh|cs|sla-pro|*-inъ}}.

====Suffix====
{{cs-adj}}

# {{n-g|suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals}}
#: {{ux|cs|matč'''in''' bratr|mother's brother|inline=1}}

=====Declension=====
{{cs-adecl}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|cs}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|cs|-ův}}
* {{l|cs|-í}}

====Further reading====
* {{R:cs:Nase rec|author=Hana Prouzová|title=Přivlastňovací přídavná jména na -ův, -in v současné češtině|url=http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=5032|year=1964|volume=47|issue=3}}
* {{R:cs:Nase rec|author=Jaroslava Hlavsová|title=K některým místním (nářečním) rozdílům v tvoření vztahových adjektiv v češtině|url=http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?lang=en&art=6345|year=1982|volume=65|number=4}}

===Etymology 2===
{{bor+|cs|la|-īnus}}, from {{der|cs|grc|-ινος}}.

====Suffix====
{{cs-noun|m-in}}

# {{lb|cs|chemistry}} [[-ine]] {{gloss|suffix used to form names of chemical [[substance]]s}}
#: {{ux|cs|aden'''in'''|adenine|inline=1}}
#: {{ux|cs|olomouc'''in'''|olomoucine|inline=1}}

=====Declension=====
{{cs-ndecl|m}}

==Dutch==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|nl|-inne||obsolete}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|nl|dum|-inne}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|*-inna}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*-inī}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nl|/ɪn/}}
* {{audio|nl|Nl--in.ogg}}

===Suffix===
{{head|nl|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|g=f|plural|-innen|diminutive|-innetje}}

# {{ng|Forms nouns for the female counterpart of something.}}
#: {{syn|nl|-e|-egge|-es|-ster}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|nl}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|af|-in}}

==Finnish==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|fi|urj-fin-pro|*-in|pos=instrumental suffix|id=instrumental}}, probably from {{inh|fi|urj-pro|*-ma}}.

====Suffix====
{{fi-suffix|noun}}

# {{etymid|fi|instrumental}} {{non-gloss|Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|avata|t1=to open|avain|t2=key}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|keittää|t1=to cook, boil|keitin|t2=appliance for cooking/boiling}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|puhella|t1=to chat, chatter|puhelin|t2=telephone}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|elää|t1=to live|eläin|t2=animal}}
# {{etymid|fi|diminutive}} {{non-gloss|Forms some diminutive nouns.}}
# {{non-gloss|Used to form the [[combining form]] of some verbs.}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|asua|t1=to live (somewhere), reside|asuin-}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|elää|t1=to live, be alive|elin-}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|leipoa|t1=to bake|leivin-}}

=====Declension=====
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
{{fi-decl-kytkin|-|||i|a}}
Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
{{fi-decl-kytkin|-|||i|ä}}
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|fi|id=instrumental}}
{{suffixsee|fi|id=diminutive}}

====See also====
* {{l|fi|-ja}}
* {{l|fi|-ri}}
* {{l|fi|-tär}}
* {{l|fi|-uri}}

===Etymology 2===
{{etymid|fi|superlative}}
From {{inh|fi|urj-fin-pro|*-in|id=superlative|pos=superlative suffix}} (related to {{cog|krl|-in}}), probably from {{inh|fi|urj-pro|*-ma}}. The oblique stem ''-impA, -immA'' is influenced by the oblique stem ''-mpA, -mmA'' of comparatives.

====Suffix====
{{fi-suffix|adjective}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms [[superlative]] adjectives.}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|heikko|t1=weak|heikoin|t2=weakest}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|matala|t1=low, shallow|matalin|t2=lowest, shallowest}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|ruma|t1=ugly|rumin|t2=ugliest}}
#: {{suffixusex|fi|suuri|t1=large, big|suurin|t2=largest, biggest}}

=====Declension=====
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
{{fi-decl-sisin|pos=adj|-|a}}
Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
{{fi-decl-sisin|pos=adj|-|ä}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|fi|id=superlative}}

=====See also=====
* {{l|fi|-mpi}}

===Etymology 3===
{{etymid|fi|instructive}}
See {{m|fi|-n|id=instructive}}.

====Suffix====
{{fi-suffix|inflectional}}

# {{non-gloss|Instructive plural suffix.}}
#: {{ux|fi|kaks'''in''' käs'''in'''|with two hands|inline=1}}
#: {{ux|fi|palja'''in''' silm'''in'''|with bare eyes|inline=1}}
#: {{ux|fi|pitk'''in''' askel'''in'''|with long steps|inline=1}}
#: {{ux|fi|hyvissä ajo'''in'''|in good time|inline=1}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|fi|id=instructive}}

===Etymology 4===
{{etymid|fi|possessive}}
Probably by {{metathesis|fi|nocap=1}}.

====Suffix====
{{fi-suffix|possessive}} {{tlb|fi|poetic}}

# {{non-gloss|A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix {{m|fi|-ni}}.}}
#: {{m|fi|rakkain}} (for {{m|fi|rakkaani}})
#: {{m|fi||syödäksein}} (for {{m|fi|syödä|syödäkseni}})

=====Usage notes=====
The use of this suffix is restricted to cases where it is not preceded by a labial vowel ({{m|fi||o}}, {{m|fi||u}}, {{m|fi||y}}, {{m|fi||ö}}), the vowel {{m|fi||i}}, a long vowel (it is shortened if necessary) or a diphthong (since it itself forms a diphthong). It is not used if the resulting word would be monosyllabic.

===Etymology 5===
{{etymid|fi|adjectival}}
From {{inh|fi|urj-fin-pro|*-in|pos=adjectival suffix|id=adjectival}}, a variant of the diminutive suffix {{cog|urj-fin-pro|*-ma}}.

====Suffix====
{{fi-suffix|adjective}}

# {{lb|fi|non-productive}} {{non-gloss|Forms some adjectives.}}

=====Declension=====
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
{{fi-decl-kytkin|-|||i|a}}
Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
{{fi-decl-kytkin|-|||i|ä}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|fi|id=adjectival}}

===Etymology 6===
From {{inh|fi|urj-fin-pro|*-den|pos=genitive plural suffix for some nouns}}, from the nominative plural ending {{m|urj-fin-pro|*-t}} + genitive ending {{m|urj-fin-pro|*-n}} (with an epenthetic *''-e-'').

====Suffix====
{{fi-suffix|inflectional}} {{tlb|fi|rare}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms the [[genitive]] plural.}}

=====Usage notes=====
* Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final {{m|fi|-i}} changes to {{m|fi|-e-}}.
* Note, however, that the more common suffix for the [[genitive]] plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
* Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. {{m|fi|Yhdysvaltain}}, from {{m|fi|Yhdysvallat}} ("United States", singular stem {{m|fi||Yhdysvalta-}}), where also the more modern form {{m|fi|Yhdysvaltojen}} is possible.

=====See also=====
* {{l|fi|-den}}
* {{l|fi|-en}}
* {{l|fi|-n}}
* {{l|fi|-ten}}
* {{l|fi|-tten}}

===Etymology 7===
See {{m|fi|-Vn|id=illative|pos=illative suffix}}.

====Suffix====
{{fi-suffix|inflectional}}

# {{non-gloss|Suffix variant for the illative singular, see {{m|fi|-Vn}}.}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|fi|a=in|-ni}}

{{cln|fi|possessive suffix variants}}

==French==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|fr|la|-īnus}}, from {{inh|fr|ine-pro|*-iHnos}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{fr-adj}}

# {{n-g|forms adjectives indicating a quality}}; [[-ish]], [[-ic]]
#: {{sufex|fr|enfant|t1=child|enfantin|t2=childish}}

===Suffix===
{{fr-noun|m|f=+}}

# {{n-g|forms nouns with a diminutive or pejorative quality}}
#: {{sufex|fr|plaisant|t1=pleasant|plaisantin|t2=joker, wiseass}}
#: {{sufex|fr|ours|t1=bear|oursin|t2=urchin}}
#: {{sufex|fr|crotte|t1=animal dropping|crottin|t2=manure}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|fr}}

==Fula==

===Affix===
{{head|ff|affix}}

# {{lb|ff|Pulaar}} {{ng|makes verbs causative}}
#: {{suffixusex|ff|jangude|janginde|t1=study, learn|t2=teach}}
#: {{suffixusex|ff|famude|faminde|t1=to unserstand|t2=to explain something to someone}}

==German==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|de|gmh|-inne}}, {{m|gmh|-in}}, from {{inh|de|goh|-inna}}, {{m|goh|-in}}, from {{inh|de|gmw-pro|*-ini}}, from {{inh|de|gem-pro|*-inī}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|de|-inn|-inne||both obsolete}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|de|/ɪn/|[ɪn]}}
* {{audio|de|De--in.ogg}}
* For speakers who realise {{m|de|-en}} as {{IPAchar|[ən]}}, the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in {{m|de||-en}} and hence keep a very clear distinction.

====Suffix====
{{head|de|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|g=f|genitive|-in|plural|-innen}}

# {{senseid|de|feminine}} {{n-g|creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; [[umlaut]] usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Arbeitgeber|t1=[[employer]]|Arbeitgeberin|t2=employer (female person or sexless company)}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Autor|t1=[[author]]|Autorin|t2=author (female person, i.e. a [[female]] [[author]] or [[authoress]], or sexless company, abstract thing)}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Gott|t1=[[god]]|Göttin|t2=female god, [[goddess]]}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Hund|t1=[[dog]]|Hündin|t2=female dog, she-dog, [[bitch]]}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Katze|g1=f|t1=[[cat]]|Kätzin|t2=female cat, she-cat}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Sänger|t1=[[singer]]|Sängerin|t2=female singer}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Pastor|t1=[[pastor]]|Pastorin|t2=female pastor}}
## {{lb|de|dated}} names the wife of a person
##: {{suffixusex|de|Pastor|t1=[[pastor]]|Pastorin|t2=[[wife]] of a pastor}}
## {{lb|de|dated}} {{n-g|creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)}}
##: {{m|de|Schwarz|pos=proper noun}} → {{l|de|Schwarzin}} (''a female person with the name ''Schwarz'', that is the wife or daughter of someone named ''Schwarz''<nowiki />'')
##* {{quote-text|de|year=1743|title=Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa|publisher=Leipzig & Hallle|page=2007
|passage=Schwartz'''in''', (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.
|translation=Schwartz (Sibylle [given name]) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on 13th July 1638.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|de}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|eo|-ino|bor=1}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{der|de|la|-īnus}}, from {{der|de|grc|-ινος}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|de|/-ˈiːn/}}
* {{audio|de|De--in2.ogg}}

====Suffix====
{{head|de|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|g=n|genitive|-ins|plural|-ine}}

# {{senseid|de|chemistry}} {{lb|de|chemistry}} [[-yne]]; [[-ine]]

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|de|id=chemistry}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{der|de|sla-pro|*-inъ}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|de|/-ˈiːn/}}
* {{audio|de|De--in2.ogg}}

====Suffix====
{{head|de|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|g=n|genitive|-ins}}

# {{senseid|de|toponymy}} {{n-g|A suffix found in place names of Slavic origin, especially in northeastern Germany}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|de|id=toponymy}}

==Ido==

===Suffix===
{{head|io|suffix}}

# ''See'' '''{{l|io|-in-}}'''.

==Indonesian==

===Etymology===
{{bor+|id|bew|-in}}, from {{der|id|ban|-in}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|id|/ɪn/}}
* {{hyph|id|in}}

===Suffix===
{{head|id|suffix|non-active/imperative/basic|{{color|black|-in}}|active|nge- -in|passive|di- -in}} {{tlb|id|colloquial|dialectal}}

# {{ng|Used to form [[benefactive]] aspect on a verb.}}
#: {{m|id|beli|t=to buy}} → {{m|id|beliin|t=to buy (for)}}
#: {{m|id|bikin|t=to make}} → {{m|id|bikinin|t=to make (for)}}
# {{ng|Used to [[intensify]] a verb.}}
#: {{m|id|liat|t=to see}} → {{m|id|liatin|t=to look}}
#: {{m|id|denger|t=to hear}} → {{m|id|dengerin|t=to listen}}
# {{ng|Used to form [[causative]] aspect on a verb.}}
#: {{m|id|besar|t=big}} → {{m|id|besarin|t=to make big; to enlarge; to raise}}
#: {{m|id|panjang|t=long}} → {{m|id|panjangin|t=to make long; to extend}}
# {{ng|Used to [[transitivize]] a verb}}
#: {{m|id|naik|t=to go up}} {{q|intransitive}} → {{m|id|naikin|t=to go up}} {{q|transitive}}
#: {{m|id|ketawa|t=to laugh}} → {{m|id|ketawain|t=to laugh at}}

====Usage notes====
* Especially for forming the causative aspect, this suffix can form a verb that is derived from an adjective or noun.

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|id}}

==Ingrian==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|izh|urj-fin-pro|*-inën}}. Cognates include  {{cog|fi|[[-inen]], [[-nen]]}} and {{cog|et|-ne}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{izh-p|A=-jne}}

====Suffix====
{{izh-suffix}}

# {{senseid|izh|similative}} {{n-g|Forms adjectives indicating the material of which something is made}}; [[-en]]
#: {{suffixusex|izh|puu|t1=wood|puin|t2=wooden}}
# {{senseid|izh|similative}} {{n-g|Forms diminutive nouns}}; [[-ie]]
#: {{suffixusex|izh|lintu|t1=bird|lintuin|t2=birdie}}

=====Declension=====
{|
|{{q|back-vocalic}} {{izh-decl/kärpäin|g=ain}}
|{{q|front-vocalic}} {{izh-decl/kärpäin}}
|}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|izh|id=similative}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|izh|-hiin}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|izh|urj-fin-pro|*-in}}. Cognates include  {{cog|fi|-in}} and {{cog|et|-i}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{izh-p}}

====Suffix====
{{izh-suffix}}

# {{senseid|izh|instrumental}} {{n-g|Forms [[instrumental]] nouns from verbs.}}
#: {{suffixusex|izh|avata|t1=to open|avvain|t2=key}}

=====Declension=====
{|
|{{q|back-vocalic}} {{izh-decl/syän|g=ain||}}
|{{q|front-vocalic}} {{izh-decl/syän||}}
|}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|izh|id=instrumental}}

===Etymology 3===
{{nonlemma}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{izh-p}}

====Suffix====
{{head|izh|suffix form}}

# {{inflection of|izh|-ia||1|sg|pres|ind|;|1|sg|past|ind}}

==Irish==

===Suffix===
{{ga-suffix|n|f}}

# {{lb|ga|biochemistry}} {{l|en|-in}}

====Declension====
{{ga-decl-f2-nopl|-|in|ine}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:ga:Ó Dónaill}}

==Japanese==

===Romanization===
{{ja-romaji}}

# {{ja-romanization of|いん}}

==Livvi==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|olo|urj-fin-pro|*-in}}. Cognates include {{cog|fi|-in}} and {{cog|et|-i}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|olo|/-in/}}

===Suffix===
{{olo-affix|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Forms [[inanimate]] [[instrumental]] nouns from verbs.}}
#: {{suffixusex|olo|avata|t1=to open|avain|t2=key}}

====Declension====
{{rfinfl|olo|suffix}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|olo}}

==Luxembourgish==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|lb|gmh|-inne}}, {{m|gmh|-in}}, {{m|gmh|-īn}}. Compare {{cog|de|-in}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|lb|/in/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|lb|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|used to form the female versions of agent nouns}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|lb}}

==Maltese==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|mt|ar|ـِينَ}}, oblique case form of {{m|ar|ـُونَ}}, masculine personal plural suffix.

===Suffix===
{{head|mt|suffix}}

# {{ng|a common plural suffix}}
## {{ng|used in most nouns and adjectives derived with the native suffix {{m|mt|-i}}}}
##: {{afex|mt|baħr'''i'''<t:sailor>|baħr'''in'''<t:sailors>}}
##: {{afex|mt|Malt'''i'''<t:Maltese>|Malt'''in'''}}
## {{ng|used in participles and some other native adjectives}}
##: {{afex|mt|maqtugħ<t:cut, cut-off>|maqtugħ'''in'''}}
##: {{afex|mt|ħelu<t:sweet>|ħelw'''in'''}}

====See also====
{{col-auto|mt|-ejn|-i|-iet|-ijiet}}

==Marshallese==

===Alternative forms===
* {{l|mh|in}}

===Pronunciation===
{{mh-ipa-rows|-in}}

===Suffix===
{{mh-head|suffix}}

# [[of]]
# [[from]]
# [[for]]

====Usage notes====
This suffix is combined with [[:Category:Marshallese nouns|nouns]] to create [[:Category:Marshallese noun construct forms|construct forms]].

===References===
* {{meod-ref|MED2I.htm#in}}

==Middle Dutch==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|dum|odt|*-īn}}, from {{inh|dum|gem-pro|*-īnaz}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|dum|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes}}

# [[-en]]; {{non-gloss|creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.}}

====Alternative forms====
* {{l|dum|-ijn}}
* {{l|dum|-en}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|dum}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|nl|-en}}

==Northern Sami==

===Pronunciation===
* {{se-IPA}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|se|smi-pro|*-jnē}}, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in {{m|smi-pro|*-j-}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|se|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{non-gloss|The ending of the comitative singular case.}}

=====Usage notes=====
{{U:se:suffgrade|w}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|se|smi-pro|*-jnē}}, originally the plural essive form.

====Suffix====
{{head|se|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{non-gloss|The ending of the locative plural case.}}

=====Usage notes=====
{{U:se:suffgrade|w}}

==Ojibwe==

===Final===
{{head|oj|final|cat2=verb finals|cat3=transitive inanimate verb finals|cat4=transitive animate verb finals}}

# act on by hand ''(often with a sense of holding an object)''

====Derived terms====
* {{l|oj|aabaabiigin}}
* {{l|oj|aabaabiiginan}}
* {{l|oj|dagon}}
* {{l|oj|dakon}}
* {{l|oj|dakonan}}
* {{l|oj|giziibiigin}}
* {{l|oj|giziibiiginan}}
* {{l|oj|zinigonan}}
* {{l|oj|ziikoobiiginan}}

===Suffix===
{{head|oj|suffix|cat2=verb suffixes}}

# {{non-gloss|A suffix denoting the [[first-person singular]] to [[second-person singular]] form of a transitive animate verb (vta)}}

====See also====
* {{l|oj|-n}}
* {{l|oj|-on}}
* {{l|oj|-oon}}

===Suffix===
{{head|oj|suffix|cat2=theme signs}}

# {{n-g|A local inverse them sign denoting that the [[second person|second-person]] prefix {{l|oj|gi-}} is the theme (object) of a transitive animate verb (vta) while the [[first person|first-person]] agent (subject) is denoted by the verbal suffixes.}}

===References===
* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final
* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final-654923

==Old Czech==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|zlw-ocs|sla-pro|*-inъ}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{zlw-ocs-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{zlw-ocs-adj}}

# {{n-g|suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals}}

====Declension====
{{zlw-ocs-adecl}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|zlw-ocs|-óv}}
* {{l|zlw-ocs|-í}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|cs|-in}}

==Old High German==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|goh|gem-pro|*-īnaz}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|goh|suffix|head=-īn}}

# {{non-gloss|used to create adjectives from nouns}}
#: {{suffixusex|goh|stein|t1=stone|altsuf=-īn|steinīn|t2=made of stone}}
#: {{suffixusex|goh|gold|t1=gold|altsuf=-īn|guldīn|t2=golden}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|de|-en}}

==Old Norse==

===Suffix===
{{head|non|suffix form}}

# {{infl of|non|-inn|pos=adjective suffix||posd|str|f|nom|s|;|posd|str|n|nom//acc|p}}
# {{infl of|non|-inn|pos=participle suffix||str|f|nom|s|;|str|n|nom//acc|p}}
# {{infl of|non|-inn|pos=definite article suffix||f|nom|s|;|n|nom//acc|p}}

==Old Polish==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|zlw-opl|sla-pro|*-inъ}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{zlw-opl-IPA|i?n}}

===Suffix===
{{head|zlw-opl|suffix}}

# {{ng|forms adjectives}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|zlw-opl}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|pl|-iny|-in}}

==Pali==

===Alternative forms===
{{pi-alt}}

===Suffix===
{{head|pi|suffix}}

# Adjective in -ī/-inī/-i, meaning possessing what is denoted by the base.

====Usage notes====
Independent vowels and vowel bearers are shown in the list of alternative forms to accord with basic grammar rules.  These are converted to dependent vowels when the suffix is used.

====Derived terms====
Words using this suffix are listed in their own [[:Category:Pali terms suffixed with -in|category]].  Note that normally only the Latin script forms are listed, as etymology sections are normally restricted to the Latin script form.

{{suffixsee|pi}}

==Polish==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|pl|-yn}}

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf--in.wav}}

===Etymology 1===
{{rfe|pl}}

====Suffix====
{{head|pl|suffix|g=m-in}}

# {{lb|pl|chemistry}} {{ng|[[-ite]]}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|arsen|arsenin}}

=====Declension=====
{{pl-decl-noun-m-in}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|pl}}

===Etymology 2===
{{dercat|pl|ine-bsl-pro|ine-pro|inh=2}}
{{inh+|pl|zlw-opl|-in}}, from {{inh|pl|sla-pro|*-inъ}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|pl|suffix}}

# {{alt form|pl|-iny}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:PWN}}

==Portuguese==

===Pronunciation===
{{pt-IPA|-im}}

===Suffix===
{{pt-suffix}}

# {{pronunciation spelling of|pt|-inho}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|pt|-im}}, {{l|pt|-in'}}

==Scots==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|sco|-in'|-ing}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sco|/ɪn/|/ɪŋ/}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|sco|enm|-ing}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|-ing}}, {{m|ang|-ung}}, from {{inh|sco|gmw-pro|*-ingu}}, {{m|gmw-pro|*-ungu}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|sco|suffix}}

# Used to form [[present participle]]s of [[verb]]s.
# Used to form [[noun]]s from verbs.

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|sco|enm|-ing}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|-ing|}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|sco|suffix}}

# Forms [[diminutive]]s or to form [[collective]]s.

===References===
* {{R:DSL|pos=suff}}

==Spanish==

===Suffix===
{{es-noun|m}}

# {{alt form|es|-ing}}

==Tagalog==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|tl|-hin}}
* {{alt|tl|-nin}}
* {{alt|tl|-rin}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|tl|phi-pro|*-ən}}, from {{inh|tl|poz-pro|*-ən}}, from {{inh|tl|map-pro|*-ən}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{tl-pr|+,-en<q:colloquial>}}

===Suffix===
{{tl-verb|b=+|b2=in}}

# {{non-gloss|object trigger}}: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something
#: {{ux|tl|Lulutu'''in''' ko ang isda.|inline=1|I will cook the fish|lit=The fish will be cooked by me.}} {{q|'''The fish''' is focused.}}
# {{non-gloss|directional trigger}}: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
#: {{ux|tl|D'''in'''alaw namin ang lola ni Olivia.|inline=1|We visited the grandmother of Olivia.|lit=Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.}} {{q|'''The grandmother''' is focused.}}
# {{non-gloss|actor trigger}}: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon
#: {{ux|tl|B'''in'''abaha ang bahay niya.|inline=1|His house gets flooded.}} {{q|'''His house''' is focused.}}
# {{non-gloss|object trigger}}: {{q|with root word reduplication}} to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
#: {{ux|tl|'''Iniisip''' ko minsan ang nakaraan ko.|inline=1|I sometimes think about my past.|lit=My past is sometimes thought about by me.}} {{q|'''My past''' is focused.}}

===Suffix===
{{tl-adj|b=+|b2=in}}

# [[prone]] to, [[susceptible]] to
#: {{suffixusex|tl|lagnat|t1=fever|lagnatin|t2=prone to fever}}
#: {{suffixusex|tl|sakit|t1=illness|sakitin|t2=prone to illness}}

===Suffix===
{{tl-noun|b=+|b2=in}}

# {{non-gloss|an object of the action expressed by the root}}
#: {{suffixusex|tl|awit|t1=singing, song|awitin|t2=song}}
#: {{suffixusex|tl|aral|t1=lesson, studying|aralin|t2=studies}}
# {{lb|tl|Tayabas}} {{ng|nature and origin suffix}}
#: {{suffixusex|tl|Quezon|t1=province|Quezonin|t2=a native of Quezon}}
#: {{suffixusex|tl|Sampaloc|t1=municipality|Sampalukin|t2=a native of Sampaloc, Quezon}}
#: {{suffixusex|tl|bayan|t1=town center or poblacion|bayanin|t2=a local from the town center}}
#: {{suffixusex|tl|linang|t1=farm or remote area|linangin|t2=a local from the farm}}

====Usage notes====
* Normally, {{IPAchar|/h/}} is inserted before -in when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and {{IPAchar|/h/}} becomes {{IPAchar|/n/}}.
*: {{suffixusex|tl|sabi|altsuf=-'''h'''in|sabihin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tl|talo|altsuf=-'''n'''in|talunin}}

* Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.
*: {{suffixusex|tl|sunod|sundin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tl|kamit|kamtin}}

* Due to [[allophony]], {{IPAchar|/d/}} turns into {{IPAchar|/r/}} when inserted before ''-in''.
*: {{suffixusex|tl|hangad|[[hangarin|hanga'''r'''in]]}}
*: {{suffixusex|tl|baligtad|[[baligtarin|baligta'''r'''in]]}}
*: {{suffixusex|tl|bayad|[[bayarin|baya'''r'''in]]}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|tl}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|tl|a=in|ni}}

==Turkish==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-niŋ}}.

====Suffix====
{{tr-suffix|inflectional}}

# {{non-gloss|Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|öğretmen|t1=teacher|öğretmenin|t2=teacher's/of the teacher}}

=====Usage notes=====
* It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into {{m|tr|-ün}}, {{m|tr|-ın}} and {{m|tr|-un}} according to the last vowel of the word.
*: {{suffixusex|tr|yüz|altsuf=-ün|yüzün}} (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")
*: {{suffixusex|tr|saç|altsuf=-ın|saçın}} (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")
*: {{suffixusex|tr|yol|altsuf=-un|yolun}} (the last vowel is "o" or "u")
* If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ" (see below).
*: {{suffixusex|tr|sebep|sebebin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tr|köpek|köpeğin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tr|çekiç|çekicin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tr|senet|senedin}}
* It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
*: {{suffixusex|tr|beyin|alt1=bey'''i'''n|beynin|alt2='''beyn'''in}}
* If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n".
*: {{suffixusex|tr|peri|altsuf=-nin|perinin}}
* It must be used with an [[apostrophe]] if it's appended to a proper noun. It cannot cause consonant voicing (point 3).
*: {{suffixusex|tr|Canberk|Canberk'in}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-iŋ}}.

====Suffix====
{{tr-suffix|inflectional}}

# {{non-gloss|Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|ev|t1=house|evin|t2=your house}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|ofis|t1=office|ofisin|t2=your office}}

=====Usage notes=====
* If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes {{m|tr|-n}}
*: {{suffixusex|tr|kedi|altsuf=-n|kedin}}
* It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into {{m|tr|-ün}}, {{m|tr|-ın}} and {{m|tr|-un}} according to the last vowel of the word.
*: {{suffixusex|tr|yüz|altsuf=-ün|yüzün}} (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")
*: {{suffixusex|tr|saç|altsuf=-ın|saçın}} (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")
*: {{suffixusex|tr|yol|altsuf=-un|yolun}} (the last vowel is "o" or "u")
* If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
*: {{suffixusex|tr|sebep|sebebin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tr|köpek|köpeğin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tr|çekiç|çekicin}}
*: {{suffixusex|tr|senet|senedin}}
* It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
*: {{suffixusex|tr|beyin|alt1=bey'''i'''n|beynin|alt2='''beyn'''in}}
* It must be used with an [[apostrophe]] if it's appended to a proper noun.
*: {{suffixusex|tr|Canberk|Canberk'in}}

===Etymology 3===

====Suffix====
{{tr-suffix|verb}}

# {{senseid|tr|reflexive}} {{non-gloss|Reflexive suffix}}
#: {{suffixusex|tr|giymek|alt1=giy-|t1=to wear|giyinmek|alt2=giyin-|t2=to dress oneself}}

==Welsh==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|cy|cel-bry-pro|*-in}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-pro|*-īnos}}, from {{inh|cy|ine-pro|*-iHnos}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|cy|/ɪn/}}
* {{rhymes|cy|ɪn|s=1}}

===Suffix===
{{head|cy|suffix|g=f}}

# {{non-gloss|forms nouns characterised by root}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|{{l|cy|hysb|hesb}}|t1=barren, sterile|hesbin|t2=young ewe}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|crib|t1=comb|cribin|t2=rake}}
# {{lb|cy|obsolete}} {{non-gloss|forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|pridd|t1=soil, earth|priddin|t2=earthen}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|aur|t1=gold|eurin|t2=golden}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|lledr|t1=leather|lledrin|t2=leathern}}
# {{non-gloss|forms adjectives from other adjectives}}
#: {{suffixusex|cy|garw|t1=rough|gerwin|t2=severe, harsh}}

====Usage notes====
''-in'' causes i-[[affection]] of preceding vowels, e.g., {{suffixusex|cy|aur|t1=gold|eurin|t2=golden}}, {{suffixusex|cy|garw|t1=rough|gerwin|t2=severe, harsh}}.

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|cy}}

===References===
* {{R:cy:GPC}}

==Wolof==

===Suffix===
{{head|wo|suffix}}

# {{ng|forms nouns of manner}}
#: {{suffixusex|wo|dox|t1=to walk|doxin|t2=gait, walk, stride}}
#: {{suffixusex|wo|sol|t1=to put on a garment of clothing|colin|t2=a manner of dressing}}