hwio is a Go library for interfacing with hardware I/O, particularly on SoC-based boards such as BeagleBone Black, Raspberry Pi and Odroid-C1. It is loosely modelled on the Arduino programming style, but deviating where that doesn't make sense in Go. It makes use of a thin hardware abstraction via an interface so a program written against the library for say a BeagleBone could be easily compiled to run on a Raspberry Pi, maybe only changing pin references.

To use hwio, you just need to import it into your Go project, initialise modules and pins as required, and then use functions that manipulate the pins.

For more information about the library, including pin diagrams for supported boards and tutorials, see http://stuffwemade.net/hwio.

Initialising a pin looks like this:

myPin, err := hwio.GetPin("gpio4")
err = hwio.PinMode(myPin, hwio.OUTPUT)

Or the shorter, more convenient form:

myPin, err := GetPinWithMode("gpio4", hwio.OUTPUT)

Unlike Arduino, where the pins are directly numbered and you just use the number, in hwio you get the pin first, by name. This is necessary as different hardware drivers may provide different pins.

The mode constants include:

• INPUT - set pin to digital input
• OUTPUT - set pin to digital output

(Pull-ups and pull-downs are not currently supported by the drivers, as this is not apparently exposed to file system.)

Writing a value to a pin looks like this:

hwio.DigitalWrite(myPin, hwio.HIGH)

Reading a value from a digital pin looks like this, returning a HIGH or LOW:

value, err := hwio.DigitalRead(myPin)

Analog pins are available on BeagleBone Black. Unlike Arduino, before using analog pins you need to enable the module. This is because external programs may have them open.

analog, e := hwio.GetAnalogModule()
if e != nil {
	fmt.Printf("could not get analog module: %s\n", e)
	return
}

analog.Enable()

Reading an analog value looks like this:

value, err := hwio.AnalogRead(somePin)

Analog values (on BeagleBone Black at least) are integers typically between 0-1800, which is the number of millivolts. (Note that you cannot drive analog inputs more than 1.8 volts on the BeagleBone, and you should use the analog voltage references it provides).

(Note: the Raspberry Pi does not have analog inputs onboard, and is not covered by the analog functions of hwio. However it is possible to use i2c to read from a compatible device, such as the MCP4725 or ADS1015. Adafruit has breakout boards for these devices.)

At the end of your application, call CloseAll(). This can be done at the end of the main() function with a defer:

defer hwio.CloseAll()

This will ensure that resources allocated (particularly GPIO pins) will be released, even if there is a panic.

If you want to close an individual GPIO pin, you can use:

hwio.ClosePin(pin)

To delay a number of milliseconds:

hwio.Delay(500)  // delay 500ms

Or to delay by microseconds:

hwio.DelayMicroseconds(1500)  // delay 1500 usec, or 1.5 milliseconds

The Arduino ShiftOut function is supported in a simplified form for 8 bits:

e := hwio.ShiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, 127, hwio.MSBFIRST)   // write 8 bits, MSB first

or in a bigger variant that supports different sizes:

e := hwio.ShiftOutSize(dataPin, clockPin, someValue, hwio.LSBFIRST, 12)  // write 12 bits LSB first

Sometimes you might want to write an unsigned int to a set of digital pins (e.g. a parallel port). This can be done as follows:

somePins := []hwio.Pin{myPin3, myPin2, myPin1, myPin0}
e := hwio.WriteUIntToPins(myValue, somePins)

This will write out the n lowest bits of myValue, with the most significant bit of that value written to myPin3 etc. It uses DigitalWrite so the outputs are not written instantaneously.

There is an implementation of the Arduino map() function:

// map a value in range 0-1800 to new range 0-1023
i := hwio.Map(value, 0, 1800, 0, 1023)

To pulse a GPIO pin (must have been assigned), you can use the Pulse function:

e := hwio.Pulse(somePin, hwio.HIGH, 1500)

The second parameter is the logic level of the active level of the pulse. First the function sets the pin to the inactive state and then to the active state, before waiting the specified number of microseconds, and setting it inactive again.

On-board LEDs can be controlled using the helper function Led:

// Turn on usr0 LED
e := hwio.Led("usr0", true)

For BeagleBone, the LEDs are named "usr0", "usr1", "usr2" and "usr3" (case-insensitive). For Raspberry Pi only one of the LEDs is controllable, which is named "OK".

The Led function is a helper that uses the LED module. This provides more options to control what is displayed on each LED.

I2C is supported on BeagleBone Black and Raspberry Pi. It is accessible through the "i2c" module (BBB i2c2 pins), as follows:

m, e := hwio.GetModule("i2c")
if e != nil {
	fmt.Printf("could not get i2c module: %s\n", e)
	return
}
i2c := m.(hwio.I2CModule)

// Uncomment on Raspberry pi, which doesn't automatically enable i2c bus. BeagleBone does,
// as the default device tree enables it.

// i2c.Enable()
// defer i2c.Disable()

device := i2c.GetDevice(0x68)

Once you have a device, you can use Write, WriteBytes, Read or ReadBytes to set or get data from the i2c device.

e.g.

device.WriteByte(controlRegister, someValue)

While you can use the i2c types to directly talk to i2c devices, the specific device may already have higher-level support in the hwio/devices package, so check there first, as the hard work may be done already.

PWM support for BeagleBone Black has been added. To use a PWM pin, you need to fetch the module that the PWM belongs to, enable the PWM module and pin, and then you can manipulate the period and duty cycle. e.g.

// Get the module
m, e := hwio.GetModule("pwm2")
if e != nil {
	fmt.Printf("could not get pwm2 module: %s\n", e)
	return
}

pwm := m.(hwio.PWMModule)

// Enable it.
pwm.Enable()

// Get the PWM pin
pwm8_13, _ := hwio.GetPin("P8.13")
e = pwm.EnablePin(pwm8_13, true)
if e != nil {
	fmt.Printf("Error enabling pin: %s\n", e)
	return
}

// Set the period and duty cycle, in nanoseconds. This is a 1/10th second cycle
pwm.SetPeriod(pwm8_13, 100000000)
pwm.SetDuty(pwm8_13, 90000000)

On BeagleBone Black, there are 3 PWM modules, "pwm0", "pwm1" and "pwm2". I am not sure if "pwm1" pins can be assigned, as they are pre-allocated in the default device tree config, but in theory it should be possible to use them. By default, these pins can be used:

• pwm0: P9.21 (ehrpwm0B) and P9.22 (ehrpwm0A)
• pwm2: P8.13 (ehrpwm2A) and P8.19 (ehrpwm2A)

This is a preliminary implementation; only P8.13 (pwm2) has been tested. PWM pins are not present in default device tree. The module will add them dynamically as necessary to bonemgr/slots; this will override defaults.

There is a servo implementation in the hwio/servo package. See README.md in that package.

There are sub-packages under 'devices' that have been made to work with hwio. The currently supported devices include:

• GY-520 gyroscope/accelerometer using I2C.
• HD-44780 multi-line LCD display. Currently implemented over I2C converter only.
• MCP23017 16-bit port extender over I2C.
• Nintendo Nunchuck over I2C.

See README.md files in respective directories.

The helper function CpuInfo can tell you properties about your device. This is based on /proc/cpuinfo.

e.g. model := hwio.CpuInfo(0, "model name")

The properties available from device to device. Processor 0 is always present.

The intention of the hwio library is to use uname to attempt to detect the platform and select an appropriate driver (see drivers section below), so for some platforms this may auto-detect. However, with the variety of boards around and the variety of operating systems, you may find that autodetection doesn't work. If you need to set the driver automatically, you can do:

hwio.SetDriver(new(BeagleBoneBlackDriver))

This needs to be done before any other hwio calls.

REALLY IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT THIS ABOUT THIS LIBRARY:

• It is under development. If you're lucky, it might work. It should be considered Alpha.
• If you don't want to risk frying your board, you can still run the unit tests ;-)

Currently there are 3 drivers:

• BeagleBoneBlackDriver - for BeagleBone boards running linux kernel 3.7 or higher, including BeagleBone Black. This is untested on older BeagleBone boards with updated kernels.
• RaspberryPiDTDriver - for Raspberry Pi modules running linux kernel 3.7 or higher, which includes newer Raspian kernels and some late Occidental kernels.
• TestDriver - for unit tests.

Old pre-kernel-3.7 drivers for BeagleBone and Raspberry Pi have been deprecated as I have no test beds for these. If you want to use these, you can check out the 'legacy' branch that contains the older drivers, but no new features will be added.

This driver accesses hardware via the device interfaces exposed in the file system on linux kernels 3.8 or higher, where device tree is mandated. This should be a robust driver as the hardware access is maintained by device driver authors, but is likely to be not as fast as direct memory I/O to the hardware as there is file system overhead.

Status:

• In active development.
• Tested for gpio reads and writes, analog reads and i2c. Test device was BeagleBone Black running rev A5C, running angstrom.
• Driver automatically blocks out the GPIO pins that are allocated to LCD and MMC on the default BeagleBone Black boards.
• GPIOs not assigned at boot to other modules are known to read and write.
• PWM is known to work on erhpwm2A and B ports.
• GPIO pull-ups is not yet supported.
• i2c is enabled by default.
• Has not been tested on BeagleBone Black rev C

This driver is very similar to the BeagleBone Black driver in that it uses the modules compiled into the kernel and configured using device tree. It uses the same GPIO and i2c implementatons, just with different pins.

Current status:

• DigitalRead and DigitalWrite (GPIO) have been tested and work correctly on supported GPIO pins. Test platform was Raspberry Pi (revision 1), Raspian 2013-12-20-wheezy-raspbian, kernel 3.10.24+.
• GPIO pins are gpio4, gpio17, gpio18, gpio21, gpio22, gpio23, gpio24 and gpio25.
• I2C is working on raspian. You need to enable it on the board first. Follow these instructions
• It is unlikely to work on a Raspberry Pi B+, as many pins have moved, even on the first 26 legacy pins. Power and I2C appear to be in the same locations, but little else.

GetPin references on this driver return the pin numbers that are on the headers. Pin 0 is unimplemented.

Note: before using this, check your kernel is 3.7 or higher. There are a number of pre-3.7 distributions still in use, and this driver does not support pre-3.7.

This driver accesses hardware via the device interfaces exposed in the file system on linux kernels 3.8 or higher, where device tree is mandated. This should be a robust driver as the hardware access is maintained by device driver authors, but is likely to be not as fast as direct memory I/O to the hardware as there is file system overhead.

Status:

• In active development.
• Analog input is known to work. Device limit is 1.8V on analog input.
• Autodetection works
• GPIO not fully tested
• PWM does not work yet

I2C is not loaded by default on this device. You need to either:

 modprobe aml_i2c

or to enable on each boot:

sudo echo "aml_i2c" >> /etc/modules

This makes the necessary /dev/i2c* files appear.

Some general principles the library attempts to adhere to include:

• Pin references are logical, and are mapped to hardware pins by the driver. The pin numbers you get back from GetPin are, unless otherwise specified, related to the pin numbers on extension headers.
• Drivers provide pin names, so you can look them up by meaningful names instead of relying on device specific numbers. On boards such as BeagleBone, where pins are multiplexed to internal functions, pins can have multiple names.
• The library does not implement Arduino functions for their own sake if go's framework naturally supports them better, unless we can provide a simpler interface to those functions and keep close to the Arduino semantics.
• Drivers are very thin layers; most of the I/O functionality is provided by modules. These aim to be as generic as possible so that different drivers on similar kernels can assemble the modules that are enabled in device tree, with appropriate pin configuration. This also makes it easier to add in new modules to support various SoC functions.
• Make no assumption about the state of a pin whose mode has not been set. Specifically, pins that don't have mode set may not on a particular hardware configuration even be configured as general purpose I/O. For example, many beaglebone pins have overloaded functions set using a multiplexer, and some are be pre-assigned by the default device tree configuration.
• Any pin whose mode is set by PinMode can be assumed to be general purpose I/O, and likewise if it is not set, it could have any multiplexed behaviour assigned to it. A consequence is that unlike Arduino, PinMode must be called before a pin is used.
• The library should be as fast as possible so that applications that require very high speed I/O should achieve maximal throughput, given an appropriate driver.
• Make simple stuff simple, and harder stuff possible. In particular, while Arduino-like methods have uniform interface and semantics across drivers, we don't hide the driver itself or the modules it uses, so special features of a driver or module can still be used, albeit non-portably.
• Sub-packages can be added as required that approximately parallel Arduino libaries (e.g. perhaps an SD card package).

Pins are logical representation of physical pins on the hardware. To provide some abstraction, pins are numbered, much like on an Arduino. Unlike Arduino, there is no single mapping to hardware pins - this is done by the hardware driver. To make it easier to work with, drivers can give one or more names to a pin, and you can use GetPin to get a reference to the pin by one of those names.

Each driver must implement a method that defines the mapping from logical pins to physical pins as understood by that piece of hardware. Additionally, the driver also publishes the modules that the hardware configuration supports, so that hwio can ensure that constraints of the hardware are met. For example, if a pin implements PWM and GPIO in hardware, it is associated with two modules. When the PWM module is enabled, it will assign the pin to itself. Because each pin can have a different set of capabilities, there is no distinction between analog and digital pins as there is in Arduino; there is one set of pins, which may support any number of capabilities including digital and analog.

The caller generally works with logical pin numbers retrieved by GetPin.

• Interupts (lib, BeagleBone and R-Pi)
• Serial support for UART pins (lib, BeagleBone and R-Pi)
• SPI support; consider augmenting ShiftIn and ShiftOut to use hardware pins if appropriate (Beaglebone and R-Pi)
• Stepper (lib)
• TLC5940 (lib)