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You've seen so far through this curriculum that there are core concepts like prompts and even a whole discipline called "prompt engineering". Many tools you can interact with like ChatGPT, Office 365, Microsoft Power Platform and more, support you using prompts to accomplish something.

For you to add such an experience to an app, you need to understand concepts like prompts, completions and choose a library to work with. That's exactly what you'll learn in this chapter.

In this chapter, you will:

• Learn about the openai library and it's core concepts.
• Build a text generation app using openai.
• Understand how to use concepts like prompt, temperature, and tokens to build a text generation app.

At the end of this lesson, you'll be able to:

• Explain what a text generation app is.
• Build a text generation app using openai.
• Configure your app to use more or less tokens and also change the temperature, for a varied output.

Normally when you build an app it has some kind of interface like the following:

• Command-based. Console apps are typical apps where you type a command and it carries out a task. For example, git is a command-based app.
• User interface (UI). Some apps have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) where you click buttons, input text, select options and more.

Compare it to a command-based app where you type a command:

• It's limited. You can't just type any command, only the ones that the app supports.
• Language specific. Some apps support many languages, but by default the app is built for a specific language, even if you can add more language support.

So how is a text generation app different?

In a text generation app, you have more flexibility, you're not limited to a set of commands or a specific input language. Instead, you can use natural language to interact with the app. Another benefit is that because you're already interacting with a data source that has been trained on a vast corpus of information, whereas a traditional app might be limited on what's in a database.

There are many things you can build. For example:

• A chatbot. A chatbot answering questions about topics, like your company and its products could be a good match.
• Helper. LLMs are great at things like summarizing text, getting insights from text, producing text like resumes and more.
• Code assistant. Depending on the language model you use, you can build a code assistant that helps you write code. For example, you can use a product like GitHub Copilot as well as ChatGPT to help you write code.

Well, you need to find a way to integrate with an LLM which usually entails the following two approaches:

• Use an API. Here you're constructing web requests with your prompt and get generated text back.
• Use a library. Libraries help encapsulate the API calls and make them easier to use.

There are a few well known libraries for working with LLMs like:

• openai, this library makes it easy to connect to your model and send in prompts.

Then there are libraries that operate on a higher level like:

• Langchain. Langchain is well known and supports Python.
• Semantic Kernel. Semantic Kernel is a library by Microsoft supporting the languages C#, Python, and Java.

Let's see how we can build our first app, what libraries we need, how much is required and so on.

There are many libraries out there for interacting with OpenAI or Azure OpenAI. It's possible to use numerous programming languages as well like C#, Python, JavaScript, Java and more. We've chosen to use the openai Python library, so we'll use pip to install it.

pip install openai

You need to carry out the following steps:

• Create an account on Azure https://azure.microsoft.com/free/.

• Gain access to Azure OpenAI. Go to https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/ai-services/openai/overview#how-do-i-get-access-to-azure-openai and request access.

  [!NOTE] At the time of writing, you need to apply for access to Azure OpenAI.

• Install Python https://www.python.org/

• Have created an Azure OpenAI Service resource. See this guide for how to create a resource.

At this point, you need to tell your openai library what API key to use. To find your API key, go to "Keys and Endpoint" section of your Azure OpenAI resource and copy the "Key 1" value.

Now that you have this information copied, let's instruct the libraries to use it.

If you're using Azure OpenAI, here's how you setup configuration:

openai.api_type = 'azure'
openai.api_key = os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"]
openai.api_version = '2023-05-15'
openai.api_base = os.getenv("API_BASE")

Above we're setting the following:

• api_type to azure. This tells the library to use Azure OpenAI and not OpenAI.
• api_key, this is your API key found in the Azure Portal.
• api_version, this is the version of the API you want to use. At the time of writing, the latest version is 2023-05-15.
• api_base, this is the endpoint of the API. You can find it in the Azure Portal next to your API key.

[!NOTE] > os.getenv is a function that reads environment variables. You can use it to read environment variables like OPENAI_API_KEY and API_BASE. Set these environment variables in your terminal or by using a library like dotenv.

The way to generate text is to use the Completion class. Here's an example:

prompt = "Complete the following: Once upon a time there was a"

completion = openai.Completion.create(model="davinci-002", prompt=prompt)
print(completion.choices[0].text)

In the above code, we create a completion object and pass in the model we want to use and the prompt. Then we print the generated text.

So far, you've seen how we've been using Completion to generate text. But there's another class called ChatCompletion that is more suited for chatbots. Here's an example of using it:

import openai

openai.api_key = "sk-..."

completion = openai.ChatCompletion.create(model="gpt-3.5-turbo", messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Hello world"}])
print(completion.choices[0].message.content)

More on this functionality in an upcoming chapter.

Now that we learned how to set up and configure openai, it's time to build your first text generation app. To build your app, follow these steps:

1. Create a virtual environment and install openai:

   python -m venv venv
   source venv/bin/activate
   pip install openai

   [!NOTE] If you're using Windows type venv\Scripts\activate instead of source venv/bin/activate.

   [!NOTE] Locate your Azure OpenAI key by going to https://portal.azure.com/ and search for Open AI and select the Open AI resource and then select Keys and Endpoint and copy the Key 1 value.

2. Create an app.py file and give it the following code:

   import openai
   
   openai.api_key = "<replace this value with your open ai key or Azure OpenAI key>"
   
   openai.api_type = 'azure'
   openai.api_version = '2023-05-15'
   openai.api_base = "<endpoint found in Azure Portal where your API key is>"
   deployment_name = "<deployment name>"
   
   # add your completion code
   prompt = "Complete the following: Once upon a time there was a"
   messages = [{"role": "user", "content": prompt}]
   
   # make completion
   completion = client.chat.completions.create(model=deployment, messages=messages)
   
   # print response
   print(completion.choices[0].message.content)

   [!NOTE] If you're using Azure OpenAI, you need to set the api_type to azure and set the api_key to your Azure OpenAI key.

   You should see an output like the following:

    very unhappy _____.
   
   Once upon a time there was a very unhappy mermaid.
   

Now you've seen how to generate text using a prompt. You even have a program up and running that you can modify and change to generate different types of text.

Prompts can be used for all sorts of tasks. For example:

• Generate a type of text. For example, you can generate a poem, questions for a quiz etc.
• Lookup information. You can use prompts to look for information like the following example 'What does CORS mean in web development?'.
• Generate code. You can use prompts to generate code, for example developing a regular expression used to validate emails or why not generate an entire program, like a web app?

Imagine you have ingredients at home and you want to cook something. For that, you need a recipe. A way to find recipes is to use a search engine or you could use an LLM to do so.

You could write a prompt like so:

"Show me 5 recipes for a dish with the following ingredients: chicken, potatoes, and carrots. Per recipe, list all the ingredients used"

Given the above prompt, you might get a response similar to:

1. Roasted Chicken and Vegetables:
Ingredients:
- 4 chicken thighs
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- Salt and pepper, to taste

2. Chicken and Potato Stew:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 onion, diced
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1 cup chicken broth
- Salt and pepper, to taste

3. Chicken and Potato Bake:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 onion, diced
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1 cup chicken broth
- Salt and pepper, to taste

4. Chicken and Potato Soup:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 onion, diced
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 4 cups chicken broth
- Salt and pepper, to taste

5. Chicken and Potato Hash:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 onion, diced
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano

This outcome is great, I know what to cook. At this point, what could be useful improvements are:

• Filtering out ingredients I don't like or am allergic to.
• Produce a shopping list, in case I don't have all the ingredients at home.

For the above cases, let's add an additional prompt:

"Please remove recipes with garlic as I'm allergic and replace it with something else. Also, please produce a shopping list for the recipes, considering I already have chicken, potatoes and carrots at home."

Now you have a new result, namely:

1. Roasted Chicken and Vegetables:
Ingredients:
- 4 chicken thighs
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- Salt and pepper, to taste

2. Chicken and Potato Stew:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 onion, diced
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1 cup chicken broth
- Salt and pepper, to taste

3. Chicken and Potato Bake:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 onion, diced
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1 cup chicken broth
- Salt and pepper, to taste

4. Chicken and Potato Soup:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 onion, diced
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon dried thyme
- 4 cups chicken broth
- Salt and pepper, to taste

5. Chicken and Potato Hash:
Ingredients:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 chicken breasts, cut into cubes
- 2 potatoes, cut into cubes
- 2 carrots, cut into cubes
- 1 onion, diced
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano

Shopping List:
- Olive oil
- Onion
- Thyme
- Oregano
- Salt
- Pepper

That's your five recipes, with no garlic mentioned and you also have a shopping list considering what you already have at home.

Now that we have played out a scenario, let's write code to match the demonstrated scenario. To do so, follow these steps:

1. Use the existing app.py file as a starting point

2. Locate the prompt variable and change its code to the following:

   prompt = "Show me 5 recipes for a dish with the following ingredients: chicken, potatoes, and carrots. Per recipe, list all the ingredients used"

   If you now run the code, you should see an output similar to:

   -Chicken Stew with Potatoes and Carrots: 3 tablespoons oil, 1 onion, chopped, 2 cloves garlic, minced, 1 carrot, peeled and chopped, 1 potato, peeled and chopped, 1 bay leaf, 1 thyme sprig, 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1/4 teaspoon black pepper, 1 1/2 cups chicken broth, 1/2 cup dry white wine, 2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley, 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, 1 1/2 pounds boneless, skinless chicken thighs, cut into 1-inch pieces
   -Oven-Roasted Chicken with Potatoes and Carrots: 3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil, 1 tablespoon Dijon mustard, 1 tablespoon chopped fresh rosemary, 1 tablespoon chopped fresh thyme, 4 cloves garlic, minced, 1 1/2 pounds small red potatoes, quartered, 1 1/2 pounds carrots, quartered lengthwise, 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1/4 teaspoon black pepper, 1 (4-pound) whole chicken
   -Chicken, Potato, and Carrot Casserole: cooking spray, 1 large onion, chopped, 2 cloves garlic, minced, 1 carrot, peeled and shredded, 1 potato, peeled and shredded, 1/2 teaspoon dried thyme leaves, 1/4 teaspoon salt, 1/4 teaspoon black pepper, 2 cups fat-free, low-sodium chicken broth, 1 cup frozen peas, 1/4 cup all-purpose flour, 1 cup 2% reduced-fat milk, 1/4 cup grated Parmesan cheese
   
   -One Pot Chicken and Potato Dinner: 2 tablespoons olive oil, 1 pound boneless, skinless chicken thighs, cut into 1-inch pieces, 1 large onion, chopped, 3 cloves garlic, minced, 1 carrot, peeled and chopped, 1 potato, peeled and chopped, 1 bay leaf, 1 thyme sprig, 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1/4 teaspoon black pepper, 2 cups chicken broth, 1/2 cup dry white wine
   
   -Chicken, Potato, and Carrot Curry: 1 tablespoon vegetable oil, 1 large onion, chopped, 2 cloves garlic, minced, 1 carrot, peeled and chopped, 1 potato, peeled and chopped, 1 teaspoon ground coriander, 1 teaspoon ground cumin, 1/2 teaspoon ground turmeric, 1/2 teaspoon ground ginger, 1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper, 2 cups chicken broth, 1/2 cup dry white wine, 1 (15-ounce) can chickpeas, drained and rinsed, 1/2 cup raisins, 1/2 cup chopped fresh cilantro
   

   NOTE, your LLM is nondeterministic, so you might get different results every time you run the program.

   Great, let's see how we can improve things. To improve things, we want to make sure the code is flexible, so ingredients and number of recipes can be improved and changed.

3. Let's change the code in the following way:

   no_recipes = input("No of recipes (for example, 5: ")
   
   ingredients = input("List of ingredients (for example, chicken, potatoes, and carrots: ")
   
   # interpolate the number of recipes into the prompt an ingredients
   prompt = f"Show me {no_recipes} recipes for a dish with the following ingredients: {ingredients}. Per recipe, list all the ingredients used"

   Taking the code for a test run, could look like this:

   No of recipes (for example, 5: 3
   List of ingredients (for example, chicken, potatoes, and carrots: milk,strawberries
   
   -Strawberry milk shake: milk, strawberries, sugar, vanilla extract, ice cubes
   -Strawberry shortcake: milk, flour, baking powder, sugar, salt, unsalted butter, strawberries, whipped cream
   -Strawberry milk: milk, strawberries, sugar, vanilla extract
   

We now have a working app capable of producing recipes and it's flexible as it relies on inputs from the user, both on the number of recipes but also the ingredients used.

To further improve it, we want to add the following:

• Filter out ingredients. We want to be able to filter out ingredients we don't like or are allergic to. To accomplish this change, we can edit our existing prompt and add a filter condition to the end of it like so:

  filter = input("Filter (for example, vegetarian, vegan, or gluten-free: ")
  
  prompt = f"Show me {no_recipes} recipes for a dish with the following ingredients: {ingredients}. Per recipe, list all the ingredients used, no {filter}"

  Above, we add {filter} to the end of the prompt and we also capture the filter value from the user.

  An example input of running the program can now look like so:

  No of recipes (for example, 5: 3
  List of ingredients (for example, chicken, potatoes, and carrots: onion,milk
  Filter (for example, vegetarian, vegan, or gluten-free: no milk
  
  1. French Onion Soup
  
  Ingredients:
  
  -1 large onion, sliced
  -3 cups beef broth
  -1 cup milk
  -6 slices french bread
  -1/4 cup shredded Parmesan cheese
  -1 tablespoon butter
  -1 teaspoon dried thyme
  -1/4 teaspoon salt
  -1/4 teaspoon black pepper
  
  Instructions:
  
  1. In a large pot, sauté onions in butter until golden brown.
  2. Add beef broth, milk, thyme, salt, and pepper. Bring to a boil.
  3. Reduce heat and simmer for 10 minutes.
  4. Place french bread slices on soup bowls.
  5. Ladle soup over bread.
  6. Sprinkle with Parmesan cheese.
  
  2. Onion and Potato Soup
  
  Ingredients:
  
  -1 large onion, chopped
  -2 cups potatoes, diced
  -3 cups vegetable broth
  -1 cup milk
  -1/4 teaspoon black pepper
  
  Instructions:
  
  1. In a large pot, sauté onions in butter until golden brown.
  2. Add potatoes, vegetable broth, milk, and pepper. Bring to a boil.
  3. Reduce heat and simmer for 10 minutes.
  4. Serve hot.
  
  3. Creamy Onion Soup
  
  Ingredients:
  
  -1 large onion, chopped
  -3 cups vegetable broth
  -1 cup milk
  -1/4 teaspoon black pepper
  -1/4 cup all-purpose flour
  -1/2 cup shredded Parmesan cheese
  
  Instructions:
  
  1. In a large pot, sauté onions in butter until golden brown.
  2. Add vegetable broth, milk, and pepper. Bring to a boil.
  3. Reduce heat and simmer for 10 minutes.
  4. In a small bowl, whisk together flour and Parmesan cheese until smooth.
  5. Add to soup and simmer for an additional 5 minutes, or until soup has thickened.
  

  As you can see, any recipes with milk in it has been filtered out. But, if you're lactose intolerant, you might want to filter out recipes with cheese in them as well, so there's a need to be clear.

• Produce a shopping list. We want to produce a shopping list, considering what we already have at home.

  For this functionality, we could either try to solve everything in one prompt or we could split it up into two prompts. Let's try the latter approach. Here we're suggesting adding an additional prompt, but for that to work, we need to add the result of the former prompt as context to the latter prompt.

  Locate the part in the code that prints out the result from the first prompt and add the following code below:

  old_prompt_result = completion.choices[0].message.content
  prompt = "Produce a shopping list for the generated recipes and please don't include ingredients that I already have."
  
  new_prompt = f"{old_prompt_result} {prompt}"
  messages = [{"role": "user", "content": new_prompt}]
  completion = openai.Completion.create(engine=deployment_name, messages=messages, max_tokens=1200)
  
  # print response
  print("Shopping list:")
  print(completion.choices[0].message.content)

  Note the following:

  1. We're constructing a new prompt by adding the result from the first prompt to the new prompt:

     new_prompt = f"{old_prompt_result} {prompt}"

  2. We make a new request, but also considering the number of tokens we asked for in the first prompt, so this time we say max_tokens is 1200.

     completion = openai.Completion.create(engine=deployment_name, prompt=new_prompt, max_tokens=1200)

     Taking this code for a spin, we now arrive at the following output:

     No of recipes (for example, 5: 2
     List of ingredients (for example, chicken, potatoes, and carrots: apple,flour
     Filter (for example, vegetarian, vegan, or gluten-free: sugar
     
     
     -Apple and flour pancakes: 1 cup flour, 1/2 tsp baking powder, 1/2 tsp baking soda, 1/4 tsp salt, 1 tbsp sugar, 1 egg, 1 cup buttermilk or sour milk, 1/4 cup melted butter, 1 Granny Smith apple, peeled and grated
     -Apple fritters: 1-1/2 cups flour, 1 tsp baking powder, 1/4 tsp salt, 1/4 tsp baking soda, 1/4 tsp nutmeg, 1/4 tsp cinnamon, 1/4 tsp allspice, 1/4 cup sugar, 1/4 cup vegetable shortening, 1/4 cup milk, 1 egg, 2 cups shredded, peeled apples
     Shopping list:
     -Flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt, sugar, egg, buttermilk, butter, apple, nutmeg, cinnamon, allspice
     

What we have so far is code that works, but there are some tweaks we should be doing to improve things further. Some things we should do are:

• Separate secrets from code, like the API key. Secrets do not belong in code and should be stored in a secure location. To separate secrets from code, we can use environment variables and libraries like python-dotenv to load them from a file. Here's how that would look like in code:

  1. Create a .env file with the following content:

     OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-...

     Note, for Azure, you need to set the following environment variables:

     OPENAI_API_TYPE=azure
     OPENAI_API_VERSION=2023-05-15
     OPENAI_API_BASE=<replace>

     In code, you would load the environment variables like so:

     from dotenv import load_dotenv
     
     load_dotenv()
     
     openai.api_key = os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"]

• A word on token length. We should consider how many tokens we need to generate the text we want. Tokens cost money, so where possible, we should try to be economical with the number of tokens we use. For example, can we phrase the prompt so that we can use less tokens?

  To change the tokens used, you can use the max_tokens parameter. For example, if you want to use 100 tokens, you would do:

  completion = client.chat.completions.create(model=deployment, messages=messages, max_tokens=100)

• Experimenting with temperature. Temperature is something we haven't mentioned so far but is an important context for how our program performs. The higher the temperature value the more random the output will be. Conversely the lower the temperature value the more predictable the output will be. Consider whether you want variation in your output or not.

  To alter the temperature, you can use the temperature parameter. For example, if you want to use a temperature of 0.5, you would do:

  completion = client.chat.completions.create(model=deployment, messages=messages, temperature=0.5)

  Note, the closer to 1.0, the more varied the output.

For this assignment, you can choose what to build.

Here are some suggestions:

• Tweak the recipe generator app to improve it further. Play around with temperature values, and the prompts to see what you can come up with.
• Build a "study buddy". This app should be able to answer questions about a topic for example Python, you could have prompts like "What is a certain topic in Python?", or you could have a prompt that says, show me code for a certain topic etc.
• History bot, make history come alive, instruct the bot to play a certain historical character and ask it questions about its life and times.

Below is a starter prompt, see how you can use it and tweak it to your liking.

- "You're an expert on the Python language

    Suggest a beginner lesson for Python in the following format:

    Format:
    - concepts:
    - brief explanation of the lesson:
    - exercise in code with solutions"

Here are some prompts you could be using:

- "You are Abe Lincoln, tell me about yourself in 3 sentences, and respond using grammar and words like Abe would have used"
- "You are Abe Lincoln, respond using grammar and words like Abe would have used:

   Tell me about your greatest accomplishments, in 300 words"

What does the concept temperature do?

1. It controls how random the output is.
2. It controls how big the response is.
3. It controls how many tokens are used.

When working on the assignment, try to vary the temperature, try set it to 0, 0.5, and 1. Remember that 0 is the least varied and 1 is the most, what value works best for your app?

After completing this lesson, check out our Generative AI Learning collection to continue leveling up your Generative AI knowledge!

Head over to Lesson 7 where we will look at how to build chat applications!