Cholesterol: Difference between revisions

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Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in animal cells and body fluids. Cholesterol is not found in plant sources. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule. Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms. Cholesterol is found especially in animal fats.

Cholesterol is the main steroid synthesized by animals. Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. These and other steroid hormones are made by changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. This is an example of chemical synthesis.

Hypercholesterolemia means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood. High cholesterol levels show that heart disease may develop.

Biosynthesis

Cholesterol biosynthetic pathway

Lovastatin

Architecture of the lovastatin type I PKS system. Outlined domains are used iteratively. ACP- acyl carrier protein, AD-alcohol dehydrogenase, AT-acyltransferase, DH-dehydratase, KS-ketoacyl synthase, KR-ketoreductase, MT-methyltransferase, ER-enoylreductase, C-condensation, TE-thioesterase. (*)-redundant domain/inactive not used in this step.
Biosynthesis of lovastatin
HMG CoA reductase reaction
Biosynthesis using Diels-Alder catalyzed cyclization
Biosynthesis using broadly specific acyltransferase
Synthesis of compounds 1 and 2
Complete lovastatin synthesis

Additional images

Cholesterol units conversion
Steroidogenesis, using cholesterol as building material
Space-filling model of the Cholesterol molecule
Numbering of the steroid nuclei

Related pages

References

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-[[Image:Cholesterol.png|300px|right|Cholesterol chemical structure]]
+[[Image:Cholesterol.svg|300px|thumb|Cholesterol chemical structure]]
-'''Cholesterol''' is a [[molecule]] that is found in [[cell]]s. It is a type of [[lipid]] which is a [[fat]] or fat-like molecule.  Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a [[steroid]]. Steroids are lipids that have a special [[chemical]] [[structure]]. This structure is made of four rings of [[carbon]] [[atom]]s. Cholesterol is found especially in [[animal]] [[fat]]s.
+'''Cholesterol''' is a [[molecule]] that is found in animal [[cell]]s and body fluids. Cholesterol is not found in plant sources. It is a type of [[lipid]] which is a [[fat]] or fat-like molecule.  Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a [[steroid]]. Steroids are lipids that have a special [[chemical]] [[structure]]. This structure is made of four rings of [[carbon]] [[atom]]s. Cholesterol is found especially in [[animal]] [[fat]]s.
-Other steroids include [[hormone]] steroids like [[cortisol]], [[estrogen]], and [[testosterone]]. In fact, all steroid hormones are made from changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. When [[scientist]]s talk about making one molecule from changing simpler ones, they sometimes call it ''synthesis''.
+Cholesterol is the main steroid synthesized by animals. Other steroids include [[hormone]] steroids like [[cortisol]], [[estrogen]], and [[testosterone]]. These and other steroid hormones are made by changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. This is an example of ''[[chemical synthesis]]''.
-[[Hypercholesterolemia]] means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood. Cholesterol levels that are high are possible precursors to heart disease.
+[[Hypercholesterolemia]] means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood. High cholesterol levels show that heart disease may develop.
+== Biosynthesis ==
+<gallery>
+Image:Cholesterolbiosynthesis.png|Cholesterol biosynthetic pathway
+</gallery>
+=== Lovastatin ===
-{{med-stub}}
+<gallery>
+Image:Domain organization of Lovastatin.gif|Architecture of the [[lovastatin]] type I PKS system. Outlined domains are used iteratively. ACP- acyl carrier protein, AD-alcohol dehydrogenase, AT-acyltransferase, DH-dehydratase, KS-ketoacyl synthase, KR-ketoreductase, MT-methyltransferase, ER-enoylreductase, C-condensation, TE-thioesterase. (*)-redundant domain/inactive not used in this step.
+Image:Figure 1- Biosynthesis of Lovastatin.gif|Biosynthesis of lovastatin
+The biosynthesis of lovastatin occurs via an iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. The six genes that encode enzymes that are essential for the biosynthesis of lovastatin are lovB, lovC, lovA, lovD, lovG, and lovF .<ref name="Campbell 2010 755–763">{{cite journal | vauthors = Campbell CD, Vederas JC | title = Biosynthesis of lovastatin and related metabolites formed by fungal iterative PKS enzymes | journal = Biopolymers | volume = 93 | issue = 9 | pages = 755–763 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20577995 | doi = 10.1002/bip.21428 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu W, Chooi YH, Choi JW, Li S, Vederas JC, Da Silva NA, Tang Y | title = LovG: the thioesterase required for dihydromonacolin L release and lovastatin nonaketide synthase turnover in lovastatin biosynthesis | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 52 | issue = 25 | pages = 6472–6475 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23653178 | pmc = 3844545 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201302406 }}</ref>
+Image:Hmg-reductase.png|HMG CoA reductase reaction
+Image:Biosynthesis-dielsalder.png|Biosynthesis using Diels-Alder catalyzed cyclization
+Image:Biosynthesis-lovd.png|Biosynthesis using broadly specific acyltransferase
+Image:Totalsynthesis1.png|Synthesis of compounds 1 and 2
+Image:Totalsynthesis2.png|Complete lovastatin synthesis
+</gallery>
+==Additional images==
-[[Category:Biochemistry]]
+<gallery>
-[[Category:Medicine]]
+File:ConversColest.png|Cholesterol units conversion
-[[Category:Macromolecules]]
+File:Steroidogenesis.svg|[[Steroidogenesis]], using cholesterol as building material
+File:Cholesterol Spacefill.jpeg|[[Space-filling model]] of the Cholesterol molecule
+File:Steroid numbering.svg|Numbering of the [[steroid]] nuclei
+</gallery>
+== Related pages ==
-{{Link FA|ja}}
+*[[Bile]]
+*[[Metabolism]]
+*[[Statin]]
+== References==
-[[ar:كولسترول]]
+{{Reflist}}
-[[az:Xolesterin]]
-[[bn:কোলেস্টেরল]]
-[[bg:Холестерол]]
+{{biology-stub}}
-[[bs:Holesterol]]
-[[ca:Colesterol]]
+[[Category:Lipids]]
-[[cv:Холестерин]]
-[[cs:Cholesterol]]
-[[da:Kolesterol]]
-[[de:Cholesterin]]
-[[dv:ކޮލެސްޓްރޯލް]]
-[[et:Kolesterool]]
-[[el:Χοληστερίνη]]
-[[en:Cholesterol]]
-[[es:Colesterol]]
-[[eo:Kolesterolo]]
-[[eu:Kolesterol]]
-[[fa:کلسترول]]
-[[fr:Cholestérol]]
-[[gl:Colesterol]]
-[[ko:콜레스테롤]]
-[[hi:कोलेस्टेरॉल]]
-[[hr:Kolesterol]]
-[[id:Kolesterol]]
-[[it:Colesterolo]]
-[[he:כולסטרול]]
-[[jv:Kolesterol]]
-[[kn:ಕೊಲೆಸ್ಟರಾಲ್‌]]
-[[kk:Холестерин]]
-[[rw:Cholestérol]]
-[[rn:Kolesterole]]
-[[ky:Холестерин]]
-[[la:Cholesterolum]]
-[[lv:Holesterīns]]
-[[lt:Cholesterolis]]
-[[hu:Koleszterin]]
-[[mk:Холестерол]]
-[[ml:കൊളസ്ട്രോൾ]]
-[[mr:कॉलेस्टेरॉल]]
-[[ms:Kolesterol]]
-[[nl:Cholesterol]]
-[[ne:कोलेस्टेरोल]]
-[[ja:コレステロール]]
-[[no:Kolesterol]]
-[[oc:Colesteròl]]
-[[pl:Cholesterol]]
-[[pt:Colesterol]]
-[[ro:Colesterol]]
-[[ru:Холестерин]]
-[[sq:Kolesteroli]]
-[[si:කොලෙස්ටරෝල්]]
-[[sk:Cholesterol]]
-[[sl:Holesterol]]
-[[ckb:کۆلیستڕۆڵ]]
-[[sr:Холестерол]]
-[[sh:Holesterol]]
-[[su:Kolesterol]]
-[[fi:Kolesteroli]]
-[[sv:Kolesterol]]
-[[ta:கொலஸ்டிரால்]]
-[[te:కొలెస్ట్రాల్]]
-[[th:คอเลสเตอรอล]]
-[[tr:Kolesterol]]
-[[uk:Холестерин]]
-[[ur:Cholesterol]]
-[[vi:Cholesterol]]
-[[zh-yue:膽固醇]]
-[[zh:膽固醇]]