Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Machu Picchu

{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

[[Gambar:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Tetempoan di Machu Picchu]]
'''Machu Picchu''' ([[Basa Quechua|Quechua]] '''Machu Pikchu''', ''Gunung Buhun'',<ref>Teofilo Laime Acopa, Diccionario Bilingüe, Iskay simipi yuyay k'ancha, Quechua – Castellano, Castellano – Quechua: '''''machu''''' - ''adj. y s. m. Viejo. Hombre de mucha edad (Úsase también para animales).'' - '''''machu''''' - ''s. m. Anciano. Viejo.'' '''''pikchu''''' - ''s. Pirámide. Sólido puntiagudo de varias caras. || Cono. Ch'utu.'' '''''machu pikchu''''' - ''s. La gran ciudadela pétrea que fue quizá uno de los más grandes monumentos religiosos del incanato, entre el valle del Cusco y la selva virgen (JAL). || Monumento arqueológico situado en el departamento actual del Cusco, junto al río Urubamba, en una cumbre casi inaccesible (JL).''</ref> kadang disebut "Dayeuh Ingka nu Leungit", ''Lost City of the Incas'') téh ruruntuk [[Inca]] pra-Columbus nu perenahna aya di puhu [[gunung]] anu luhurna kira 2,350 m, luhureun lembah [[Urubamba]], [[Péru]], kira 70&nbsp;km kalér-kuloneun [[Cusco]]. Situs ieu mimiti kawentar ka sakuliah dunya nalika ahli [[arkéologi]] ti Yale, [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]], ngagali deui ieu situs taun [[1911]], sarta nulis buku ngeunaan papanggihanana ieu. Kiwari, [[Péru]] keur narékahan tina jihat hukum sangkan titinggal/artéfak nu dibawa ku Bingham bisa dibalikkeun deui. Ti taun 1983, ieu situs diaku salaku [[Situs Warisan Dunya]] [[UNESCO]].

== Sajarah ==
Sigana mah situs ieu téh titinggal [[Karajaan Ingka]] nu pangweuteuhna. Numutkeun panalungtikan, kota ieu mimiti diwangun ku [[Sapa Inca]] [[Pachacuti]], kira taun [[1440]], nepi ka talukna Péru ka Spanyol taun [[1532]]. Bukti [[arkéologi]]s (katut laporan/naskah kolonial) nunjukkeun yén Machu Picchu téh lain kota biasa, tapi mangrupa pangreureuhan/paniisan para ménak Ingka (sarupa jeung [[Paniisan Romawi]]). Di ieu situs aya [[karaton]] jeung [[candi]] [[mitologi Ingka|sesembahan Ingka]] sabudeureun palataran, sarta wangunan lianna salaku wangunan pangrojong. Kota ieu bisa dieusi ku paling loba 750 jalma sakaligus, tapi mun keur teu dianjangan ku para ménak mah pangeusina téh ukur saeutik.
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It is thought that the site was chosen for its unique location and geological features. It is said that the silhouette of the mountain range behind Machu Picchu represents the face of the Inca looking upward towards the sky, with the largest peak, [[Huayna Picchu]] (meaning Young Mountain) representing his nose.  The peak is also known as the "hitching post of the sun."

In 1913, the site received significant publicity after the [[National Geographic Society]] devoted their entire [[April 1913]] issue to Machu Picchu.

[[Image:Intihuatana Solar Clock.jpg|thumbnail|290px|right|The Intihuatana ("tie the sun") is believed to have been designed as an astronomic clock by the Incas, while some have speculated about the site's possible [[astrological]] role]]

In 2003, some 400,000 people visited Machu Picchu, and UNESCO has expressed concern about the damage this volume of tourism is causing to the site. Peruvian authorities insist that there is no problem, and that the remoteness of the site will impose natural limits on tourism [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3335315.stm]. Periodically, proposals are made to install a [[Aerial_tramway|cable car]] to the site, but such proposals have so far always been rejected [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/428396.stm].

One of the Chilean poet [[Pablo Neruda]]'s best-known works is "The Heights of Machu Picchu", inspired by the city:

:"''Machu Picchu es un viaje a la serenidad del alma, a la eterna fusión con el cosmos, allí sentimos nuestra fragilidad. Es una de las maravillas más grandes de Sudamérica. Un reposar de mariposas en el epicentro del gran círculo de la vida. Otro milagro más.''"

:("Machu Picchu is a trip to the serenity of the soul, to eternal fusion with the cosmos, there we feel our own fragility. It is one of the greatest marvels of South America. A resting place of butterflies at the epicenter of the great circle of life. Another miracle.")

==Location==
[[Image:Machu Picchu Locn.png|left|thumb|250px|Location of Machu Picchu]]
Machu Picchu is located 70 kilometers to the northwest of [[Cusco]], in the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu, located about 2,350 meters above sea level. It is one of the most important [[Archaeology|archaeological]] centers in [[South America]] and as a consequence the most visited tourist attraction in [[Peru]].

From the top, at the cliff of Machu Picchu, one can appreciate the vertical precipice of 600 metres ending at the foot of the [[Urubamba River]]. The location of the city was a military secret because its deep precipices and mountains were an excellent natural defense.

==The Machu Picchu sanctuary==
In 1981 an area of 325.92 square [[kilometre]]s surrounding Machu Picchu was declared a "Historical Sanctuary" of [[Peru]]. This area, which is not only limited to the ruins themselves, also includes the regional landscape with its [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]], highlighting the abundance of [[orchid]]s.

The firmest theories maintain that it was an Incan "llacta": a settlement build up to control the economy of the conquered regions. It was the most beautiful llacta of the Incan empire, and would have been built with the specific purpose of protecting the most select of the Incan [[aristocracy]] in the event of an attack. It seems it was used in a particular moment as Zapa Inca's "resting place" and also as an "observatory". After the Spanish conquest, it was the stronghold of [[Manco Inca]]'s revolt.

[[Image:MachuPichuSacredValley_fir000202_edit.jpg|640px|thumb|center|Machu Picchu Sanctuary, showing the prominent peak of Huayna Picchu.]]
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==Three sectors==
According to the archaeologists, Machu Picchu was divided in three great sectors: the '''Sacred District''', the '''Popular District''', to the south, and the '''District of the Priests and the Nobility''' (residential zone).

Located in the first zone are the primary archaeological treasures: the ''Intiwatana'', the ''Temple of the Sun'' and the ''Room of the Three Windows''. These were dedicated to [[Inti]], their sun god and greatest deity.

In the residential area, a sector existed for the [[nobility]]: a group of houses located in rows over a slope; the residence of the [[Amautas]] (wise persons) was characterized by its redish walls, and the zone of the ''[[Ñusta]]s'' (princesses) had trapezoid-shaped rooms.

Inside the citadel existed a sector assigned as the jail, where the prisoners were punished inside rock niches.

The Monumental Mausoleum is a stone block with a vaulted interior and carved walls. It was used for rites or sacrifices.

==Architecture==
[[Image:Perfectwall.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Inca wall at Machu Picchu]]

All of the construction in Machu Picchu uses the classic Inca architectural style of polished [[dry-stone wall]]s of regular shape. The Incas were masters of this technique, in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without [[mortar (masonry)|mortar]]. Many junctions are so perfect that not even a knife fits between the stones.

The Incas never used the wheel in any practical manner. How they moved and placed enormous blocks of stones is a mystery, although the general belief is that they used hundreds of men to push the stones up inclined planes. The Incas did not leave any documentation about that process because they did not possess a written language.

The space is composed of 140 constructions including [[temples]], [[sanctuaries]], [[parks]] and [[residences]].

There are more than one hundred flights of stone steps – often completely carved in a single block of granite – and a great number of water fountains, interconnected by channels and water-drainages perforated in the rock, designed for the original irrigation system.

==Inca road system==
{{main|Inca road system}}

Among the thousands of roads constructed by the pre-Columbian cultures in [[South America]], the [[Inca road system|roads of the Inca]] were some of the most interesting. This network of roads converged at [[Cusco]], the capital of the [[Inca Empire]]. One of them went to the city of Machu Picchu. The Incas distinguished between coastal roads and mountain roads, the former was called ''Camino de los llanos'' (road of the levels) and the latter was called ''Cápac Ñam''.

Today, thousands of tourists walk the Inca roads – particularly [[Inca road system#Inca trail to Machu Picchu|The Inca Trail]] – each year, acclimatising at Cusco before starting on a two to four day journey on foot from the Urubamba valley up through the [[Andes]] mountain range.

[[Image:Machu Picchu seen from Huayna Picchu.jpg|thumb|320px|left|View of Machu Picchu from Huayna Picchu, showing the Hiram Bingham Highway used by buses carrying tourists to and from the town of [[Aguas Calientes, Peru|Aguas Calientes]].]]

==The rediscovery==
On [[July 24]] [[1911]], Machu Picchu was brought to the attention of the West by [[Hiram Bingham]], an American historian then employed as a lecturer at [[Yale University]].  He was led there by locals who frequented the site.  This explorer/archaeologist began the archaeological studies there and completed a survey of the area.  Bingham coined the name "The Lost City of the Incas", which was the title of his first book.

In the year 2002, traces of another (unknown) twentieth-century Western explorer were found.

Simone Waisbard, a long-time researcher of Cusco, disagrees with Bingham's priority claim.  She claims ''Enrique Palma, Gabino Sánchez'' and ''Agustín Lizárraga'' left their names engraved on one of the rocks there on July 14, 1901.

Bingham had been searching for the city of [[Vitco]], the last Inca refuge and spot of resistance during the [[Spanish conquest of Peru]]. In 1911, after various years of previous trips and explorations around the zone, he was led to the citadel by [[Quechua]]ns who were living in Machu Picchu in the original Inca infrastructure. Bingham made several more trips and conducted excavations on the site through 1915. He wrote a number of books and articles about the discovery of Machu Picchu.

Bingham took 5,000 archeological artifacts back with him to Yale University. The Peruvian government has requested their return, and there is a growing opinion in Peru that Bingham's activities amounted to the despoilation of Peru's cultural [[patrimony]]. In late 2005, Peru said it would sue Yale to get some or all of the material returned [http://www.boston.com/news/local/connecticut/articles/2005/11/30/peru_prepares_to_sue_yale_to_get_back_machu_picchu_relics/]

==Visiting Machu Picchu==
All visits to Machu Picchu at some point leave from Cusco, which can be reached via a domestic flight from Lima, or international flight from [[La Paz]], in [[Bolivia]]. Taking the tourist train from Cusco (which takes 3.5 hours to get to Machu Picchu), you have several options.

The most common way is to take the train to Machu Picchu in the morning, explore the ruins for a few hours and return to Cusco in the afternoon. The train terminates at Puente Ruinas station, where buses take tourists up the mountain to Machu Picchu. Strangely, Machu Pichu station is at [[Aguas Calientes, Peru|Aguas Calientes]] (2km before Puente Ruinas station) but is not the station used by tourists on a day trip.

Another option is to hike the Inca Trail, on either a four-day or two-day version, both of which are controlled by the government. They require you to be reasonably fit, and takes a few days, sleeping in tents.

Another option is to stay overnight near the ruins themselves, rather than return on the same day. There are many hotels at nearby Aguas Calientes, or the more expensive [[Machu Picchu Sanctuary Lodge]], the only hotel located at Machu Picchu itself. Buses run from Aguas Calientes to the ruins throughout the day, an 8km ride up the mountain.

A helicopter service from Cusco to Aguas Calientes, via a 24 passenger Russian [[Mi-8]] helicopter, is also available. Helicopter flights direct into Machu Picchu stopped in the 1970s due to concern about their damage to the ruins.-->

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Cusco]]
* [[Sacsayhuamán]]
* [[Ollantaytambo]]
* [[Situs Gunung Padang]]

== Rujukan ==
<references/>

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons|Machu Picchu}}
* {{gutenberg|no=10772|name=Inca Land: Explorations in the Highlands of Peru ''karya Hiram Bingham'}}
* [http://www.destination360.com/peru/machu-picchu.php QuickTime Virtual Tour of Machu Picchu and Peru from destination360.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129130225/http://www.destination360.com/peru/machu-picchu.php |date=2007-01-29 }}.
* [http://www.rediscovermachupicchu.com Machu Picchu & Inca info]
* [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/machu.html Machu Picchu on National Geographic]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/arts/design/01mach.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Inca Show Pits Yale Against Peru] (The NY Times, February 2006)
* [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/machu/ Machu Picchu on the Web] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308000514/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/machu/ |date=2005-03-08 }} (directory).
* [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_12/machupicchu.html "Rediscovering Machu Picchu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216011450/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_12/machupicchu.html |date=2008-12-16 }} by Bruce Fellman, ''Yale Alumni Magazine'' (December 2002).
* [http://agutie.homestead.com/files/MachuPicchu.htm Machu Picchu, "Lost City of the Incas"] by Antonio Gutierrez from Géometry Step by Step from the Land of the Incas.
* [http://www.fieldmuseum.org/machupicchu/ Field Museum exhibit website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122161026/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/machupicchu/ |date=2005-11-22 }} Chicago. Oct. 15, 2004 - Feb 13, 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060204215718/http://www.cuscoperu.com/cusco/qosqo/imagenes/mp7g_mach.gif Map of Machu Picchu]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-13.162909,-72.546072&spn=0.043774,0.046434&t=k&hl=en Machu Picchu on Google Maps].
* [http://www.opentravelinfo.com/travel_guide/south_america/peru/andean/machu_picchu_peru_inca_city_in_the_sky  A pictorial guide to Machu Picchu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317111106/http://www.opentravelinfo.com/travel_guide/south_america/peru/andean/machu_picchu_peru_inca_city_in_the_sky |date=2008-03-17 }}.
* [http://machupicchu.orient-express.com/web/omac/omac_a2a_home.jsp Machu Pichu Sanctuary Lodge hotel homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519013422/http://machupicchu.orient-express.com/web/omac/omac_a2a_home.jsp |date=2006-05-19 }}.
* [http://www.machupicchu.biz Machu Picchu travel guide].

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Machu Picchu|Machu Picchu]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (15 Méi 2006), dumasar kana [[:es:Machu Picchu|artikel ieu dina Wikipédia basa Spanyol]] nu diaksés [[8 Agustus]] [[2005]].
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jJW7aSNCzU Machu Picchu. YouTube]

=== Sumber gambar ===
* Gambar-gambar dina artikel ieu disalin ti [[:es:Wikipedia:Artículos con material de PROMPERU|PromPerú]]

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[[Sistim koordinat géografis|Koordinat]]: {{coor dms|13|09|47|S|72|32|44|W|}}
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