{"id":8,"date":"2007-05-25T17:25:08","date_gmt":"2007-05-26T01:25:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/http\/learncpp.com\/?page_id=3"},"modified":"2024-11-26T16:48:22","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T00:48:22","slug":"main","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/","title":{"rendered":"The C++ Tutorial"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LearnCpp.com is a free website devoted to teaching you how to program in modern C++.  The lessons on this site will walk you through all the steps needed to write, compile, and debug your C++ programs.  No prior programming experience is necessary, but programmers of all levels will benefit from our best practices, tips, and insights.<\/p>\n<p>Becoming an expert won\u2019t happen overnight, but with a bit of patience, you\u2019ll get there. And LearnCpp.com will show you the way.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cf_monitor\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-113\"> <\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n    style=\"display:block\"\n    data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0588844875925051\"\n    data-ad-slot=\"1244624846\"\n    data-ad-format=\"auto\"><br \/>\n<\/ins><br \/>\n<script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter0\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;0<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Introduction \/ Getting Started<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-these-tutorials\/\">Introduction to these tutorials<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-programming-languages\/\">Introduction to programs and programming languages<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-cplusplus\/\">Introduction to C\/C++<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-cpp-development\/\">Introduction to C++ development<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-the-compiler-linker-and-libraries\/\">Introduction to the compiler, linker, and libraries<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/installing-an-integrated-development-environment-ide\/\">Installing an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/compiling-your-first-program\/\">Compiling your first program<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/a-few-common-cpp-problems\/\">A few common C++ problems<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/configuring-your-compiler-build-configurations\/\">Configuring your compiler: Build configurations<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/configuring-your-compiler-compiler-extensions\/\">Configuring your compiler: Compiler extensions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/configuring-your-compiler-warning-and-error-levels\/\">Configuring your compiler: Warning and error levels<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/configuring-your-compiler-choosing-a-language-standard\/\">Configuring your compiler: Choosing a language standard<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">0.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/what-language-standard-is-my-compiler-using\/\">What language standard is my compiler using?<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter1\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;1<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">C++ Basics<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/statements-and-the-structure-of-a-program\/\">Statements and the structure of a program<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/comments\/\">Comments<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-objects-and-variables\/\">Introduction to objects and variables<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/variable-assignment-and-initialization\/\">Variable assignment and initialization<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-iostream-cout-cin-and-endl\/\">Introduction to iostream: cout, cin, and endl<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/uninitialized-variables-and-undefined-behavior\/\">Uninitialized variables and undefined behavior<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/keywords-and-naming-identifiers\/\">Keywords and naming identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/whitespace-and-basic-formatting\/\">Whitespace and basic formatting<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-literals-and-operators\/\">Introduction to literals and operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-expressions\/\">Introduction to expressions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/developing-your-first-program\/\">Developing your first program<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">1.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-1-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 1 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"cf_monitor\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-119\"> <\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<!-- Front Page - Mid - Responsive --><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0588844875925051\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"4063277402\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter2\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;2<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">C++ Basics: Functions and Files<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-functions\/\">Introduction to functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-return-values-value-returning-functions\/\">Function return values (value-returning functions)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/void-functions-non-value-returning-functions\/\">Void functions (non-value returning functions)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-function-parameters-and-arguments\/\">Introduction to function parameters and arguments<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-local-scope\/\">Introduction to local scope<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/why-functions-are-useful-and-how-to-use-them-effectively\/\">Why functions are useful, and how to use them effectively<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/forward-declarations\/\">Forward declarations and definitions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/programs-with-multiple-code-files\/\">Programs with multiple code files<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/naming-collisions-and-an-introduction-to-namespaces\/\">Naming collisions and an introduction to namespaces<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-the-preprocessor\/\">Introduction to the preprocessor<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/header-files\/\">Header files<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/header-guards\/\">Header guards<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/how-to-design-your-first-programs\/\">How to design your first programs<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">2.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-2-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 2 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter3\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;3<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Debugging C++ Programs<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/syntax-and-semantic-errors\/\">Syntax and semantic errors<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-debugging-process\/\">The debugging process<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/a-strategy-for-debugging\/\">A strategy for debugging<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/basic-debugging-tactics\/\">Basic debugging tactics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/more-debugging-tactics\/\">More debugging tactics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/using-an-integrated-debugger-stepping\/\">Using an integrated debugger: Stepping<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/using-an-integrated-debugger-running-and-breakpoints\/\">Using an integrated debugger: Running and breakpoints<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/using-an-integrated-debugger-watching-variables\/\">Using an integrated debugger: Watching variables<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/using-an-integrated-debugger-the-call-stack\/\">Using an integrated debugger: The call stack<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/finding-issues-before-they-become-problems\/\">Finding issues before they become problems<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">3.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-3-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 3 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter4\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;4<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Fundamental Data Types<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-fundamental-data-types\/\">Introduction to fundamental data types<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/void\/\">Void<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/object-sizes-and-the-sizeof-operator\/\">Object sizes and the sizeof operator<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/signed-integers\/\">Signed integers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/unsigned-integers-and-why-to-avoid-them\/\">Unsigned integers, and why to avoid them<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/fixed-width-integers-and-size-t\/\">Fixed-width integers and size_t<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-scientific-notation\/\">Introduction to scientific notation<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/floating-point-numbers\/\">Floating point numbers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/boolean-values\/\">Boolean values<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-if-statements\/\">Introduction to if statements<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chars\/\">Chars<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-type-conversion-and-static_cast\/\">Introduction to type conversion and static_cast<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">4.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-4-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 4 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"cf_monitor\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-114\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter5\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;5<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Constants and Strings<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constant-variables-named-constants\/\">Constant variables (named constants)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/literals\/\">Literals<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/numeral-systems-decimal-binary-hexadecimal-and-octal\/\">Numeral systems (decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-as-if-rule-and-compile-time-optimization\/\">The as-if rule and compile-time optimization<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-split\">Split<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constant-expressions\/\">Constant expressions<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-updated\">Updated<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constexpr-variables\/\">Constexpr variables<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-stdstring\/\">Introduction to std::string<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-stdstring_view\/\">Introduction to std::string_view<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring_view-part-2\/\">std::string_view (part 2)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">5.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-5-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 5 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter6\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;6<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Operators<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/operator-precedence-and-associativity\/\">Operator precedence and associativity<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/arithmetic-operators\/\">Arithmetic operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/remainder-and-exponentiation\/\">Remainder and Exponentiation<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/increment-decrement-operators-and-side-effects\/\">Increment\/decrement operators, and side effects<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-comma-operator\/\">The comma operator<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-conditional-operator\/\">The conditional operator<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-moved\">Moved<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/relational-operators-and-floating-point-comparisons\/\">Relational operators and floating point comparisons<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/logical-operators\/\">Logical operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">6.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-6-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 6 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"ChapterO\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;O<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Bit Manipulation (optional chapter)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">O.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/bit-flags-and-bit-manipulation-via-stdbitset\/\">Bit flags and bit manipulation via std::bitset<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">O.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/bitwise-operators\/\">Bitwise operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">O.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/bit-manipulation-with-bitwise-operators-and-bit-masks\/\">Bit manipulation with bitwise operators and bit masks<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">O.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/converting-integers-between-binary-and-decimal-representation\/\">Converting integers between binary and decimal representation<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter7\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;7<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Scope, Duration, and Linkage<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/compound-statements-blocks\/\">Compound statements (blocks)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/user-defined-namespaces-and-the-scope-resolution-operator\/\">User-defined namespaces and the scope resolution operator<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/local-variables\/\">Local variables<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-global-variables\/\">Introduction to global variables<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/variable-shadowing-name-hiding\/\">Variable shadowing (name hiding)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/internal-linkage\/\">Internal linkage<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/external-linkage-and-variable-forward-declarations\/\">External linkage and variable forward declarations<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/why-non-const-global-variables-are-evil\/\">Why (non-const) global variables are evil<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/inline-functions-and-variables\/\">Inline functions and variables<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-moved\">Moved<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/sharing-global-constants-across-multiple-files-using-inline-variables\/\">Sharing global constants across multiple files (using inline variables)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/static-local-variables\/\">Static local variables<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/scope-duration-and-linkage-summary\/\">Scope, duration, and linkage summary<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/using-declarations-and-using-directives\/\">Using declarations and using directives<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.14<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/unnamed-and-inline-namespaces\/\">Unnamed and inline namespaces<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">7.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-7-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 7 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"cf_monitor\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-117\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter8\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;8<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Control Flow<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/control-flow-introduction\/\">Control flow introduction<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/if-statements-and-blocks\/\">If statements and blocks<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/common-if-statement-problems\/\">Common if statement problems<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constexpr-if-statements\/\">Constexpr if statements<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/switch-statement-basics\/\">Switch statement basics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/switch-fallthrough-and-scoping\/\">Switch fallthrough and scoping<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/goto-statements\/\">Goto statements<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-loops-and-while-statements\/\">Introduction to loops and while statements<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/do-while-statements\/\">Do while statements<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/for-statements\/\">For statements<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/break-and-continue\/\">Break and continue<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/halts-exiting-your-program-early\/\">Halts (exiting your program early)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-random-number-generation\/\">Introduction to random number generation<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.14<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/generating-random-numbers-using-mersenne-twister\/\">Generating random numbers using Mersenne Twister<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.15<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/global-random-numbers-random-h\/\">Global random numbers (Random.h)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">8.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-8-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 8 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter9\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;9<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Error Detection and Handling<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">9.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-testing-your-code\/\">Introduction to testing your code<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">9.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/code-coverage\/\">Code coverage<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">9.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/common-semantic-errors-in-c\/\">Common semantic errors in C++<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">9.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/detecting-and-handling-errors\/\">Detecting and handling errors<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">9.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdcin-and-handling-invalid-input\/\">std::cin and handling invalid input<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">9.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/assert-and-static_assert\/\">Assert and static_assert<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">9.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-9-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 9 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter10\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;10<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Type Conversion, Type Aliases, and Type Deduction<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/implicit-type-conversion\/\">Implicit type conversion<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/floating-point-and-integral-promotion\/\">Floating-point and integral promotion<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/numeric-conversions\/\">Numeric conversions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/narrowing-conversions-list-initialization-and-constexpr-initializers\/\">Narrowing conversions, list initialization, and constexpr initializers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/arithmetic-conversions\/\">Arithmetic conversions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/explicit-type-conversion-casting-and-static-cast\/\">Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/typedefs-and-type-aliases\/\">Typedefs and type aliases<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/type-deduction-for-objects-using-the-auto-keyword\/\">Type deduction for objects using the auto keyword<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/type-deduction-for-functions\/\">Type deduction for functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">10.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-10-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 10 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter11\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;11<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Function Overloading and Function Templates<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-function-overloading\/\">Introduction to function overloading<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-overload-differentiation\/\">Function overload differentiation<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-overload-resolution-and-ambiguous-matches\/\">Function overload resolution and ambiguous matches<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/deleting-functions\/\">Deleting functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/default-arguments\/\">Default arguments<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-templates\/\">Function templates<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-template-instantiation\/\">Function template instantiation<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-templates-with-multiple-template-types\/\">Function templates with multiple template types<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/non-type-template-parameters\/\">Non-type template parameters<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/using-function-templates-in-multiple-files\/\">Using function templates in multiple files<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">11.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-11-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 11 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"cf_monitor\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-118\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"ChapterF\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;F<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Constexpr functions<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">F.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constexpr-functions\/\">Constexpr functions<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-moved\">Moved<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">F.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constexpr-functions-part-2\/\">Constexpr functions (part 2)<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-split\">Split<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">F.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constexpr-functions-part-3-and-consteval\/\">Constexpr functions (part 3) and consteval<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-split\">Split<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">F.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constexpr-functions-part-4\/\">Constexpr functions (part 4)<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-split\">Split<\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">F.X<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-f-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter F summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row-tag lessontable-split\">Split<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter12\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;12<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Compound Types: References and Pointers<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-compound-data-types\/\">Introduction to compound data types<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/value-categories-lvalues-and-rvalues\/\">Value categories (lvalues and rvalues)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/lvalue-references\/\"> Lvalue references<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/lvalue-references-to-const\/\">Lvalue references to const<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pass-by-lvalue-reference\/\">Pass by lvalue reference<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pass-by-const-lvalue-reference\/\">Pass by const lvalue reference<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-pointers\/\">Introduction to pointers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/null-pointers\/\">Null pointers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pointers-and-const\/\">Pointers and const<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pass-by-address\/\">Pass by address<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pass-by-address-part-2\/\">Pass by address (part 2)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/return-by-reference-and-return-by-address\/\">Return by reference and return by address<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/in-and-out-parameters\/\">In and out parameters<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.14<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/type-deduction-with-pointers-references-and-const\/\">Type deduction with pointers, references, and const<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.15<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdoptional\/\">std::optional<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">12.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-12-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 12 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter13\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;13<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Compound Types: Enums and Structs<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-program-defined-user-defined-types\/\">Introduction to program-defined (user-defined) types<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/unscoped-enumerations\/\">Unscoped enumerations<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/unscoped-enumerator-integral-conversions\/\">Unscoped enumerator integral conversions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/converting-an-enumeration-to-and-from-a-string\/\">Converting an enumeration to and from a string<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-overloading-the-i-o-operators\/\">Introduction to overloading the I\/O operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/scoped-enumerations-enum-classes\/\">Scoped enumerations (enum classes)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-structs-members-and-member-selection\/\">Introduction to structs, members, and member selection<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/struct-aggregate-initialization\/\">Struct aggregate initialization<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/default-member-initialization\/\">Default member initialization<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/passing-and-returning-structs\/\">Passing and returning structs<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/struct-miscellany\/\">Struct miscellany<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/member-selection-with-pointers-and-references\/\">Member selection with pointers and references<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/class-templates\/\">Class templates<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.14<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/class-template-argument-deduction-ctad-and-deduction-guides\/\">Class template argument deduction (CTAD) and deduction guides<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.15<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/alias-templates\/\">Alias templates<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-13-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 13 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">13.y<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/using-a-language-reference\/\">Using a language reference<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter14\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;14<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Introduction to Classes<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-object-oriented-programming\/\">Introduction to object-oriented programming<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-classes\/\">Introduction to classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/member-functions\/\">Member functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/const-class-objects-and-const-member-functions\/\">Const class objects and const member functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/public-and-private-members-and-access-specifiers\/\">Public and private members and access specifiers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/access-functions\/\">Access functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/member-functions-returning-references-to-data-members\/\">Member functions returning references to data members<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-benefits-of-data-hiding-encapsulation\/\">The benefits of data hiding (encapsulation)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-constructors\/\">Introduction to constructors<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constructor-member-initializer-lists\/\">Constructor member initializer lists<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/default-constructors-and-default-arguments\/\">Default constructors and default arguments<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/delegating-constructors\/\">Delegating constructors<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/temporary-class-objects\/\">Temporary class objects<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.14<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-the-copy-constructor\/\">Introduction to the copy constructor<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.15<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/class-initialization-and-copy-elision\/\">Class initialization and copy elision<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.16<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/converting-constructors-and-the-explicit-keyword\/\">Converting constructors and the explicit keyword<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.17<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constexpr-aggregates-and-classes\/\">Constexpr aggregates and classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">14.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-14-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 14 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter15\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;15<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">More on Classes<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-hidden-this-pointer-and-member-function-chaining\/\">The hidden &#8220;this&#8221; pointer and member function chaining<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/classes-and-header-files\/\">Classes and header files<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/nested-types-member-types\/\">Nested types (member types)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-destructors\/\">Introduction to destructors<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/class-templates-with-member-functions\/\">Class templates with member functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/static-member-variables\/\">Static member variables<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/static-member-functions\/\">Static member functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/friend-non-member-functions\/\">Friend non-member functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/friend-classes-and-friend-member-functions\/\">Friend classes and friend member functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/ref-qualifiers\/\">Ref qualifiers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">15.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-15-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 15 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter16\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;16<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Dynamic arrays: std::vector<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-containers-and-arrays\/\">Introduction to containers and arrays<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-stdvector-and-list-constructors\/\">Introduction to std::vector and list constructors<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdvector-and-the-unsigned-length-and-subscript-problem\/\">std::vector and the unsigned length and subscript problem<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/passing-stdvector\/\">Passing std::vector<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/returning-stdvector-and-an-introduction-to-move-semantics\/\">Returning std::vector, and an introduction to move semantics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/arrays-and-loops\/\">Arrays and loops<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/arrays-loops-and-sign-challenge-solutions\/\">Arrays, loops, and sign challenge solutions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/range-based-for-loops-for-each\/\">Range-based for loops (for-each)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/array-indexing-and-length-using-enumerators\/\">Array indexing and length using enumerators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdvector-resizing-and-capacity\/\">std::vector resizing and capacity<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdvector-and-stack-behavior\/\">std::vector and stack behavior<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdvector-bool\/\">std::vector&lt;bool&gt;<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">16.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-16-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 16 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter17\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;17<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Fixed-size arrays: std::array and C-style arrays<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-stdarray\/\">Introduction to std::array<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdarray-length-and-indexing\/\">std::array length and indexing<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/passing-and-returning-stdarray\/\">Passing and returning std::array<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdarray-of-class-types-and-brace-elision\/\">std::array of class types, and brace elision<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/arrays-of-references-via-stdreference_wrapper\/\">Arrays of references via std::reference_wrapper<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdarray-and-enumerations\/\">std::array and enumerations<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-c-style-arrays\/\">Introduction to C-style arrays<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/c-style-array-decay\/\">C-style array decay<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pointer-arithmetic-and-subscripting\/\">Pointer arithmetic and subscripting<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/c-style-strings\/\">C-style strings<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/c-style-string-symbolic-constants\/\">C-style string symbolic constants<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/multidimensional-c-style-arrays\/\">Multidimensional C-style Arrays<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/multidimensional-stdarray\/\">Multidimensional std::array<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">17.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-17-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 17 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter18\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;18<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Iterators and Algorithms (under construction)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">18.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/sorting-an-array-using-selection-sort\/\">Sorting an array using selection sort<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">18.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-iterators\/\">Introduction to iterators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">18.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-standard-library-algorithms\/\">Introduction to standard library algorithms<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">18.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/timing-your-code\/\">Timing your code<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter19\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;19<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Dynamic Allocation (under construction)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">19.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/dynamic-memory-allocation-with-new-and-delete\/\">Dynamic memory allocation with new and delete<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">19.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/dynamically-allocating-arrays\/\">Dynamically allocating arrays<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">19.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/destructors\/\">Destructors<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">19.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pointers-to-pointers\/\">Pointers to pointers and dynamic multidimensional arrays<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">19.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/void-pointers\/\">Void pointers<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter20\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;20<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Functions<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-pointers\/\">Function Pointers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-stack-and-the-heap\/\">The stack and the heap<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/recursion\/\">Recursion<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/command-line-arguments\/\">Command line arguments<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/ellipsis-and-why-to-avoid-them\/\">Ellipsis (and why to avoid them)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-lambdas-anonymous-functions\/\">Introduction to lambdas (anonymous functions)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/lambda-captures\/\">Lambda captures<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">20.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-20-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 20 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter21\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;21<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Operator Overloading<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-operator-overloading\/\">Introduction to operator overloading<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-the-arithmetic-operators-using-friend-functions\/\">Overloading the arithmetic operators using friend functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-operators-using-normal-functions\/\">Overloading operators using normal functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-the-io-operators\/\">Overloading the I\/O operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-operators-using-member-functions\/\">Overloading operators using member functions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-unary-operators\/\">Overloading unary operators +, -, and !<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-the-comparison-operators\/\">Overloading the comparison operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-the-increment-and-decrement-operators\/\">Overloading the increment and decrement operators<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-the-subscript-operator\/\">Overloading the subscript operator<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-the-parenthesis-operator\/\">Overloading the parenthesis operator<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-typecasts\/\">Overloading typecasts<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.12<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-the-assignment-operator\/\">Overloading the assignment operator<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.13<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/shallow-vs-deep-copying\/\">Shallow vs. deep copying<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.14<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/overloading-operators-and-function-templates\/\">Overloading operators and function templates<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-21-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 21 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.y<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-21-project\/\">Chapter 21 project<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter22\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;22<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Move Semantics and Smart Pointers<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-smart-pointers-move-semantics\/\">Introduction to smart pointers and move semantics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/rvalue-references\/\">R-value references<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/move-constructors-and-move-assignment\/\">Move constructors and move assignment<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdmove\/\">std::move<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdunique_ptr\/\">std::unique_ptr<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdshared_ptr\/\">std::shared_ptr<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/circular-dependency-issues-with-stdshared_ptr-and-stdweak_ptr\/\">Circular dependency issues with std::shared_ptr, and std::weak_ptr<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-22-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 22 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter23\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;23<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Object Relationships<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/object-relationships\/\">Object relationships<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/composition\/\">Composition<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/aggregation\/\">Aggregation<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/association\/\">Association<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/dependencies\/\">Dependencies<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/container-classes\/\">Container classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdinitializer_list\/\">std::initializer_list<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">23.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-23-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 23 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter24\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;24<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Inheritance<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-inheritance\/\">Introduction to inheritance<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/basic-inheritance-in-c\/\">Basic inheritance in C++<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/order-of-construction-of-derived-classes\/\">Order of construction of derived classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/constructors-and-initialization-of-derived-classes\/\">Constructors and initialization of derived classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/inheritance-and-access-specifiers\/\">Inheritance and access specifiers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/adding-new-functionality-to-a-derived-class\/\">Adding new functionality to a derived class<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/calling-inherited-functions-and-overriding-behavior\/\">Calling inherited functions and overriding behavior<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/hiding-inherited-functionality\/\">Hiding inherited functionality<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/multiple-inheritance\/\">Multiple inheritance<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">24.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-24-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 24 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter25\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;25<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Virtual Functions<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pointers-and-references-to-the-base-class-of-derived-objects\/\">Pointers and references to the base class of derived objects<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/virtual-functions\/\">Virtual functions and polymorphism<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-override-and-final-specifiers-and-covariant-return-types\/\">The override and final specifiers, and covariant return types<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/virtual-destructors-virtual-assignment-and-overriding-virtualization\/\">Virtual destructors, virtual assignment, and overriding virtualization<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/early-binding-and-late-binding\/\">Early binding and late binding<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-virtual-table\/\">The virtual table<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/pure-virtual-functions-abstract-base-classes-and-interface-classes\/\">Pure virtual functions, abstract base classes, and interface classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/virtual-base-classes\/\">Virtual base classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/object-slicing\/\">Object slicing<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/dynamic-casting\/\">Dynamic casting<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.11<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/printing-inherited-classes-using-operator\/\">Printing inherited classes using operator&lt;&lt;<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">25.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-25-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 25 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter26\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;26<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Templates and Classes<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">26.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/template-classes\/\">Template classes<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">26.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/template-non-type-parameters\/\">Template non-type parameters<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">26.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-template-specialization\/\">Function template specialization<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">26.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/class-template-specialization\/\">Class template specialization<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">26.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/partial-template-specialization\/\">Partial template specialization<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">26.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/partial-template-specialization-for-pointers\/\">Partial template specialization for pointers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">26.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-26-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 26 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter27\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;27<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Exceptions<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-need-for-exceptions\/\">The need for exceptions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/basic-exception-handling\/\">Basic exception handling<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/exceptions-functions-and-stack-unwinding\/\">Exceptions, functions, and stack unwinding<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/uncaught-exceptions-catch-all-handlers\/\">Uncaught exceptions and catch-all handlers<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/exceptions-classes-and-inheritance\/\">Exceptions, classes, and inheritance<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/rethrowing-exceptions\/\">Rethrowing exceptions<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/function-try-blocks\/\">Function try blocks<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.8<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/exception-dangers-and-downsides\/\">Exception dangers and downsides<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.9<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/exception-specifications-and-noexcept\/\">Exception specifications and noexcept<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.10<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdmove_if_noexcept\/\">std::move_if_noexcept<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">27.x<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/chapter-27-summary-and-quiz\/\">Chapter 27 summary and quiz<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"Chapter28\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Chapter&nbsp;28<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Input and Output (I\/O)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">28.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/input-and-output-io-streams\/\">Input and output (I\/O) streams<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">28.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/input-with-istream\/\">Input with istream<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">28.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/output-with-ostream-and-ios\/\">Output with ostream and ios<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">28.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stream-classes-for-strings\/\">Stream classes for strings<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">28.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stream-states-and-input-validation\/\">Stream states and input validation<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">28.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/basic-file-io\/\">Basic file I\/O<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">28.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/random-file-io\/\">Random file I\/O<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"ChapterA\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Appendix&nbsp;A<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Miscellaneous Subjects<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">A.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/a1-static-and-dynamic-libraries\/\">Static and dynamic libraries<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">A.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/a2-using-libraries-with-visual-studio-2005-express\/\">Using libraries with Visual Studio<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">A.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/a3-using-libraries-with-codeblocks\/\">Using libraries with Code::Blocks<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">A.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/cpp-faq\/\">C++ FAQ<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"ChapterB\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Appendix&nbsp;B<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">C++ Updates<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">B.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-c11\/\">Introduction to C++11<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">B.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-c14\/\">Introduction to C++14<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">B.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-c17\/\">Introduction to C++17<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">B.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-c20\/\">Introduction to C++20<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">B.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/introduction-to-c23\/\">Introduction to C++23<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"ChapterC\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Appendix&nbsp;C<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">The End<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">C.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/appendix-c-the-end\/\">The end?<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"lessontable\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"ChapterD\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-chapter\">Appendix&nbsp;D<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-header-title\">Deprecated Articles (will be removed soon)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-list\"><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/the-standard-library\/\">The Standard Library<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stl-containers-overview\/\">STL containers overview<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stl-iterators-overview\/\">STL iterators overview<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">21.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stl-algorithms-overview\/\">STL algorithms overview<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.1<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring-and-stdwstring\/\">std::string and std::wstring<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.2<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring-construction-and-destruction\/\">std::string construction and destruction<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.3<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring-length-and-capacity\/\">std::string length and capacity<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.4<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring-character-access-and-conversion-to-c-style-arrays\/\">std::string character access and conversion to C-style arrays<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.5<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring-assignment-and-swapping\/\">std::string assignment and swapping<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.6<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring-appending\/\">std::string appending<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lessontable-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-number\">22.7<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"lessontable-row-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.learncpp.com\/cpp-tutorial\/stdstring-inserting\/\">std::string inserting<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LearnCpp.com is a free website devoted to teaching you how to program in modern C++. 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