Reinforced Concrete Design
Torsion 2
Thin-walled Tube
Combined Shear & Torsion
Space Truss Analogy
T
Torsion Design by ACI318
Compatibility Torsion
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete
SDM
Tn
Solid
Tcr solid section
Tcr hollow section
0
0
1
2
3
Percent of torsional reinforcement
Hollow
!
"
#
$
"%
"
SDM
Shear Stress in Thin-walled Tube
#
"&'#
( )
#
Shear flow (q)
T
kg/cm
2 A0
Shear flow: q =
#
#
'
#
)
*+"
t = q / t
A0
t =
T
2 A0 t
Cracking Torque (Tcr)
%$+ #
&%
1.06
fc
cr =
Tcr
= 1.06 fc
2 A0 t
Tcr = 1.06 fc ( 2 A 0 t )
$ !
ACI
,#
#
)
t = 0.75Acp/pcp
-+$ A0 = 2Acp/3 +
pcp #+'.
#
Acp #+-+$/%
pcp
2A cp 0.75A cp
Tcr = 1.06 fc 2
3
pcp
$ !
Tcr
2
A cp
= 1.06 fc
p
cp
2
A cp
Tcr / 4 ( 0.265 fc )
p
cp
#)
+
Tu
#'
= 0.85
SDM
SDM
7.1 3
15 .
fc = 240 ./.2
'
3 ton
15 cm
-+$
"
60 cm
Acp = (60)(30) = 1,800
/.
/.2
2
A cp
! Tcr/4 = ( 0.265 fc )
pcp
18002
= 0.85 0.265 240
180
= 62,812 .-/. = 0.63 -
30 cm
!
pcp = 2(60+30) = 180
- < 0.63 -
Tu = (3)(0.15) = 0.45
OK
SDM
Combined Shear and Torsion
*+"
*+:
v =
*+"
:
t =
V
bw d
T
2 A0 t
+ t = 0.75Acp/pcp
A0 = 2Acp/3
:
Hollow section
Torsional
stresses
Shear
stresses
Vu
Tu p h
+
bw d
1.7 A 02h
Solid section
Torsional
stresses
Vu
b
d
w
Shear
stresses
T p
+ u h2
1 . 7 A 0h
SDM
Torsional Geometric Parameters
Gross area
A0h = x0 y0
Shear perimeter ph = 2(x0 + y0)
y0
x0 , y0 = Distance from center to
center of stirrup
x0
b
&
)
,,5#
,
6
&
)
#
t < A0h/ph ,
*+"
(
Tu
1.7 A 0h t
Tu ph
1.7 A 02h
Maximum Shear + Torsion Stress
SDM
-
-"
,
*+
#
"
(a) For solid sections
Vu
bw d
T p
+ u h2
1.7 A 0h
c + 2.12 fc
bw d
(b) For hollow sections
Vu
Tu p h
Vc
+
2
.
12
f
c
bw d
1.7 A 02h
bw d
For reinforced concrete
Vc = 0.53 fc
Torsional Crack
"
7 ()
To
k
rac
c
l
na
rsio
6
#
%
#
45o
,8
"
9 T
) #
# # )
$
",5-+$
A0h /%
&'
9
A0h = -+$
Space Truss Analogy
*+ q ,)
"&'
(
*+ V1 V2 V3 V4
#
&
,'
xo
T
yo
V2
V1
V4
V3
) #
!
"#
$%: V4
x0
y0 V
4
V4
At fyv
At fyv
At fyv
!"
*+ V4 :
y0 cot
T4 =
*+ V4 = n At fyv
"
,
*+:
T4 =
y 0 cot 45o
y
= 0
n =
s
s
V4 =
V4 x 0
2
A t fyv x0 y0
= T1 = T2 = T3
2s
! $
: Tn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
A t fyv y0
Tn =
2 A t fyv x0 y0
s
2 A t fyv A 0h
s
!
"# &
N4/2
D4
y0 V4
V4
N4
N4/2
%
,
: N4 = V4 cot
N4 =
A t fyv y0
s
N1 = N3 =
= N2
y0
A t fyv x0
s
%
$
: N = N1 + N2 + N3 + N4
A fy =
A t fyv
s
2(x0 + y 0 ) =
A t fvy ph
s
x0
perimeter of stirrup
2(xo+yo)
SDM
Torsion Design by ACI318-08
+ ! Tu #
Tcr/4 , !-+,
Tn Tu
,
#
Tn ! $
"&'
, Tc = 0
#
Tn =
2 A 0 A t fyv
s
+ A0 = 0.85A0h
At
Tu
Tn
=
=
s
2 A 0 fyv
2 A 0 fyv
-+$
, -%$-+
A =
A t fyv
p
s h fy
*+ !
A
A
A
Total v + t = v + 2 t
s
s
s
2 legs Av
1 leg At
SDM
Minimum Torsion Reinforcement
6 ( A v + 2 A t )
= 0.199 fc
bw s
b s
3.5 w
fyv
fyv
#
#
ph/8 + 30 /.
-+$
6
A ,min =
f
1.33 fc
A
A cp t ph yv
fy
s
fy
At/s "
1.8 bw/fyv
"
.
,
6 30 /.
%
6
,5
1/24
10 ..
Example 14-1: The 8-m span beam carries a cantilever slab 1.5 m. The beam
supports a live load of 1.2 t/m along the beam centerline plus 200 kg/m2 over the
slab surface. The effective depth of beam is 54 cm, and the distance from the
surface to the stirrup is 4 cm. fc= 280 kg/cm2, fy = 4,000 kg/cm2
8m
1.5 m
60 cm
15 cm
30 cm
Load from slab:
wu = 1.4(0.15)(2,400)(1.5)+1.7(200)(1.5) = 1,266 kg/m
Eccentricity = 1.5/2 = 0.75 m
Load from beam:
wu = 1.4(0.6)(0.3)(2,400)+1.7(1,200) = 2,645 kg/m
Vu =
wu L
(1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)
=
/1,000 = 15.6 ton
2
2
! :
Tu =
w tu L
1,266 0.75 8.0
=
/1,000 = 3.80 t-m
2
2
! :
w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2
Mu =
=
= 25.0 t-m
10
10 1,000
*+ :
Flexural Design
Rn =
Mu
25(1,000)(100)
=
= 31.8 kg/cm2
2
2
bd
0.9(30)(54)
min = 0.0035,
max = 0.0229
0.85fc
2Rn
1 1
= 0.0086
fy
0.85fc
OK
Al,flexure = b d = 0.0086(30)(54) = 13.9 cm2
Shear Design
Vc = 0.53 280 30 54 /1,000 = 14.37 ton
Vu / = 15.6 / 0.85 = 18.35 ton
Vs = Vu / Vc = 18.35 14.37 = 3.98 ton
3.98
V
Av
= s =
= 0.0184 cm2 / cm / two legs
4.0 54
s
fy d
Cracking Torque Acp = 30 60 = 1,800 cm2 pcp = 2(30 + 60) = 180 cm
A 2cp
Tcr / 4 = ( 0.265 fc )
p
cp
60 cm
15 cm
1,8002
= 0.85 0.265 280
180
= 67,845 kg-cm = 0.68 t-m < Tu = 3.80 t-m
30 cm
'(
) *
60 cm
Torsional Geometric Parameters
bwd = (30)(54) = 1,620 cm2
Aoh = xoyo = (22)(52) = 1,144 cm2
xo = 30 - 2(4) = 22 cm
Ao = 0.85(1,144) = 972.4 cm2
yo = 60 - 2(4) = 52 cm
ph = 2(22+52) = 148 cm
30 cm
Check adequacy of section
"'
,8 -
-+ ?
Vu
b
d
w
2
T p
+ u h2
1.7 A 0 h
15.6 3.80 100 148
+
30 54 1.7 1,1442
c + 2.12 fc
bw d
0.85 ( 0.53 + 2.12 ) 280 /1,000
0.0271 t/cm2 < 0.0377 t/cm2
&!&!
Torsional reinforcement
At
Tu
3.80 100
=
=
= 0.0575 cm2 / cm / one leg
2 0.85 972.4 4.0
s
2 A 0 fyv
Combined shear & torsion stirrup
A
A
A
Total v + t = v + 2 t = 0.0184 + 2 0.0575 = 0.1334 cm2 / cm
s
s
s
two legs
+ 9 DB12 (-+$
2(1.13) = 2.26 /.2)
s = 2.26 / 0.1334 = 16.9 cm
6
smax = ph / 8 = 148 / 8 = 18.5 cm < 30 cm
Use closed stirrup DB12 @ 0.16 m (Av+t/s = 2.26/16 = 0.141 cm2 / cm)
Minimum torsion reinforcement
min
A v +t
b
b
= 0.199 fc w 3.5 w
s
fy
fy
= 3.5
fc > 309 ksc
control
30
= 0.0263 cm2 / cm < (Av+t/s = 0.141 cm2 / cm) OK
4,000
Torsion longitudinal steel
A =
A ,min =
A t fyv
p
= 0.0575 148 = 8.51 cm2
s h fy
f
1.33 fc
A
1.33 280
1,800 8.51 = 1.51 cm2
A cp t ph yv =
4,000
fy
s
fy
30
At
bw
=
0.0575
>
1.8
=
1.8
=
0.0135
s
fyv
4,000
OK
Total Longitudinal Steel
Bending:
Al = 13.9 cm2 (Top reinforcement)
Torsion:
Al = 8.51 cm2 (Distributed along perimeter)
To satisfy 30 cm max. spacing of Al
Provide 4DB16 in the bottom half of beam
and add 8.51 4(2.01) = 0.47 cm2 to flexural steel
Steel area required at top = 13.9 + 0.47 = 14.37 cm2
60 cm
USE TOP 3DB25 (As = 14.73 cm2)
30 cm
At midspan:
w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2
Mu =
=
= 17.87 t-m
14
14 1,000
Required As = 9.68 cm2 (2DB25)
Section @ Supports
3DB25
2DB16
60 cm
DB12 @ 0.16 m
2DB25
30 cm
