Structured COBOL Programming
10th edition
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nancy Stern
Hofstra University
Robert A. Stern
Nassau Community College
James P. Ley
University of Wisconsin-Stout
PowerPoint Presentation Winifred J. Rex Bowling Green State University
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Chapter 12
Array Processing and Table Handling
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Chapter Objectives
To familiarize you with How to establish a series of items using OCCURS clause How to access and manipulate data stored in an array or table Rules for using OCCURS clause in DATA DIVISION Use of SEARCH or SEARCH ALL for table look-up
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Chapter Contents
Single-Level OCCURS Clauses Processing Data Stored in Array Using OCCURS Clause for Table Handling Use of SEARCH Statement Looking Up Table Data for Accumulating Totals
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Chapter Contents
SEARCH VARYING Option for Processing Parallel Tables SEARCH ALL Statement Multiple-Level OCCURS Clause
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Why OCCURS Clauses Used
To indicate repeated occurrence of fields with same format Defines series of related fields with same format as an array or table
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Uses of OCCURS Clause
Defining series of input or output fields, each with same format Defining series of totals to which amounts added Defining a table to be accessed using contents of input field to 'look up' required data
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Defining Series of Input Fields
Suppose 72-character input record consists of 24 hourly temperature fields Each field is three positions long Fields represent temperature for given city at particular hour
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Defining Series of Input Fields
Coding record with 24 independent hourly fields is cumbersome 01 Temp-Rec. 05 One-AM Pic S9(3). 05 Two-AM Pic S9(3). 24 entries ... 05 Midnight Pic S9(3).
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Defining Series of Input Fields
To obtain average temperature requires summing 24 fields
Compute Avg-Temp = (One-AM + Two-AM + + Midnight) / 24
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Defining Fields with OCCURS
Since all 24 fields have same PICTURE
Can define entire 72-position area as array Array divided into 24 three-position fields, called elements
01 Temp-Rec. 05 Temperature Occurs 24 Times Pic S9(3).
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Accessing Elements in Array
Identifier Temperature is array name Use array name along with a subscript to access fields or elements within array Subscript indicates which of the 24 elements to access Statement Output Display Temperature (2) 2 AM value Display Temperature (23) 11 PM value
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Valid Subscripts
Valid values are 1 to number of elements in array For array Temperature valid subscripts are 1 to 24 Invalid use of subscripts
Display Temperature (0) Display Temperature (25)
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Subscripts
May be integers or numeric fields with integer value If field Sub defined in Working-Storage: 05 Sub Pic 99 Value 5. To display 5 AM temperature: Display Temperature (Sub)
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Subscripts
Using a data-name as a subscript enables its contents to be varied Each time the value of a data-name changes, Temperature (Sub) refers to a different element in the array Then a single routine can be used to process all elements in array
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Processing Elements in Array
Example: Find average daily temperature Use loop repeated 24 times Each time through loop add one temperature to array Vary contents of a subscript from 1 to 24 so that all 24 temperatures are added Standard or in-line PERFORM UNTIL or PERFORM VARYING may be used
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In-line PERFORM UNTIL
Move 1 to Sub Move Zeros to Total-Temp Perform Until Sub > 24 Add Temperature (Sub) To Total-Temp Add 1 to Sub End-Perform Compute Avg-Temp = Total-Temp / 24
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In-line PERFORM VARYING
Move Zeros to Total-Temp Perform Varying Sub From 1 By 1 Until Sub > 24 Add Temperature (Sub) To Total-Temp End-Perform Compute Avg-Temp = Total-Temp / 24
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Relative Subscripting
Integer literal or data-name used as subscript may be modified within parentheses
Statement Move 3 To Sub Display Temperature (Sub + 1) Display Temperature (Sub - 2) Output
4 AM value 1 AM value
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Debugging Tip
Define subscript large enough to hold values to reference all elements
Subscript for array of 100 elements should be Pic 9(3), not Pic 9(2)
Define subscript large enough to store value one more than upper subscript limit
Pic 99 needed to allow for number 10 to exit loop with condition Sub > 9
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Using OCCURS for Totals
Define array to hold 12 monthly totals Working-Storage Section. 01 Totals. 05 Mo-Tot Occurs 12 Times Pic 9(5)V99.
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Initialize Array of Totals
Use VALUE clause (Value Zeros) after PIC clause in OCCURS level entry Three ways in Procedure Division
1. INITIALIZE (Initialize Totals) 2. MOVE (Move Zeros To Totals) 3. Perform Varying Sub1 From 1 By 1 Until Sub1 > 12 Move Zeros to Mo-Tot (Sub1) End-Perform
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Add Value to Array Totals
Assume input record with transactions for same year Field Month-In determines Mo-Tot to which contents of input field Amt-In is to be added
For example, if Month-In is 3, Amt-In should be added to third Mo-Tot element
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Add Value to Array Totals
For each record read in, if month valid, add amount to corresponding total
200-Calc-Rtn. If Month-In >= 1 And <= 12 Add Amt-In To Mo-Tot (Month-In) Else Perform 400-Err-Rtn End-If
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Print Array of Totals
Print array of totals after all input read
Move each array entry to output area Write a line
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Print Array of Totals
Perform Varying Sub From 1 By 1 Until Sub > 12 Move Mo-Tot (Sub) To Mo-Tot-Out Write Pr-Rec From Mo-Tot-Line After Advancing 2 Lines End-Perform
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Elementary Items with OCCURS
If item defined by OCCURS has PIC clause, it defines a series of elementary items
01 Totals. 05 Mo-Tot Occurs 12 Times Pic 9(5)V99.
Defines Totals as 84-byte array (12 x 7) of 12 elementary items
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Group Items with OCCURS
Identifier used with OCCURS may also be group item
01 Tax-Table. 05 Group-X Occurs 20 Times. 10 City Pic X(6). 10 Tax-Rate Pic V999.
City and Tax-Rate each occur 20 times in group item Group-X.
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Initializing Elements
Two ways to use VALUE clause to initialize all elements to zero
1. 01 Array-1 Value Zero. 05 Totals Occurs 50 Times Pic 9(5). 2. 01 Array-1. 05 Totals Occurs 50 Times Pic 9(5) Value Zero.
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Initializing Elements
Can also initialize each element to different value
01 Day-Names Value 'SUNMONTUEWEDTHUFRISAT'. 05 Days Occurs 7 Times Pic X(3).
Entries define 21-character array with 7 three-position fields - Days(1) = SUN, Days(2) = MON, etc.
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Tables
Table is list of stored fields Stored same way as array but used for different purpose Used with table look-ups, a procedure to find specific entry in a table
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Data for Table
Data often read in from separate file Stored in WORKING-STORAGE table Suppose file contains records with two fields, zip code and sales tax rate Read in records, storing each zip code and sales tax rate in element in table
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Data for Table
After data stored in table, read in input records from customer transaction file Look up a customer's zip code in table to find corresponding sales tax rate More efficient to store tax rates in table file than in each transaction record
Minimizes data entry operations Easier to maintain or update in table file
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Table Look-Up Terms
Table argument (zip code) is table entry field used to locate desired element Table function (sales tax rate) is table entry field to be used when match found Search argument (zip code in transaction record) is input field used to find a match
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Table Look-Up
Table entries in WORKING-STORAGE Table Argument Table Function Zip Code Sales Tax Rate Input Record 00123 ^060 12344 00456 ^075 Zip Code 10111 ^065 Rate for Zip (search 12344 ^080 of 12344 argument) 25033 ^070 ...
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Looking Up Data in Table
Compare search argument (zip code in transaction record) to each table argument (zip code in table) until match is found When table and search arguments match, use corresponding sales tax rate (table function) with same subscript as table's zip code to calculate sales tax
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Table Look-up with PERFORM
Move 0 To WS-Sales-Tax Perform Varying X1 From 1 By 1 Until X1 > 1000 If Zip-In = WS-ZipCode (X1) Compute WS-Sales-Tax Rounded = WS-Tax-Rate (X1) * Unit-Price-In * Qty-In End-If End-Perform
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SEARCH Statement
Format
SEARCH identifier-1 [AT END imperative-statement-1] WHEN condition-1 imperative-statement-2 ... CONTINUE [END-SEARCH] Use in place of PERFORM to search table
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SEARCH Statement Example
Set X1 To 1 Search Table-Entries At End Move 0 To WS-Sales-Tax When Zip-In = WS-ZipCode (X1) Compute WS-Sales-Tax Rounded = WS-Tax-Rate (X1) * Unit-Price-In * Qty-In End-Search
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SEARCH Statement
Identifier used after SEARCH is table name specified in OCCURS entry Condition compares search argument to table argument WHEN clause indicates action to take when condition is met AT END clause specifies action to take if table searched but no match found
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INDEXED BY clause
Special field called index must be used with SEARCH Similar to subscript but defined along with table as part of OCCURS 05 Table-Entries Occurs 1000 Times X1 defined as index Indexed By X1. Compiler automatically supplies appropriate PICTURE clause for index
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Index with SEARCH
Must initialize index before SEARCH SEARCH performs table look-up, automatically incrementing index Internally, computer can use faster method to access table entries with an index than with a subscript, even when SEARCH not used Both can have values from 1 to number of table elements
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Modifying Index
PERFORM VARYING can modify subscript or index SET is only other statement that can modify index
Format
TO SET index-name-1 UP BY integer-1 DOWN BY
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SET Statement Examples
SET options used to initialize, increment or decrement index value Assume X1 = 3 before each statement Statement Value of X1 after SET Set X1 To 1 1 Set X1 Up By 2 5 Set X1 Down By 1 2
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Subscripts vs Indexes
Subscript
Represents occurrence of array or table element
Index
Represents value used internally to actually access table entry (a displacement from first address in array or table)
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Subscripts vs Indexes
Subscript
Defined in separate WORKING-STORAGE entry May be used any where field with its PICTURE is allowed
Index
Defined along with OCCURS May be used only with table for which it was defined
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Subscripts vs Indexes
Subscript
Value may be changed using PERFORM VARYING Also by MOVE or arithmetic statements
Index
Value may be changed using PERFORM VARYING SET only other statement to modify index
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Serial Search
Each entry (usually starting with first) checked in order until Condition is met Table completely searched
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Serial Search
Best used when Entries not in order by table argument value (not in numerical or alphabetical order) Entries can be organized so first values are ones searched for most frequently, minimizing search time
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Binary Search
Most efficient type of look-up when table entries in sequence by some table field On average, takes fewer comparisons to find match than serial search Called binary search because each comparison eliminates half of entries under consideration
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Binary Search Example
Assume a table contains 50 customer numbers in ascending sequence Search table to find match for customer number 5000 stored in input field CustNo-In
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Binary Search Example
Comparison Entry #
1. 2. 25. 31. 34. 37.
T-Customer-No
0100 0200 ... 4300 ... 4890 ... 5000 ... 5310 ...
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1st 3rd 4th 2nd
Binary Search Method
Compare Cust-No-In to middle table argument for T-Customer-In (25th element) Cust-No-In > T-Customer-No (25) or 5000 > 4300
First half of table eliminated from search since entries are in ascending order
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Binary Search Method
Compare Cust-No-In to middle table argument in top of table
Entry 37 is middle of remaining entries 2650
Continue until
Match is found Table search complete and no match found
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Binary Search Method
Serial search would require 34 comparisons in this example Binary search requires only four Use binary search for large table (50 or more entries) Table entries must be arranged in sequence by some table field
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Binary Search Statement
Format (partial)
SEARCH ALL identifier-1 [AT END imperative-statement-1] WHEN data-name-1 = identifier-2 literal-1 condition-1 arithmeticexpression-1 imperative-statement-2 CONTINUE [END-SEARCH]
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SEARCH ALL Limitations
Condition in WHEN can test only for equality between table and search argument Condition following WHEN may be compound
Only ANDs permitted, not Ors Each relational test can test only for equality
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SEARCH ALL Limitations
Only one WHEN clause can be used VARYING option may not be used Table argument and its index must appear to left of equal sign
Valid: When T-Customer-No (X1) = Cust-No-In Invalid: When Cust-No-In = T-Customer-No (X1)
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Key Field
Must include clause to indicate which table entry serves as key field Must specify whether KEY is
ASCENDING KEY - entries in sequence, increasing in value DESCENDING KEY - entries in sequence, decreasing in value
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COBOL 2002+ Changes
Can assign every element in table same initial value with single VALUE clause INDEXED BY and KEY phrases permitted in any sequence SORT verb can be used to sort table entries as well as files
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Multiple-Level OCCURS
Up to seven levels of OCCURS permitted in COBOL For example, define an array to store hourly temperature readings for each day during a given week
Need two-dimensional array with 7 rows, each with 24 columns
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Multiple-Level OCCURS
Define array as follows: 01 Temperature-Array. 05 Day-In-Week Occurs 7 Times. 10 Hour Occurs 24 Times. 15 Temp Pic S9(3).
For each Day-In-Week there are 24 Hour figures, each consisting of a Temp three integers long
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Double-Level Subscripts
To access temperatures, use dataname on lowest OCCURS level or any data-name subordinate to it
Either Temp or Hour could be used
Since Temp defined with two OCCURS, two subscripts must be used to access each hourly temperature For example, Temp (3, 5) refers to the temperature for the third day, fifth hour
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Table with Subscripts
Temperature Array Hour 1 AM 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM Day-InWeek 12 Mid
Day 1 (Sun) (1,1)
Day 2 (Mon) (2,1) Day 3 (Tue) (3,1) Day 4 (Wed) (4,1) Day 7 (Sat) (7,1)
(1,2)
(2,2) (3,2) (4,2) (7,2)
(1,3) (1,4)
(2,3) (2,4) (3,3) (3,4) (4,3) (4,4) (7,3) (7,4)
(1,24)
(2,24) (3,24) (4,24) (7,24)
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Accessing Double-Level Array
Find average temperature for entire week Add all array entries and divide by 168 (7 x 24) Use nested PERFORMs
First PERFORM varies major (row) subscript from 1 to 7 Second PERFORM varies minor (column) subscript from 1 to 24
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Accessing Double-Level Array
Move 0 To Total Perform Varying Day-Sub From 1 By 1 Until Day-Sub > 7 Perform Varying Hour-Sub From 1 By 1 Until Hour-Sub > 24 Add Temp (Day-Sub, Hour-Sub) To Total End-Perform End-Perform Compute Weekly-Average = Total / 168
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PERFORM VARYING AFTER
Use in place of multiple nested PERFORM VARYING statements VARYING clause varies major subscript AFTER clause varies minor subscript Requires procedure name after PERFORM
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PERFORM VARYING AFTER
Move 0 To Total Perform 700-Loop1 Varying Day-Sub From 1 By 1 Until Day-Sub > 7 After Hour-Sub From 1 By 1 Until Hour-Sub > 24 Compute Weekly-Average = Total / 168. 700-Loop1. Add Temp (Day-Sub, Hour-Sub) To Total.
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PERFORM VARYING AFTER
Sequence of values for subscripts is (1, 1), (1, 2) (1, 24), (2, 1), (2, 2) (2, 24) (7, 1) ... (7, 24) Day-Sub initialized to 1 and Hour-Sub varied from 1 to 24 Then Day-Sub incremented to 2 and Hour-Sub varied from 1 to 24 and so on
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Chapter Summary
OCCURS clause used to specify repeated occurrence of items with same format
Use in 02-49 level entries May use with elementary or group item COBOL permits seven levels of OCCURS
OCCURS defines
Array: area used for storing data or totals Table: set of fields used in table look-up
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Chapter Summary
SEARCH statement used for table handling
Identifier used with SEARCH is data-name used on OCCURS level AT END clause specifies action if table searched but condition not met WHEN clause indicates what to do when condition met
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Chapter Summary
SEARCH statement
Index defined along with OCCURS and used by SEARCH Use SET or PERFORM VARYING to change value of index SET index to 1 before using SEARCH
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Chapter Summary
SEARCH ALL statement
Used to perform binary search Can test only an equal condition Can use compound condition with ANDs Only one WHEN clause can be used Define index to use in searching table Include ASCENDING or DESCENDING KEY clause in table definition
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Chapter Summary
Multiple-Level OCCURS
Used with array or table Lowest-level OCCURS data-name or item subordinate to it used to access table entry INDEXED BY must be included on all OCURRS levels if SEARCH used Identifier used with SEARCH typically one on lowest OCCURS level Only index on same level incremented
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