SOME BASIC FORMULAS
Area of Waterplane = L x B x CW
…. L = Length of vessel
…. B = Breadth of vessel
...CW = Co-efficient of Waterplane
Volume of Displacement = L x B x d x CB
…. d = depth of vessel
….CB = Block co-efficient
Volume (V) = L x B x d
Displacement (W) = L x B x d x R.D
... R.D = Relative density of water
TRANSVERSE STABILITY
Rectangular Waterplanes
BM = I . where I = LB3
V 12
…. V = Volume of vessel
Depth of centre of buoyancy below water line:
= 1 ( d + V )
3 2 A
LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
a) Rectangular Waterplanes
IL = L3B and BML = IL .
12 V
b) Box Shapes
BML = L2
12d
LIST
GG1(Horizontal) = w x d
W
….d = distance moved horizontal
….w = weight
….W = Final Displacement
GG1(Vertical) = w x d
W
….d = distance moved vertical
….w = weight
….W = Final Displacement
TANθ = GG1
GM
….GM = Metacentric height
TANθ = Listing Moments
W x GM ….GM = Use Fluid GM
…. W = Final Displacement
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DRY DOCKING
P = trim x MCTC
lcf
...lcf = Distance of COF from where vessel touches blocks first
...P = Upward force acts on ship where block first touches
P = C.O.T x MCTC
lcf …..In case of declivity of Dock
Virtual loss of GM = P x KG
W
Virtual loss of GM = P x KM
(W − P) if P − force is very small
After taking the blocks (F & A):
P = Change in TMD ( cms ) x TPC or
P = Reduction in water level x TPC
….TMD = True mean draft
Change in Draft (rise) (cms) = P …always subtract from draft
TPC
TMD = Draft Aft – ( LCF x Trim )
LBP
….subtract if vessel is by the stern
….add if vessel is by the head
DRY DOCKING
HYDROSTATIC TABLES AND
VESSEL ‘A’ TYPE PROBLEMS
Proceed as follows :
1. Find mean draft from the present given drafts.
2. From this mean draft, look in tables for LCF
3. Using that LCF, calculate TMD
4. From the TMD, look in tables and find
MCTC, LCF and DISPLACEMENT
5. Calculate now P-Force
6. For Displacement (W) at Critical Instant, find W-P
7. From this new (W), look in tables for KMT
8. Now find Virtual loss of GM and use new KMT
but old Displacement (W)
9. Find now initial GM, using the new KMT
10. Apply Virtual loss of GM in it and find the
EFFECTIVE GM.
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FREE SURFACE EFFECT / MOMENT
FSE = l.b3.R.D
12W
FSM = l.b3.R.D
12
….R.D = Density of liquid in tank
FSE = FSM
W
Corrected FSM = Tabulated FSM x Actual R.D
Assumed R.D
New FSM = Original FSM x 1
n2
….n = number of tanks which are subdivided
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DYNAMICAL STABILITY
Dynamical Stability = W x Area under the curve
STATICAL STABILITY
Statical Stability = W x GZ
KN CURVES
GZ = KN – KG.SINθ
INCLINING EXPERIMENT
GM = w x d x Length of Plumbline
W Deflection
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RIGHTING MOMENT
SMALL ANGLES OF HEEL (UPTO 10O HEEL):
GZ = GM x SINθ
LARGE ANGLES OF HEEL (WALL SIDED FORMULA):
GZ = SINθ ( GM + 1.BM.TAN2θ )
2
WIND HEELING MOMENT:
Total Wind heeling moment = F.A.d
1000
GZ (at angle of heel) = F.A.d
1000W
….d = Distance of centre of buoyancy to centre of windage area
….F = Steady wind force of 48.5 kg/m2
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SIMPSON’S RULES
SIMPSON’S FIRST RULE:
1 4 1
h h
Area = h x ( a + 4b + 2c + 4d + 2e + 4f + g )
3
Remember : 1 4 1
SIMPSON’S SECOND RULE:
1 3 3 1
h h h
Area = 3 x h x sum of products
8
Remember : 1 3 3 1
SIMPSON’S THIRD RULE:
5 8 –1
h h
Area = h x ( 5a + 8b – c )
12
Remember : 5 8 –1
NB:
Divide the value of ‘ h (in degrees) ’ by ‘ 57.3 ’ while calculating
the area.
NB:
In the 3rd rule of Simpson, we are only looking for a particular piece
between the area i.e., from one co-ordinate to other and this is
mainly used by surveyors for calculating sludge in bunker tank etc.
Also for knowing the full area, we use Simpson’s first rule.
GM CONDITIONS
GM AT LOLL:
GM = 2(Initial GM)
COSθ ….answer will be –ive but write +ive sign
WHEN GM IS NEGATIVE:
WHEN GM IS NIL:
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TURNING CIRCLE
TAN(Heel) = v2BG
gGMr
….v = velocity of ship(m/s)
….r = radius of turning circle
….g = Acceleration due to Gravity
(9.81 m/s)
….T = Period of Rolls (seconds)
….K = Radius of Gyration
….π = 3.142857143 (constant)
….I = Weight Moment of Inertia about
Rolling axis (tonne - metres2)
Hence we get,
Actual New Draft = [ Initial draft + B Tanθ ] Cosθ
2
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AIR DRAFT
CALCULATING LENGTH OF THE IMMAGINARY MAST
WHICH IS EXACTLY ABOVE THE ‘CF’:
Correction to Aft Mast
= Dist. of center mast from Aft Mast x Diff. of ht between masts
Dist. between the two masts
….subtract this value from the ht of Aft mast
or
Correction to Fwd Mast
= Dist. of center mast from Fwd Mast x Diff. of ht between masts
Dist. between the two masts
….add this value from the ht of Fwd mast
FOR FINDING DRAFT FWD AND AFT
Trim between masts = Trim of vessel
Distance between masts LBP
…..(from this, calculate ‘trim of vessel’ and proceed as follows)
Trim Effect Aft = la x Trim
L
Trim Effect Fwd = lf x Trim
L
GRAIN
Weight of Grain = Volume
S.F
Weight of H.M = Volumetric H.M
S.F
Approx. Angle of heel = Total H.M x 12o
Max.H.M
…. Max.H.M can be found in the Tables of Maximum permissible
Grain heeling moment against ‘W’ and KG
GG1 ( λo) = w x d
W
….w = weight of Grain liable to shift while rolling
….d = horizontal distance of Grain shift
λo = Total volumetric H.M (in m4)
S.F x W
λ40 = GG1(λo) x 0.80 ….80% of λo (GG1)
NB:
If value for cargo is given for centroid then follow as normal
but if value given for ‘Kg’ of cargo then,
Multiply H.M value for fully filled compartment by 1.06 and
Multiply H.M value for partially filled compartment by 1.12
TRIM
HYDROSTATIC TABLES AND
VESSEL ‘A’ TYPE PROBLEMS
Proceed as follows :
1. Find mean draft from the present given drafts.
2. From this mean draft, look in tables for LCF
3. Using that LCF, calculate TMD
4. From the TMD, look in tables and find
MCTC, LCB and DISPLACEMENT
5. Calculate now INITIAL LCG
6. Now Calculate FINAL ‘W’ and FINAL LCG by
MOMENTS
7. With this FINAL ‘W’, go in tables and look find
TMD, LCB, LCF and MCTC
8. Calculate TRIM
9. After this calculate TRIM EFFECTS ( F & A )
10. Now apply this TRIM EFFECT to find FINAL
DRAFTS.
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TRIM
Trimming Moment = w x d ( d = distance from COF )
Area of Waterplane = L x B x Cw
Volume of Displacement = L x B x D x CB B
TPCsw = 1.025A
100
FWA = W .
40 TPC
DWA = FWA (1.025 – R.D)
0.025
MCTC = WGML
100L
TPCDW = R.D x TPCSW
1.025
MCTCDW = R.D x MCTCSW
1.025
Displacement(DW) = RD x Displacement(sw)
1.025
Sinkage (cms) = w .
TPC
COT = Trimming Moments
MCTC
COD Aft = la x COT
L
COD Fwd = COT – COD Aft
WHEN THE VESSEL IS EVEN KEEL
LCG = LCB
FOR A BOXED SHAPED VESSEL
BM = B2
12d
KB = draft
2
FOR A BOX SHAPED VESSEL WHEN DISPLACEMENT
CONSTANT
New Draft = Old Density
Old Draft New Density
FOR A SHIP SHAPED VESSEL WHEN DRAFT CONSTANT
New Displacement = New Density
Old Displacement Old Density
TO KEEP THE AFT DRAFT CONSTANT
d = L x MCTC
la x TPC ….keeping the aft draft constant
d = L x MCTC
lf x TPC ….keeping the fwd draft constant
d = Distance from the CF
la = Distance from the AP
lf = Distance from the FP
TO PRODUCE A REQUIRED TRIM
Change in Draft (cms) = ( l. x w x d ) ± w .
L MCTC TPC
( − ive for Draft Aft)
( + ive for Draft Fwd)
( la for aft and lf for fwd)
Trim (cms) = W (LCB − LCG)
MCTC
(Values for LCB, LCG and MCTC should be final)
COT WITH CHANGE OF DENSITY
COT = W(RD1 – RD2)(LCF – LCB)
RD1 x MCTC2
LCGINITIAL = LCB ± ( Trim (cms) x MCTC )
W
….( − ive for stern trim )
….( + ive for head trim )
TRIM EFFECT AFT = la x Trim
L
TRIM EFFECT FWD = lf x Trim
L
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BILGING
WHEN HEIGHT OF COMPARTMENT IS GIVEN AND ABOVE
WATER LEVEL
CALCULATE SINKAGE BY RECOVERABLE BUOYANCY
METHOD:
Sinkage = Buoyancy still to be recover
L x B
Buoyancy still to be recover = Lost buoyancy – Recoverable
Buoyancy
Volume of Lost Buoyancy = l x b x draft
Recoverable Buoyancy = ( L – l ) x B x ( Depth – Draft )
To find the Final Draft, add the Sinkage to Tank’s height
WHEN IN QUESTION PERMEABILITY OF THE CARGO IS
GIVEN
CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF THE TANK:
Permeability ( μ ) = Broken Stowage
Stowage Factor
Broken Stowage = Actual Stowage – Solid Stowage
Solid Stowage = 1 .
R.D of liquid in tank
Effective Length = Tank’s length ORIGINAL x Permeability ( μ )
NB
After calculating ‘Effective length’ always use this length for tank’s
length.
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BILGING
MIDSHIP COMPARTMENT
NON WATER TIGHT WATER TIGHT
Sinkage = v .
A− a …If NON WATER TIGHT
Sinkage = v .
A …If WATER TIGHT
BM = LB3
12V …If WATER TIGHT
BM = (L – l)B3
12V …If NON WATER TIGHT
BILGING
SIDE COMPARTMENT
PLAN VIEW OF A SHIP
Sinkage = v .
A− a …If NON WATER TIGHT
Sinkage = v .
A …If WATER TIGHT
TANθ = BB1
GM ….θ = List
BB1 = a x d
Final A ….d = Distance from center of tank to
ship’s center line
….Final A = A − a
BM = IOZ
V
IOZ = IAB − Ad2 ….d = B + BB1
2
….A = A − a
IAB = LB3 − lb3
3 3
BILGING
END COMPARTMENT
AFT COMP. BILGED FWD COMP. BILGED
NON WATER TIGHT NON WATER TIGHT
Sinkage = v .
A− a …If NON WATER TIGHT
Sinkage = v .
A …If WATER TIGHT
If ‘KG’ is not given, then GML = BML
BM = L3B
12V …If WATER TIGHT
BM = (L – l)3B
12V …If NON WATER TIGHT
COT = w x d
MCTC ….w = l x b x dft x R.D
….d = L ..(Non water tight case)
2
….d = tank’s center to CF
..(Water tight case)
MCTC = WGML
100L
COD Aft = la x COT
L ….la = ( L − l ) + tank’s length
2
(For measuring the CF from AP) ..(Non water tight case)
…. la = L
2
(CF hasn’t changed and is amidships) ..(Water tight case)
When Fwd compartment is bilged (and non water tight), then just
use
….la = ( L − l )
2
(Again for measuring the CF from AP) ..(Non water tight case)
IN CASE OF WATER TIGHT COMPARTMENT BELOW
WATER LINE AND BELOW THE TANK THERE IS AN EMPTY
COMPARTMENT
a) Deal as normal water tight case
b) Use volume of the tank only which is filled with water but not the
portion beneath it.
c) But for KB of tank, use from K to center of tank
NB
IN WATER TIGHT CASE
• BM remains the same before and after
• KB is different before and after bilging
KB1 is half of Original Draft
KB2 is found by moments
IN NON WATER TIGHT CASE
• BM is different before and after bilging
BM1 is LB3 and BM2 is (L − l)B3
12V 12V
• KB is different before and after bilging
KB1 is half of Initial Draft
KB2 is half of New Draft
PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS
WATER TIGHT CASE NON WATER TIGHT CASE
Calculate:
a) Sinkage by non w/t method
b) KB2 by Moments
NB:
In all cases of WATER TIGHT COMPARTMENT, calculate KB by
the MOMENTS METHOD& use ‘New Draft’ in calculating this KB
when calculating volume.
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